...and UNDP Human Development Reports Introduction The source of the human development approach is from the theory of Sen which says that development comes about only when capabilities expand. The idea generated from the theory is that the core reason for development is to ensure that human lives are improved. This can only be achieved if there is expansion in what they can be or do. It could include things such as the being well nourished and healthy, participating in the activities of the community and being knowledgeable. Hence, development can only occur once the obstacles that were present preventing an individual from doing something are removed. The obstacles might be in the form of ill health, illiteracy, lack of resources or lack of freedom- both political and civil. When these obstacles are removed one is said to be capable; hence the origin of the concept of capability Sen, 160). Purpose Statement The purpose of this paper is to analyze the concept of capabilities approach that was developed by Amartya Sen, a Nobel Prize winner, and M. Nussban. Amartya has enabled the measurement of human development by the United Development Program (UNDP). He helped invent the capabilities approach, which is the foundation of indices used by UNDP in their measurements. Through these indices the achievement in education and health can be measured in addition to income (Nussbaum, 67). Objectives The main aim of this paper is to establish whether the Human Development Reports (HDRs)...
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...BENTLEY COLLEGE Bentley Model United Nations Program 16th Annual BMUN High School Conference 28-31 May 2004 La Cava Campus Center BACKGROUND PAPER AND TOPIC SUMMARY Third World Debt Executive Summary: The debt problems of developing countries that began in the 1980s still remain a huge burden in the new millennium. Although there have been several initiatives like the Baker Plan, the Brady Plan, and the HIPC Initiative to ease the burdens of those countries, many still experience unsustainable debt. The debt burdens of developing and middle-income countries increased from $500 billion in 1980 to $1 trillion by 1985. By 2000, their debt was about $2 trillion. The debts of HIPC countries increased from $60 billion in 1980 to $190 billion by 1990. Even with relief programs like the HIPC Initiative, 8 countries under the Initiative experienced worsening debt indicators even after reaching their completion points. The consequences of developing countries’ inability to exit from debt payments go beyond the financial level. In addition to economies being hurt, the peoples of developing countries will also feel the affects. The United Nations established the Millennium Development Goals in 2000 that pledged to halve income poverty between 1990 and 2015, but countries like those in Sub-Saharan Africa will most likely not meet this goal. The problems delaying debt relief result from numerous actors. Creditors need to provide additional financing...
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...area of about 103,733 square miles, making it about the same size as the state of Colorado, USA. Although it has a small size, New Zealand is a thriving country. Their main exports include wool, forestry products, meat, dairy, fruit and nuts and fish. They have a thriving tourism business with more than 1.5 million visitors in 1999. Despite its small size and having to compete with more productive and more powerful nations, where does New Zealand’s economic being lie? This report will detail the economic stability of this country. Resting just southeast of Australia, New Zealand has some major competition with the production and exportation of their goods. They are also very reliant on foreign imports. Because of the major country of Australia just to their north, they also lose many members of their population to immigration. But on a whole, how does their economy hold up in comparison to the rest of the world? New Zealand is a power parity and has a gross domestic product (GDP) of $63.8 billion. The Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) has shown a steady increase in the GDP of New Zealand since 2004. However they still fall below the OECD average. (New Zealand Institute, 2010) There will be an increase in GDP for New Zealand in 2010 because of the earthquake that took place in September. The increase is estimated to be about $4 million dollars to replace and repair the damage that was done during the earthquake. This is a great example...
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...other, but it is evident that the United States holds a singular importance in the system. Ever since the country entered the global stage, a far change from its beginnings as a nation with expressed neutrality, it has continuously played a growing part. The United States is able to play a part in the global legal system through its large influence in foreign affairs. Considered the current hegemon, it has been able to for simplicity sake dictate through its many outlets its preference of a legal system. They have been successful in this agenda with the assistance of the powerful Department of Justice, their numerous government agencies, as well as with the influence of American economic and humanitarian programs, among others. This paper will try to explain the United States’ power and influence of the global legal system, through practices such as transgovernmentalism and positive comity as well as by such bodies as the United States Supreme Court, the Department of Justice, the State Department, and the U.S. Agency for International Development. Also investigated is the United States’ role with international bodies such as the International Criminal Court, an organization that America disagrees with and has refused to join. Some questions however remain; through its global programs and supremacy, has the United States been affected by foreign influence? Has the United States tried to stave off such attempts by nations and organizations abroad? Groups such...
