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Threats to the Everglades

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Threats to the Everglades

There are three major threats to the Everglades: water control, introduced species and development (Florida Museum of Natural History, n.d.). In short, the biggest threat to the Everglades was humanity itself, which in his historical greed and shortsightedness sought to completely re-write the entire ecosystem to suit himself.

The longest ranging problem threatening the everglades was the draining that was started in the early 1900's. Government sanction was given and the Army Corps of Engineers began work on a series of canals to drain the wetlands. There were 5 done: Miami, North New River, Hillsboro, West Palm Beach, and St. Lucie, each draining approximately 900 acres of wetlands (Historical Society of Palm Beach County, 2009).

A) Simulated satellite image of original Everglades. B) Satellite image (circa 1995) showing the historic Everglades boundary, water conservation areas (WCAs), the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA), and other landmarks (Harvey, Loftus, & Rehage, 2010, para. 1-2).
As can be seen in the photos the majority of what was originally a specialized and ecologically diverse area has been repurposed: the wetlands drained the area industrialized. This has led to an enormous loss of habitat for marsh birds, reptiles and plants. Agricultural pollution has also decimated the habitat and according to Everglades Foundation (2006-2012), Extremely low levels of nutrients, such as phosphorus, are part of the reason that the Everglades is a unique mosaic of sawgrass, tree islands, and open water. However, the nutrient pollution, such as that coming from agricultural runoff and other fertilizers, allows for the growth of species that upset the balance of the ecosystem such as cattails, harmful algal blooms and duckweed. The sulfur in this agricultural fertilizer, through a complex series of biological and chemical processes, leads to accumulations of toxic mercury in fish, birds, reptiles, and mammals, even in the endangered Florida panther (para. 7).

Loss of habitat has not been the only threat to the local flora and fauna of the Everglades however. With humans came non-native species, many of which found the sub-tropical climate of Florida and its swamps to their liking. One of the latest and greatest to make the news has been the python, which has been a popular pet with professional and hobby snake keepers for years, but thanks to snakes escaping during floods and storms, and just being released by the incredibly irresponsible owner into the wild, they are breeding out of control and eating and displacing the native wildlife.

As a picture is truly worth a thousand words, here is a python eating an alligator.

(Montgomery, 2010)
Obviously a constrictor will eat anything it can catch. The snakes are not, of course, the only invasive species, just the one currently the most visible due to the media. Also detrimental to the habitats and communities of the Everglades are introduced species of wildlife. People have released unwanted pets into the Everglades including aquarium fishes, pythons, boa constrictors, parakeets, and parrots. Feral hogs also pose a major disturbance within the Everglades by digging native vegetation and disturbing archeological [sic] sites (Florida Museum of Natural History, n.d.).

A desire to develop the 'wasted land' that was the unique wetland habitat and use that area for farming and urban expansion is what started the downward spiral of the Everglades, and the human threat is still the most pressing. Urban development is pressing in on the Everglades, and with urbanization comes yet more water control, loss of habitat for native species and more introduction of non-native creatures and plants. Many species have been pushed to the brink of extinction, as much -if not more so – from habitat loss than from depredation by other invasive species. Moreover, water control methods have completely upset the natural breeding cycles of many species including the alligators, marsh birds and the very foundation of the food chain: snails (Cohn, 2006).

Humans have destroyed 50% of the original Everglades; it remains to be seen if humans can put it right again, or if greed will win out again.

References

Cohn, D. (2006). Threats to life in Everglades continue to increase. Retrieved from http://ournationalparks.us/index.php/site/story_south_florida/- threats_to_life_in_everglades_continue_to_increase/

Harvey, R. G., Loftus, W. F., & Rehage, J. S. (2010, Dec). Effects of Canals and Levees on Everglades Ecosystems. WEC304, (), . Retrieved from https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/UW/UW34900.pdf

Historical Society of Palm Beach County. (2009). Draining the Everglades. Retrieved from http://www.pbchistoryonline.org/page/draining-the-everglades

Florida Museum of Natural History. (n.d.). Everglades: Introduced Species. Retrieved from http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/southflorida/everglades/exoticglades.html

Florida Museum of Natural History. (n.d.). Threats to the Everglades. Retrieved from http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/southflorida/everglades/threats.html

Montgomery, R. (2010). Everglades Devastation a Warning for Fisheries?. Retrieved from http://www.activistangler.com/journal/2012/2/8/everglades-devastation-a-warning-for- fisheries.html

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