...Division of Labour” is often regarded as his major contribution to the field of sociological thought. Durkheim’s doctoral thesis, “Division of Labour in Society” – 1.893, is his first major book. In this, the influence of Auguste Comte is clearly evident. The theme of this book is the relationship between individuals and society or the collectivity. It is indeed a classic study of social solidarity. In this book he reacted against the view that modern industrial society could be based simply upon agreement between individuals motivated by self-interest and without any prior consensus. He agreed that the kind of consensus in modern society was different from that in simpler social systems. But he saw both of these as two types of social solidarity. In his famous work “The Division of Labour in Society” Durkheim tried to determine the social consequences of the division of labour in modern societies. A major theme in all Durkheim’s writings is the importance of shared social norms and values in maintaining social cohesion and solidarity. He argued that the nature of this social solidarity depends on the extent of the division of labour. Meaning of Division of Labour: The concept of “Division of Labour” has been used in three ways: (i) in the sense of the technical division of labour, it describes the production process; (ii) as the sexual division of labour, it describes social divisions between men and women; (iii) as the social division of labour, it refers...
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...to them. It is therefore impossible that they are beyond our power as human beings to resolve. Returning to our humanity, reforming and opening up the inner capacities of our lives, can enable reform and empowerment on a global scale.” Daisaku Ikeda wrote this quote as words of wisdom and looking into the quote marks the challenge and the truth of global citizenship. Our world is consisting of 150 countries and covers diversity of nationalities. Languages, culture and tradition are the factors that prove that our world, the Earth, is diverse in the line of people. I do believe that the problem of a certain country is a problem of the world and the success of a certain country is the success of the world. What the world needs is unity, equality, solidarity, prosperity and getting people to start carrying out, acting and performing like Global Citizens is the only way to accomplish this. Executing our roles is what the world needs and what the humanity needs also. We have a duty to protect each other as humans. We have a duty to take charge of our life and other people’s lives despite diversity in race, language, nationality and citizenship. Citizenship is about the state of being vested with the rights, privileges, freedom and duties of a citizen. It is a state that a person should exercise not only in a certain country but also in other places. National citizenship is a citizenship that signifies our citizenship in the very first stage of our life, birth. What I mean is that,...
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...In the world today there is a massive amount of controversy about the reliability of the scriptures in the Bible. The two arguments that I found quite compelling is THE EXTRAORDINARY CLAIMS THAT THE BIBLE IS FROM GOD and THE UNITY OF THE MESSAGE FROM DIFFERENT HUMAN SOURCES. The 1st argument “THE EXTRAORDINARY CLAIMS THAT THE BIBLE IS FROM GOD.” In the book Theology for Today (chap 5 pg. 4) it states, “Old Testament prophets used expressions like “thus saith the LORD or “The word of the LORD came unto . . . .” These expressions are themselves among the strongest arguments for accepting the Bible. Concerning the expressions “Word of the Lord” (debhar Yahweh), B. B. Warfield writes that it “is at once the simplest and the most colorless designation of a Divine communication.” He then goes on to note, “Both phrases [‘Word of the Lord’ and ‘Law of the Lord’] are used for any Divine communication of whatever extent; and both came to be employed to express the entire body of Divine revelation, conceived as a unitary whole . . . and both passed into the NT with these implications.” The way that God gave us the Bible is a confirmation and delineation of His affection for us. The expression "disclosure" or “revelation” essentially implies that God imparted to humankind what He is similar to and how we can have a right association with Him. These are things that we couldn't have known had God not perfectly uncovered them to us in the Bible. Despite the fact that God's disclosure of Himself...
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...Functionalists believe that religion is beneficial for both society as a whole and its individual members, this is because it unifies society and creates consensus, which in turn gives each individual member a source of support when they need it. However some theorists disagree with the functionalist ideology. Firstly, functionalist claim religion benefits society in a number of ways, it creates a sense of social solidarity, meaning a shared sense of identity, history, norms and values (a collective conscience). This is supported by item A, ‘religion's contribution to value consensus and social integration’. Functionalist explain that if all of a society's members are part of the same religion then they all share the same belief system, resulting in consensus between all of its members. The religious institution will teach its members the norms and values of the society they are in and the collective worship will bind societies members closer together, for example, people in Muslim countries who are part of the faith of Islam, understand it is normal to stop and pray 5 times a day and also that no-one should work on Friday however people in Christian countries understand the day of rest to be Sunday. Functionalist therefore claim members of a society have a collective conscience, they think in the same way, due to their shared norms and values. Functionalists also believe that religion unifies people; the functionalist Emile Durkheim studied an aboriginal tribe the Arunta...