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...UNESCO The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is an agency within the United Nations that is responsible for promoting peace, social justice, human rights and international security through international cooperation on educational, science and cultural programs. It is based in Paris, France and has over 50 field offices located around the world. Today, UNESCO has five major themes to its programs which include 1) education, 2) natural sciences, 3) social and human sciences, 4) culture, and 5) communication and information. UNESCO is also actively working to achieve the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals but it is focused on achieving the goals of significantly reducing extreme poverty in developing countries by 2015, developing a program for universal primary education in all countries by 2015, eliminating gender inequalities in primary and secondary education, promoting sustainable development and reducing the loss of environmental resources. History of UNESCO The development of UNESCO began in 1942, during World War II, when the governments of several European countries met in the United Kingdom for the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME). During that conference, leaders from the participating countries worked to develop ways to reconstruct education around the world once WWII was over. As a result, the proposal of CAME was established that focused on holding a future conference in London for the establishment...
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...name] Senior-Economics National Development of Third World Countries [Type the company name] Senior-Economics National Development of Third World Countries In this world, the average person in some countries earns more than $40,000/year. In this same rich world, 28 billion people live on less than $700 a year. As a result, 33 thousand children are dying every day in developing countries. Each minute, more than one woman dies during child birth. Hundred million children, most of them girls, are out of school due to poverty. The term ‘Third world’ is a label that describes the states that are considered to have under-developed standards concerning their economy, standards of living, health, education, globalization, or other factors of improvement. They have major common characteristics that are: their capita incomes are low, this poverty leads to shorter life expectancies, higher rates of infant mortality, lower levels of education, and higher levels of population that are engaged in agriculture. Moreover, their exports are from the primary sector and they have low growth rate of income and low levels of productivity. They also have high levels of population growth rate. In addition to one common political situation; most of the third world countries were colonies of the former powers of Europe and Asia. Most of the newly independent countries aimed for two objectives: Development and Independence. In general, development means the enhancement of people’s life...
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...designated by the United Nations as World Population Day. The Population Institute, the United Nations Association/National Capital Area (UNA/NCA) and the United Nations Population Fund are co-sponsors of the event. Many of the world’s 3 billion people under the age of 25 are faced with health, economic, geographic and socio-cultural barriers. Studies have concluded that addressing young people’s principal needs and concerns is central to reducing global poverty and achieving sustainable development and population stabilization. Members of the symposium panel include Lester Brown, president and founder of the Earth Policy Institute, called “one of the world’s most influential thinkers” by The Washington Post; Carl Haub, senior demographer and Conrad Taeuber Chair of Population Information at the Population Reference Bureau; Dr. Laurie Schwab Zabin, former director of the Bill and Melinda Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health at Johns Hopkins University, and Mushahida Adhikari, a South African attorney who has developed legislation to address trafficking in children and women in her country. Twenty years ago, Brown received a request for his personal writings from the United States Library of Congress, which noted that his work has “already strongly affected thinking about problems of world population and resources.” He is the recipient of more than 20 honorary degrees, as well as a MacArthur Fellowship and the United Nations Environment Prize...
