...Oral Presentations Today, let’s tale about the sustainability of European welfare state. I have divided my presentation into 4 parts. Firstly the rationale of this presentation will be given. Secondly, I will introduce the findings of what factors influence the sustainability of European welfare state. And it include… after a conclusion of these factors. I will talk about what I have learnt from the research process and the limitations need to improve. Some researcher argue that economic globalization is the most important factor causing the plight of European welfare state. And analyse this factor from two aspects, political and economic. Politically, because of the higher social welfare spending, the common sense formed between different parties no longer exists. Conservatism still believes that well-developed welfare system is the foundation of a fair and decent society, while the liberal argues that the welfare system is the enemy of enterprise and economic development, they also advocate the cut of welfare spending. Though welfare-cutting policies have lots of benefits, it cannot get the support of citizens. So, in order to get votes, avoid dissatisfying people, the policies cannot be conducted and the conflicts between welfare and economic development cannot be solved. Economically, from the view of product and service globalization, it is likely to cause the social dumping. There is no advantage for western countries’ products to compete with cheaper products from...
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...Critically discuss the Beveridge Report in shaping the Immediate Post 1945 Welfare State. In 1834 the Poor Law Amendment Act was introduced. The Amendment Act was aimed at ensuring the poor and needy had homes, food and clothing. Homes, food and clothing where provided in return for labour in the work houses, adults and children worked for several hours in the day. The children did receive education in the work houses, in return for their labour. The aim was that the outcome of being unable to support yourself or family was so harsh and severe, that it would stop anyone from wishing to enter (The National Archives, 2014: 1). The Second World War saw a shift from the Poor Law to the Welfare State through the Beveridge Report. “No one, not even Beveridge himself, ever planned the Welfare State, nor has it been a direct outcome of any political or social philosophy”, (Bruce, 1961: 13). “It has been in fact no more than the accumulation over many years of remedies to specific problems which in the end have reached such proportions as to create a new conception of governmental responsibility”, (Bruce, 1961: 13).” The Beveridge Report of 1942 was the culmination of a review of the whole of social security provision in Britain commissioned by the Wartime National Government”, (Alcock, 1987: 51). The Wartime National Government only set out to tidy Britain up, not to make the huge changes Beveridge reported were required. Beveridge found that Britain had five giant evils to slay...
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...has a clear foundation in social equality and political consciousness. Before delving into specific case studies, the term “welfare state” must be defined in order to provide a baseline understanding of the institution being discussed. In the context of this paper, welfare state can be defined as “a concept of government in which the state plays a key role in protecting and promoting the economic and social well being of its citizens.” Under the welfare state model, equal opportunity, equal distribution of wealth and mutual responsibility are firmly sought after goals that are reinforced by social insurance programs and universal provision of education, healthcare and housing. The degree to which such benefits are provided varies between...
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...Canada’s Welfare State The role of a nations government branches into many facets. From economic prosperity, the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms, as well as law making and administration, the government’s role in a nation is undeniably pivotal. However, what many people regard as the most essential aspect of a governments responsibility, is the influence it has in terms of upholding and monitoring the welfare state. The welfare state is defined as: “A system whereby the government undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, especially those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits.” This system is imperative to the social progress of a nation and the wellbeing of a society. The Maintenance of a good quality of life for Canadians reflects positively on all branches of a government, including economic growth, the utmost important aspect of a successful nation; thus, it is a necessity and advantageous to the Canadian economy. Economic growth refers to: “An increase in the amounts of goods and services produced per head of the population at one time.” The main causes of economic growth are better-educated and more skilled workers, as well as higher rates of investments and consumer spending, both of which can be enhanced by the use of different social programs. However, the issue with various social programs is its creation of a society run on long-term government dependency. Programs such as welfare as well...
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...Justin Mills Welfare Reform In 1996 the federal government of the United States created the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program in an effort to move parents of welfare and into the workforce (Hildebrandt & Stevens 793). The intent of this legislation was to create an environment in which people would be able to provide for themselves without the assistance of the government. However, as of 2006 38.7 million people in the United States, including 13.28 million children, were still living below the poverty level of $22,050 for a family of four (Hildebrandt & Stevens 793). These numbers indicate that the problem did not improve and many people have become accustomed to the lifestyle that receiving welfare affords them. Further changes to the welfare system would go a long way towards resolving these issues. The United States government must reform the welfare program with pre-screenings and lifetime limits on benefits to prevent producing a society of dependent people. In 1996 Congress passed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, which created the TANF program (Cook et al. 249). The legislation significantly altered the provisions for extending cash to low-income families (Cook et al. 249). The new provisions imposed a federal lifetime limit of up to five years on financial support and strengthened the requirements for employment and work-related activities (Cook et al. 249). The ability of immigrants, including those...
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...The United States a Welfare State The purpose of a government is to set boundaries or laws for a society, as well as to offer welfare. Welfare is defined as health and happiness, but also the opportunity to achieve those wants and needs. The United States is a country that is known to be a place where one can strive to become or undertake whatever dream one may have, although it may become difficult depending on one’s economic status. The United States does offer welfare such as, social security, food stamps, medicaid, and others. However, if one were to compare the U.S. with Denmark, a famous welfare state, the two don’t measure up. Although the United States does offer welfare subsides, it does restrict lower income citizens from obtaining...
