...statement of the authors Karl Marx and Frederick Engels for a revolution. In The Communist Manifesto Marx and Engels make a call for all proletarians, or workers to unite against the Bourgeoisie, or the owners of the factories during this time. Marx and Engels along with the proletarians, were against the Bourgeoisie due to their exploitation on the workers in the factory. Marx and Engels believed that society adapts and evolves throughout time. Yet, to change there needs to be an upset or revolution in order to do so. Such as, the change from a feudal society to a capitalist society was caused by the French Revolution. Through class struggle and revolutions Marx and Engels plan to unite the proletarians and remove the bourgeoisie from power and in doing so, they will create a communist society which seeks to eliminate inequality and classes. The communist society would be defined as a utopian society in which society benefits from means of production. Marx and Engels show negative aspects of human nature, but also discuss how to bring out the positive aspects of human nature. The Communist Manifesto was published in 1848. This was during the time of the industrial revolution in Europe. The industrial revolution started in Britain and had a massive change and influence on how things could be mass produced, making the factory owner receive profits faster. This also caused problems in Europe as well. The industrial revolution also caused urbanization in the cities of Europe which,...
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...Where Is Utopia in the Brain? DanieL s. Levine Introduction The designer of utopian societies, whether fictional or real, often confronts the limits of what is possible for members of our species. But how severe or flexible are those limits? The explosive growth of behavioral neurobiology and experimental psychology in the last decade has produced many results on the biological bases of social interactions. This growth suggests that we can now look to science for some partial answers to the question of limits. Until recently, the social sciences and the biological sciences have mainly developed separate and disconnected accounts of human behavior. In the “nature/nurture controversy,” for example, anthropology has tended to emphasize cultural influences on human nature whereas behavioral biology has tended to emphasize genetic influences. The journalist Matthew Ridley (Nature via Nurture) provides an accessible account of the intellectual history and rhetoric of these two fields. Yet an increasing number of scholars in both areas are now realizing that behavioral biology and anthropology are studying the same human phenomena from different viewpoints. This overlap means there should be an underlying reality that is consistent across the different disciplines regardless of any disagreements in terminology. The behavioral biologist Edward O. Wilson calls this type of interdisciplinary commonality consilience, a term coined earlier by the nineteenth-century philosopher William Whewell...
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...（1） In 1945, just after World War II, the alliance between the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union ended. An intense rivalry between communist and non-communist nations led to the Cold War. It's called the Cold War because it never led to armed or "hot" conflict. At the end of World War II, at the Yalta Conference, Germany was divided into four occupied zones controlled by Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States. Berlin was also divided into four sections. Lack of a mutual agreement on German re-unification was a important background of the Cold War. And on March 5, 1946, Winston Churchill, gave his "iron curtain" speech while at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri, which marked the start of the Cold War. The cold war did not end until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. During this period, the United States and the USSR confronted each other in politics, economy, ideology, and so on. And they nearly divided this world into two camps, socialist camp and capitalist camp, what made the conflict on ideology especially sharp. Every incident in the world could not happened without reasons, and the original cause may happened quite long ago. So there are long term causes and short causes of the Cold War. One of the short term causes is that the US President had a personal dislike of the Soviet leader Josef Stalin. At the Potsdam Conference starting in late July 1945, serious differences emerged over the future development of Germany and...
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...explore and go on adventures. While transcendentalism inspired many religious activists to protest against the general state or the state of intellectualism. The country was changing rapidly and becoming what the United States of America will soon be known for. The industrial revolution was approaching and the Age of Enlightenment was ending. During this era many of the major changes would result in infrastructure, the lowell experiment, the market revolution and many spiritual protests brought up. The greatest man to never become president was Henry Clay. Clay represented Kentucky in the House of Representatives for eleven years, the Senate for fourteen years, and served as Secretary of State under President John Quincy Adams from 1825 to 1829. One of his most famed accomplishments would be known as the American system. Clay proposed many things for the United States such as tariffs and internal improvements. However not many of his proposals succeeded. Between the years of 1808 and 1815 the American economy was shut out from European competition of trading which allowed development of the United States economy without the help of Europe. The western lands were also involved in this revolution, as Henry clay proposed the land should be sold very cheap, $2 an acre in a 640 acre perimeter. Throughout the years though, the land prices for federal lands have really dropped to $1.25 per acre in a 40 acre parcel. Clay and many other people were un satisfied with this policy...