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...According to the United Nations (UN) a developing country is a country with a relatively low standard of living, underdeveloped industrialized base, and moderate to low Human Development Index (HDI). This index is a comparative measure of poverty, literacy, education, life expectancy and other factors for countries worldwide. The index was developed in 1990 by Pakistani and economist Mahbub ul Haq, and has been used since 1993 by the United Nations development program. In order for a country to become a developed nation, it would involve a modern infrastructure, (both physical and institutional), and a move away from low value added sectors such as agriculture and natural resource extraction. Developed countries usually have economic systems based on continuous self-sustaining economic growth and high standards of living unlike that of a developing country. Policies that make an economy open to trade and investment with the rest of the world are needed to sustain economic growth, especially for developing nations. No country in recent decades has achieved economic success in terms of significant increases in living standards for its people, without being opened to the rest of the world. In contrast, trade opening, (along with opening to foreign direct investment), has been an important element for economic success. Opening up their economies to the global economy has been essential in assisting many developing countries to develop comparative advantages in the manufacture of...
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...of the United Nations (UN) that is concerns itself with international public health. The World Health Organization being a international organization in over 61 different countries that the United Nations help maintain international peace which is one the great and overachieving organizations in the world today. To talk about this organization you have to an understanding in united health care. With this type of organizations branches in so many countries it comes to a key factor in public health in countries that fall under the United Nations constitution. For an organization to hold such a leading role in these countries they hold ties with many other organizations such as United Nations Development Group and the League of Nations. World Health Organization The World Health Organization was first established on April 7th 1948, with its main headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. Geneva is a very global city, a financial center, and worldwide center for diplomacy due to the account of many numerous international organizations, including the headquarters of many of the agencies of the United Nations and the Red Cross. The United Nations also known as the (UN) was founded in 1945 after World War II came to an end and was created to replace the League of Nations after the League of Nations failed to prevent World War II. (Christian, Tomuschat 1995) It main purpose was to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue of peace. The United Nations Headquarters...
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...David Taylor Ellis INTS 2130 Analysis paper Mar 29, 2015 Modern Pirates In some fictional works pirates are portrayed in a heroic way. For example, Luffy, captain of the main band of pirates in the popular anime cartoon One Piece, is depicted as a fun loving adventurer that chases his dreams. He is a character to be emulated. Unfortunately, the modern day Somali pirates of East Africa have that similar effect on some of the Somali people. According to the African Economic Development Institute (AEDI), the bigger and more sophisticated European and Asian fishing ships took advantage of the governmental collapse and the ensuing civil war in Somalia in 1991. With permission of the corrupt military leaders and landlords, they greedily over-fished leaving the poor Somalian fishermen with very little. By 1997, several European countries had polluted Somali waters with their waste worsening the problem for the locals. This forced the Somali fishermen to become the Somali pirates (AEDI 5). Pirates are very wealthy men in their country. In a place where everyone suffers in poverty, a little wealth can seem like the cowl of a cape crusader. Despite their reasoning, the actions of the Somali Pirates are negatively affecting Somalia, neighboring countries and the countries who are taking anti-piracy measures to stop them. In 2010 it is estimated that pirates indirectly cost their neighbors about 125 billion dollars (“Maritime piracy costs”). Egypt is losing revenue that comes from...
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...The Function and Governance of IMF Lending Policies in Malawi The International Monetary Fund was established at the United Nations Conference held in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States in July, 1994. The IMF's goal is to build a framework of cooperation between nations into hasten up post-war reconstruction, to aid political stability, and to encourage peace (Lele 154). The IMF membership is at 188 countries. According to the organizational structure, each participant country in the organization is allocated a quota according to its contribution to IMF reserves. The IMF performs economic survey of its members in order to provide technical assistance and training to its member states to help them build strong economies. Its main objective is to safeguard the stability of the international financial system which is essentially the structure of monetary transaction between countries that enable them to interact with one another. Other functions of the organization include monitoring and preventing international financial crises as well as cooperation with the member countries to promote the development as well as to eradicate poverty. The IMF has three areas of focus in implementing its mandate and these include, surveillance of global economies, providing technical assistance and training to member states as well as providing financial loans. The work of the IMF includes promoting global economic growth and stability and it accomplishes this goal by insisting that...