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...The term "solidarity" was developed by Emile Durkheim, a French sociologist, to describe a state of unity and cooperation among social groups, based on a shared desire for justice and equality (Szelenyi, 2009). The word is often used in a political context to refer to the effort to bring various groups with conflicting interests together to resolve their differences and support each other in achieving their goals (examples include the Solidarity Movement in Poland to support the civil rights of workers in the 1980s, or the International Solidarity Movement currently working to resolve conflicts in the Middle East). In political settings, solidarity movements attempt to bring groups together by emphasizing their shared interests, values, and experiences. Intergenerational solidarity functions in a similar way by establishing connections between older and younger adults in an effort to strengthen the bonds between them and resolve differences. In a family context, intergenerational solidarity can be used to explore the behavioral patterns that parents and children use to maintain connections over time (Harwood, 2007, p. 120). Intergenerational...
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...sacred and the profane. Sacred are things set apart and forbidden, inspiring feelings of awe, fear and wonder. Profane are ordinary things that have no significance. Durkheim’s views on sacred symbols represents society’s collective consciousness which is the shared norms, values, beliefs and knowledge that make social life possible; without such consciousness it would crumble. Participating in shared rituals binds individuals together reminding them that they are a part of a community. Religion defines values as sacred giving the people great power compared to the non-believers. Through collective worship society understands the moral bonds that unite them. Durkheim also argues that religion functions to reinforce the collective unity/ social solidarity of a group. The individual sees religion performing a significant role in allowing them to feel a part of society and strengthens us to face life’s trials and motivates us to overcome obstacles that would otherwise overpower us. Durkheim used the religion of Aborigines to develop his argument. He calls their religion ‘Totemism’, as each group of Aborigines had a sacred totem which was a...
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...AFRICAN CHARTER ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES RIGHTS African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights Adopted in Nairobi June 27, 1981 Entered into Force October 21, 1986 Preamble The African States members of the Organization of African Unity, parties to the present Convention entitled »African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights »; Recalling Decision 115 (XVI) of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government at its Sixteenth Ordinary Session held in Monrovia, Liberia, from 17 to 20 July 1979 on the preparation of a »preliminary draft on an African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights providing inter alia for the establishment of bodies to promote and protect human and peoples' rights»; Considering the Charter of the Organization of African Unity, which stipulates that »freedom, equality, justice and dignity are essential objectives for the achievement of the legitimate aspirations of the African peoples'; Reaffirming the pledge they solemnly made in Artide 2 of the said Charter to eradicate all forms of colonialism from Africa, to coordinate and intensify their cooperation and efforts to achieve a better life for the peoples of Africa and to promote International cooperation having due regard to the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; Taking into consideration the virtues of their historical tradition and the values of African civilization which should inspire and characterize their reflection on the concept of human and peoples rights; Recognizing...
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...CONTRIBUTORS IN SOCIOLOGY Auguste Comte-(1898-1857) He is considered as father of sociology. Comte was born at Montpellier, in France. He founded the philosophy of positivism, and originated a concept of social science known as sociology. Comte sought to discover the laws that he believed governed the evolution of the mind. In his six-volume work, The Course of Positive Philosophy (1830-1842), he framed his "law of the three states." This law advanced the idea that people try to understand phenomena in three ways. Comte believed that people first seek a theological (supernatural) explanation; then a metaphysical (abstract) explanation; and finally a positive explanation. The positive explanation is derived from an objective examination of the phenomena. Comte believed that students should concern themselves only with phenomena that have an objective, "positive," existence. This belief forms a basis of positivism. He also has given importance to "social static and social Mobility" and cleared that changes of society can be understood on these basis. His contribution in field of Social reconstruction is related to social welfare of human beings, which should be studied with social methods. Comte regarded all social thought as an interrelated whole, the laws of which can be found by assembling what he considered the facts. His ideas have influenced students of historical and social theory, and of criminology, and such authors as Herbert Spencer and John Stuart...