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...would you think of? Economical, Political, or Societal? Actually, although people believe that most reforms or progress is for the benevolence of all three of these elements equally, revolutions such as the Industrial Revolution are more driven towards the success of the economics. The industrial revolution itself caused a massive uprising of ideas based on engineering for the sole purpose of convenience, and made a huge gap between the rich, the middle, and the poor, and classified the middle and the poor as the working classes and most of the topics went to the working class. However, this is more unlikely to be a political progress since the convenience and affordable factor all went to boost England’s economy and have the society afford them for cheaper. The progress of the Industrial Revolution was based on socioeconomic reasons because, due to the Industrial revolution, England’s economy increased, rate of employment for unemployed workers increased because of the ability to mass produce products using the newly invented machines to create a better economy for corporations, and a lot of products could be produced in cheap prices because mass production was possible and this increased the standard of living to modernization. Another example of socioeconomic progress is the French Revolution. The French revolutionists and poor social class strived to change the social class division by killing aristocrats and women’s march of Versailles also indicated a strive for a change...
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...Social Movements in India: Meaning, Features and Other Details! A social movement is a mass movement and a collective attempt of people to bring about a change, or to resist any change. The concept central to any social movement is that people intervene in the process of social change, rather than remaining mere spectators or passive participants in the ebb and flow of life. People seek to become proactive actors in altering the course of history. In order to achieve their aim of making a difference to the world they live in, they either initiate or become a part of collective action. Individuals consciously act together with a sense of engagement in a common enterprise. Social movements possess a considerable measure of internal order and purposeful orientation. It is, in fact, this organization that strengthens the movement to challenge the established institutions. A social movement can be described more or less as a persis¬tent and organized effort on the part of a relatively large group of people to bring about or resist change. However, the number of persons participating is not the criteria for describing any movement as a collective action. The movement must have a leader to guide and execute the plan of action and possess the power to sustain the movement. Social movements, however, are different from pressure groups or institutional movements. Institutional movements are highly organized, permanent, and primarily occupation-based. Social movements are spontaneous...
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...In the study of Gattaca, directed by Andrew Niccol and Animal Farm composed by George Orwell, conformity versus individualism is a key concern for both composers. Although both contextually different, both texts promote a warning for their respective societies that apparent utopian ideals can lead to the corruption and destruction of values such as individuality, caring and compassion, being replaced by deceit and manipulation to gain control and power. Both texts, written at different times historically, share many significant lessons. In the sterile society of Gattaca, life is genetically controlled right from the beginning so that everyone gets the “best possible start”. The sterile setting metaphorically captures a tyrannical and authoritarian atmosphere that prizes genetic perfection above all else. It is a world that blocks human aspiration. This becomes evident through the robotic-type characters that inhabit Gattaca. In the film Vincent says: “Engineered like the rest of us” this puts an emphasis on that everyone is the same and individual characteristics such as personality, beliefs and values are irrelevant. Identity is seen in this world as being entirely defined by your status as a valid or in-valid. Beyond this, nothing else is important. The first scenes in Gattaca set an atmosphere of controlled bodily perfection. Vincent is seen shaving and washing. There are extreme close-ups of body matter: blood, skin, hair, eyelashes, urine and fingernails. The use of such...