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...Developing Nations as a Resource for International Business Thanks to the versatility of technology and the increased demand for skilled workers the populace in developing nations has become a valuable and cultivatable resource for international business. In fact, there are very few aspects of their lives which have no interaction with developed nation technology and businesses. These people are potentially a very valuable asset for the international business community, as they represent not only a vast, mostly untapped, consumer group but also a source of plentiful, cheap labor. From their earliest moments the international community has begun integrating into their world to educate, train and eventually employ them to create the goods and services the developed nation’s desire. If that wasn’t comprehensive enough, these developing nations are also seen as a research and development (R&D) location where products are launched in order to be tested and refined for sale at a later date in more developed countries globally. International businesses are investing time and funds in nearly every aspect of these nations’ ongoing development, in part, to further their own aim and increase their profitability. Before they are even born one of a multiple of international businesses may have already touched their life through supplementary healthcare, or health screening fort their pregnant mother. Among these many outreach programs for healthcare in developing nations you will find...
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...is the Wrong Policy F. E. Ogbimi* he incorrect perception of a problem can lead to the development of poor theories to solve it. This explains why, a decade after implementing Structural Adjustment Programs (SAP) advanced by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), many African countries have still not made measurable progress. Africa is much worse off today than it was a decade ago because African economists and the world bodies have a poor perception of the African economic problem and so designed SAP—a program which cannot stimulate growth. Why do Structural Adjustment Programs lack growth elements and what should be done to stimulate rapid development? Introduction Most African nations are implementing SAP, an economic `panacea' inspired by the World Bank and the IMF. The objectives of a Structural Adjustment Program are largely the same for most African nations, because the world bodies presume that African economies are at the same level of development and are experiencing similar problems. The stated objectives of the Nigerian SAP are to: • restructure and diversify the productive base of the economy • achieve fiscal stability and positive balance of payments • set the basis for a sustained non-inflationary or minimal inflationary growth, and • reduce the dominance of unproductive investments in the public sector.1 The corresponding program instruments include the strengthening of demand management policies, adoption of a realistic...
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...The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is a global organization that is based throughout the world in over 150 countries. It is a leader in the fight against international crime, illegal drugs, crime and terrorism. Cultural issues are part of this organizations responsibility as it seeks to assist Member States in concerted efforts to improve the lives of everyday people. As global threats are on the rise, the UNODC continues to grow and its impact can be felt on many ethical and social levels. In 1987 there were two United Nations Divisions for Drug and Crime Prevention that combined into the organization known today as the UNODC. The UNODC came into existence as a means to better assist the UN in issues of international importance. They launch campaigns every year to raise awareness against drugs and crime and commemorate International Anti-Corruption Day. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group and has a broad spectrum of international aims and functions. It employs about 1,500 people that are based throughout the world. Its main field and liaison offices are located in New York City, Brussels, and Vienna, Austria. The current Executive Director is Yuri Fedotov, formally a Russian Ambassador to the United Kingdom. The Strategy for the UNODC covering the next three years has been set in motion. According to United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime website (2012), it encompasses areas with sound based programs such as; “countering...
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...Assignment 2 Sociology of Developing Countries – SOC 300 02/18/2012 Discuss the growth of urban crime in the Third World, the major obstacles to reducing crime, and the possible political consequences of rising crime rates. Crime The word crime, in the terms of criminal law, is an act which is punishable by the law of the land. All crimes are evil acts. However, some crimes are those acts which are not punishable by the law of the land, even though they are evil acts. A person who is involved in crimes is known as a criminal. The word crime, in a broad sense, is defined as an act which violates either a political law or a moral law. In the narrower sense of the term, the word crime is defined as a violation of the criminal law. Most violations that take place at traffic signals on the roads are considered to be breaches of contracts, but they are not considered to be crimes in the legal sense of the term. Anything that is in violation of the penal code of a country is considered to be a crime. Third world The economically underdeveloped countries of Asia, Africa, Oceania, and Latin America, considered as an entity with common characteristics, such as poverty, high birthrates, and economic dependence on the advanced countries. The French demographer Alfred Sauvy coined the expression ("tiers monde" in French) in 1952 by analogy with the "third estate," the commoners of France before and during the French Revolution-as opposed to priests and nobles, comprising the...
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