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...Welfare in the United States is a federal government program that was set up to help the unemployed or assist the underemployed. The welfare system takes money from the working people in the form of taxes and then distributes it to assist the underprivileged. Since this program has been put into place it has done nothing but put a burden on the taxpayers. People who depend on welfare quickly lose the incentive to work. Though this program has good intentions, in many aspects, it is misused and abused by many receiving it. In 2012, roughly one-fifth of the U.S. population, or 52.2 million people, received some kind of means of public assistance every month. The government has made applying for welfare easy, perhaps too easy. This is why millions of Americans receive welfare. No one would rather go out and work a minimum-wage paying job when they can sit at home and get paid the same, if not more, with putting no effort forward at all. This type of misuse encourages many others, who do not need welfare, to apply for it because the stipulations to receive assistance are so minimal. There has been a lot of talk about reforming welfare, but no actions are being carried...
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...(1970s- Era of welfare state challenges) • A series of developments predicted welfare state crises, cutbacks and retrenchment • The irreversible nature of welfare state expansion could no longer assumed • Why's the 1970s crisis different? ○ Historically there has been references to welfare state crisis (See Pierson, 2006:144-145) ○ What was the significant about 1970s was the convergence of Crises/Challenges • Convergence of crisis ○ Economic § Economic recession in the 1970s: rising level of unemployment and inflation, decline in tax revenue. § Rising costs of welfare state: Continuous demand for additional social expenditure and new services. § Globalization: Limited the policy scope of national governments ○ Social...
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...Denmark: Globalization and the Welfare State * 1. Is Denmark prosperous because of, or despite welfare state? Sigurno je blagostanje in uspešnost države Danske vezano na njihovo socialo državo. Danska je, zaradi kombinacije visoko socialne države, efektivnega javnega sektorja in uspešnega privatnega sektorja nodi uspešno okolje za razvoj podjetništva, privlači tujo delovno silo in podjetja. Lahko tudi rečemo, da so visoki davki, ki zagotavljajo visoko socialno varnost, prinesli srečo in uspešnost. Tako je the Econimist Intelligence Unit v letu 2007 proglasil Dansko za najboljše mesto na svetu, ki je primerno za uspešno poslovanje (ena od držav, kjer je najlažje začeti nov posel), v letu 2008 pa je mednarodna raziskava pokazala, da so Danci najsrečnejši ljudje na svetu. Več kot 60% jih za sebe lahko reče, da so zelo zadovoljni z svojim življenjem. Tako jim recimo pripada 25 dni dopusta na leto in 37 urni delovni teden. 2. How did Denmark achieve 3% unemployment in 2008? V sredini 80'h ter v začetku 90'h let je mednarodna konkurenca privedla Dansko do povečanja nezaposlenosti, Danska vlada je v tem času močno povečala socialne izdatke, da je pokrila povečano nezaposlenost, zgodnje upokojitve .. itd. Potrebna je bila nova strategija, ki jo je uvedel Paul Nyrup Rasmussen, tako imenovana »flexicurity«. S to reformo so hoteli doseči bolj prilagodljivo ekonomijo brez rezanja socialnih ugodnosti. Tako so dali podjetjem možnost hitrega odpuščanja zaposlenih...
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...Erosion of the Welfare State Since 1979 Works Cited Not Included In this essay I will attempt to examine if and by how much the welfare state has been eroded since 1979. Due to length limitations I will have to oversimplify topics covered. However I will explore issues in a coherent frame work to scrutinize the continuity of the ‘classic welfare state, (Powell 1998). Many political theorists have debated the birth of the welfare state. Poor Law which can be dated back to the 14th century (Labourers Act) maybe considered the first step in a long journey to become what we recognise as the welfare state today (Midwinter1994, Jones 2000). However others classify the beginning of the Classic welfare state by the report written by William Beverage (1942) which identified ‘five giants’ of social disorder; want, idleness, squalor, disease and ignorance. The main focus of the solution was flat-rate contributions as well as flat-rate cash benefits, (Titmuss 1950; Hennessy 1992; Powell 1998). Drawing from these two points of view the foundation of the classic welfare state I will take the latter (Five Giants) as most credible, as most of the major features of the welfare state were initiated by the Labour and Conservative governments (Labour’s landslide victory of the conservations after World War two) from this point, such as the planned, approved and implemented universal non-selective NHS 1948. As we now have a beginning context we must explore when the erosion...