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...religion ideological? Although there are many who argue that religion is an ideology or contains ideological aspects, whether or not science is remains a controversial subject which requires criticisms of the objectivity. If science is not an ideology then the view given by the essay question is falsified. If both are ideological then we may proceed to assess the whether science has supplanted religion in this sense. The term “ideology” is difficult to define. Roughly, an ideology is a belief system or framework of ideas which present a partial or distorted view of reality. In this assessment, I wish to apply Manheim’s definitions of two types of ideology- an ideology which justifies current social order, and an ideology which presents a utopian view of how society should be ordered. This essay will follow the following pattern; first we will assess to what extent science and religion match the criteria of these types of ideologies and secondly, has science supplanted religion as the dominant ideology of this type? Many conflict theorists argue that religion is an ideological force serves to maintain a social...
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...Mao Zedong is considered to be one of the most controversial political leaders of the twentieth century. He has been known both as a savior and a tyrant to the Chinese people. From his strategic success of the Long March, to his humiliating failure of the Great Leap Forward, to the Cultural Revolution that shocked the country and took countless lives, Mao has significantly influenced the result of what China is today. From humble origins, Mao Zedong rose to absolute power, unifying with an iron fist a vast country torn apart by years of weak leadership, imperialism, and war. This astute and insightful account by Jonathan D. Spence brings to life this modern-day ruler and the tumultuous era that Mao Zedong did so much to shape. Mao Zedong was born on December 26, 1893 in Shaoshan village in Hunan. He experienced a middle peasant upbringing that was “rooted in long-standing rural Chinese patterns of expectation and behavior” (Mao, 10). Mao went to Shaoshan village school where he learned the customary Chinese curriculum as well as studied the “time-honored texts from the Confucian canon” (Mao, 11). At this time in his childhood, the whole country could foresee the fall of the previous dynasty, the Qing. Mao studied to be a teacher at The First Provincial Normal School, in Changsha, which influenced his future thinking and beliefs. He believed that the Chinese way of thinking needed reform, therefore fixated on younger people and peasants to build his political career. In 1912...
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...Socialism is a range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownershipand democratic control of the means of production,[7] as well as the political ideologies, theories, and movements that aim at their establishment.[8] Social ownership may refer to public ownership, cooperative ownership, citizen ownership of equity, or any combination of these.[9] Although there are many varieties of socialism and there is no single definition encapsulating all of them,[10]social ownership is the common element shared by its various forms.[5][11][12] Socialist economic systems can be divided into both non-market and market forms.[13]Non-market socialism involves the substitution of factor markets and money with engineering and technical criteria based oncalculation performed in-kind, thereby producing an economic mechanism that functions according to different economic laws than those of capitalism. Non-market socialism aims to circumvent the inefficiencies and crises traditionally associated with capital accumulation and the profit system.[22] By contrast, market socialism retains the use of monetary prices, factor markets, and, in some cases, the profit motive with respect to the operation of socially-owned enterprises and the allocation of capital goods between them. Profits generated by these firms would be controlled directly by the workforce of each firm or accrue to society at large in the form of a social dividend.[23][24][25] The feasibility and exact methods of resource...
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...making the dream of a lot of people come true. In a recent decade, Singapore has been moving towards the idea of improving their social and economic problems through constructing the modern building projects. Needless to say, their significant achievement in economic social development has brought them opportunities to become one of the most stable economies in the world regardless of a limited space and sacred natural resources. Singapore is among the countries that has the lowest rate of unemployment, highest adequate living conditions and social pension, and fastest economic growth in Asia. Furthermore, it is also well known for the green environment and energy efficiency. Although Singapore is believed to be a clear example of how a utopian plan has improved human development, there are critics argue that its government is directing people in an oppressive setting through a so called utopia and that there is lack of innovation in a too stable economic organization. The rigid of the government system has resulted in the lack of social justice about which people do not have choices and opportunities for self-development....