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...one is more suitable for Social and Economic Welfare? Show your arguments in support of your answer. Answer: State Owned Enterprise is more suitable for Social and Economic Welfare. • Since sole tradership and partnership and joint stock company’s main objective is to earn profit, those companies is not suitable for social and economic welfare. • State owned enterprise does not have profit in mind rather then serving the nation by doing social and economic welfare. Therefore, State Owned Enterprise is more suitable for Social and Economic Welfare. My arguments in support to State Owned enterprise for social and economic welfare are given below:- Therefore, • Argument # 1: To be profitable is not the aim of this organization. Welfare to the people of the country is the aim of this organization. Such as - making employment for the unemployed people, economic growth of the country, provincial development etc. • Argument # 2: Though to be profitable is not the aim of state enterprise, as a business organization it gains profit. This kind of profit is Submission to the government fund and is spent for the welfare of the country and people. • Argument # 3: Generally government is the capital supplier of state enterprise: But in case of joint proprietorship, the government and people provide capital for the state enterprise. For social welfare, Government can supply huge capital. ...
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...Esping-Andersen's typology of welfare states. Also, this article reviews the modified or alternative typologies ensuing from the debate. In Esping- Andersen’s book, he categorized welfare states into three kinds. It is liberal welfare states, conservative/corporatist welfare states and social-democratic welfare states. He connected his differentiation with variations in the historical development of different Western countries. He claimed that current economic processes, such as those moving toward a postindustrial order, are shaped not by autonomous market forces but by the nature of states and state differences. In response to the way of Andersen’s description, Gelissen mainly suggests that 3 mistakes exist. First and foremost, it is about the misspecification of the Mediterranean welfare states as immature continental ones. Critics say that Southern European or Latin Rim countries have their own distinguishing characteristics. Therefore, Anderson’s act of categorizing these countries under conservative continental model while additionally terming “immature” is definitely not true. As Anderson recognized and discovered that these countries have unique characteristics which reflect their culture and society themselves, he should add new categories. In order to classify Mediterranean welfare state, Anderson must make a distinctive model and name it as “Latin Rim” or “Southern countries.” Second, it is related to the labelling of the Antipodean welfare states as belonging...
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...This essay will focus on exploring the changing approaches and attitudes to welfare since the Poor Law, thus establishing the measures introduced or policies implemented to enable society to lead a sustainable livelihood. In addition, it will identify the individuals who were influential in the creation of a welfare state by examining six different concepts, namely: the 1601 Elizabethean Poor Law, The Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, New Liberalism, Fabianism, Thatcherism and Blairism. The removal of monasteries and church welfare led the parliament to pass the first act for the relief of the poor. The 1601 Old Poor Law was a response to the issue of poverty by the state on a national scale, providing relief to the sick/elderly/disabled; able-bodied and children/orphans. Administered by parishes, it “sought to assist the 'settled' poor, who were expected to accept whatever work or relief the parish offered.” (www.victorianweb.org/history/poorlaw/elizpl.html) There is an implication that a safety net was provided for those who had fallen on hard times, however they had no freedom of choice regards the type of employment they took on, their dietary intake, clothing etc. They were reliant on relief and were susceptible to exploitation through cheap labour. “Each parish looked after their own poor and a poor rate was levied on householders” (Moore; 2000). The lack of uniformity in system suggests that treatment and rules differed from parish to parish, however, parishes were likely...
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...Question: Compare the evolution of productivity between USA y UE during the ’80 and ’90. Trends Factors explaining the different trends racism The productivity between United States and Europe during the ’80 and ’90 are different due to several reasons. On a big scale, they both have different social models. For example, Americans and Europeans think differently about poverty, inequality, redistribution of income from the rich to the poor, social protection, and welfare. Americans believe that the poor should take care of themselves and on the other hand, Europeans believe that the government is primarily responsible to help out the poor from their poverty. Europeans consider themselves less happy when inequality increases even as many other individual and social indicators that determine a person’s happiness remain constant. Americans do not consider themselves to be less happy as inequality increases, and neither are the American poor as upset by inequality as the European rich are. Europeans freely and willingly choose to have a larger welfare state, with all associated costs in terms of taxation and regulation, because they dislike inequality. In Europe, the regulations on taxes are very strict so people contribute to paying them. As in the US, they are much easier and not much stricter on the regulation so people are much easier to find a way for not paying taxes. In my opinion, taxes are also related to racism. Since the majority/minority society exists in...
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...The flexibility of labour markets and the elite-orientated education of liberal market economies in the UK and the US result in higher degrees of inequality compared to coordinated market economies. Discuss. Student ID: 0956592 Word count (excluding references): 2492 This paper will discuss and analyze whether the flexibility of labour markets and the elite orientated education in liberal market economies, found in the UK and the US are the only reasons for higher degrees of inequality, compared to coordinated market economies. In order to understand the labour markets of liberal market economies and coordinated market economies, they must be defined in terms of their differences, which can affect the flexibility of their labour markets. Furthermore, it is important to note that there are numerous inequalities which may emerge in this analysis. Namely, gender inequality, class inequality, and wage inequality as well as some other perspectives will be examined. The aim of this paper is recognize which inequalities are more prominent in either liberal market economies or coordinated market economies, in relation to the flexibility of relevant labour market. Drawing on the work of Polanyi (1994), Esteves-Abe et al. (2001) suggest that market failures in economies can be avoided depending on the type and the extent of the social protection offered from national institutions. Liberal market economies, such as the US and UK, have an institutional framework which accents...
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