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...This paper reviews The Road Ahead by Bill Gates. One of the individuals most responsible for the computer revolution that put personal computers into widespread use, Gates is now concerned with the building and establishment of the information highway and its impact on modern society. The Road Ahead is an attempt to predict the new technologies needed to make the highway a fully-realized part of daily life and to show the ways in which these technologies will change business practices and everyday activities. Partly a utopian guessing game, the book also provides interesting insights into the areas in which Gates is focusing his company's research and development activities. When Bill Gates and Paul Allen decided to drop out of school and invest their futures in their belief in the potential market for personal computers, "We set off down a road that was headed in the right direction" (Gates, 1995, p. 18). The two had been fascinated by computers ever since their first encounters with what were then bulky, plodding, expensive machines capable primarily of performing complex calculations and playing rudimentary games. Gates describes the machine for which he wrote his first program as "huge and cumbersome and slow and absolutely compelling" (p. 1). The two created a company, Microsoft, which was instrumental in igniting the computer revolution, creating machines and the accompanying software that have grown dramatically smaller, faster, and cheaper, allowing computers to become...
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...The Feminist Revelation The escalating academic industry of feminist/womanist studies is rife with declarations of a grand social revolution. Contemporary feminism, says Sommers, has more to do with revelation than with revolution. She notes that Alison Jaggar identifies four dominant feminist “frameworks”: liberal, Marxist, radical, and socialist. The last three frequently overlap, and all are determined that feminism requires the overthrow of prevailing social arrangements, especially the “nuclear family,” and the wresting of power from men. As Andrea Dworkin puts it: “Men love death. In everything they make the hollow out a central place for death. . . . In male culture slow murder is the heart of Eros, fast murder is the heart of action, and systemized murder is the heart of history.” Sommers simplify the typology by suggesting that there are essentially two feminisms: liberal feminism and gender feminism. She identifies herself as a liberal feminist. Liberal feminists respect what women want, also if that includes such “gendered” choices as marriage and motherhood. The goal of liberal feminism is straightforward: women have a right to fair treatment and equal opportunity in trying to realize their aspirations. Gender feminism is very different, indeed radically different. Gender feminism views all of social reality in terms of the “sex-gender system.” According to gender feminist Sandra Harding, this system is a “system of male-dominance made possible by men's control...
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...Savannah Morris Faris Honors English IV 09 January 2015 A Maggot-Less World A Utopia is an imaginative place that is beautiful in every aspect and is the author’s perspective of a “perfect society”. Aldous Huxley creates this Utopia in his novel, “Island”. He creates a perfect society with limited technology and a union of all people to work together. Huxley creates this Utopia during a time period of corruption and new discoveries. As the nation enters the literary time period of “the beat period”, Huxley's unconscious idea of a Utopian society is displayed uncensored in “Island” as opposed to “Brave New World” and he provides his personal solution to the world’s problems. In “Island” by Aldous Huxley the main character, Will Farnaby,...
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...of individual choice. Individuals needed to repent, confess sins, and accept God's gift of salvation. 2. Focus on the Second Coming of Christ. Need for reform of society to hasten the new Kingdom of God. 3. Biggest impact among women. Evangelical mission to save others gave women more status, purpose. 4. Frontier revivals featured emotional appeals while providing social meetings for settlers B. New religious groups formed as instruments of reform 1. Utopian societies created in reaction to urban growth and industrialization. Emphasis on community and withdrawal from society 2. Shakers--socially radical. Abolished families, practiced celibacy and full equality between sexes. 3. Mormons--Organized by Joseph Smith in 1830 as a cooperative theocracy with himself as the Prophet. Because of persecution, Smith and his followers moved from New York to Ohio to Missouri to Illinois, where he was murdered by opponents. Succeeded by Brigham Young, who led migration to Utah. II. Non-Religious Utopian Communities A. New Harmony, Illinois. 1825. Socialist center founded by Robert Owen to be self-sufficient and existing without currency. Failed after several years. B. Brook Farm Experiment. Transcendentalist in orientation, rejecting society's standards and Enlightenment thought, emphasizing individualism and the mysteries of nature. Famous contributors: Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville. III. Other Areas of Early Social Reform A. Temperance--religious basis...
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