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...Since, Roschel and Mayser are part of the same building, there is this presence of an invisible line which serves as a hostile boundary between two departments. Additionally, the dance department and the athletic department solidify exclusion through out group subjugation. In both departments, the solidarity and the social meanings shared within the groups are devalued by the other group. For example, most of the athletes profess that dance is not considered a sport and does not involve as much rigor. Consequently, the demands of the dancers are positioned subservient to those of the athletes. Therefore, we are labeled as unimportant and extraneous space inhabitants by the athletes, however we refuse to internalize these behaviors, unlike the women with eating disorders who internalized their labels as secondary deviance (McLorg and Taub, 1987). Some athletes in the athletic department are incapable of acknowledging dancers as similar entities, even though dancing is universally considered a sport. It requires great demand rigor, energy, stamina, attentiveness, and...
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...people has to contribute to their part of the church in order for the organization to function properly. Because each contribution works with the others’ for the church to function properly, I believe the church can be analyzed in the perspective of a functional analysis; where society is viewed as an organism, in which all parts must work together in order for the organism to run smoothly (Henslin 2009). Everyone who is a part of a church organization has a part to uphold. This coincides with the perspective of a functionalist, which suggests everyone has a purpose or place in society. Social unity is expected to form either a mechanical solidarity or an organic solidarity. Mechanical solidarity is described as a form of society cohesion that arises when people in a society share similar beliefs and values and also engages in similar types of work. Organic solidarity is a form of social cohesion that arises when people in a society are interdependent, but uphold varying values and beliefs as well as engage in varying types of work (Henslin 2009). In a church, everyone has a part for which they are responsible to uphold. Durkheim viewed society as having many parts with their own function. Just as our bodies, when society is functioning together it is in a normal state and when it is not, it is abnormal or in a pathological state (Henslin 2009). In order for society to function properly, its various parts must work together. Functional analysis helps us understand how...
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...sequence the more knowledge the people are granted the more the solitude and solidarity of the town is disturbed by gypsies and other modernist. As physically isolated as the village is, it is inevitable for the town to be integrated with the outside world. The author intentionally applies solitude to the title as opposed to isolation, or seclusion because of the positive connotation. The family, mostly Jose Arcadio, is fond of the idea of solitude. In fact he dedicates his life’s work to keeping his small town separate from the rest of society. His admiration for alienation is passed on for generations with a few mishaps in between. In the narration the idea of solitude is very surreal and admirable. The people seemed very content with their lives in solitude until their innocence was extinguished by the exposure from the outside world. They were no longer satisfied with their lives and what their government had to offer. It was when this serene solitude erupted that the town fell apart both literally and in the sense of their solidarity. The family, which represented the town as a whole, was split on many issues especially during the civil war. As it goes further down the generation, the different family members embody Jose Arcadio’s different traits which they display with either their extroversion or extreme fondness of solitary lives. The title covers the generations that struggle with the idea of solidarity, whether it is internally or globally. One Hundred Years of Solitude...
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...Marchers show support for refugees in solidarity events across Europe Across Europe on Saturday evening on September 12, 2015, millions of people in a demonstration of “solidarity” or unity joined in marches to show their support towards the Syrian refugees. Since these refugees have traveled millions of miles just to seek protection and stability from the issues occurring in Syria and somewhere else. There was one march named “Solidarity with Refugees”, which headed through Central London to Downing Street. But coming from both national and international burden, David Cameron (Prime Minister of Britain) stated during the week that Britain would take up 20,000 refugees over the course of the next 5 years. Constant chants of “Say it loud, say it clear, refugees are welcome here” covered through Britain’s streets in which more civilians came to join the march. With these marches going on in UK, these influenced countries to accomplish the same goal from Denmark, France, Romania, Greece, Austria, and Finland. A Facebook page was created called “European Day of Action for Refugees”, that has endless comments on how us as a humane people shouldn’t let thousands to die trying to reach Europe and other nations just in search for safety and hope. But European leaders have been trying to handle the sudden invasion of refugees and migrants coming into the European borders for the past weeks. 2,748 refugees have died in 2015 so far crossing the Mediterranean. A European Union meeting...
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...writes the letter to defend his organization's actions and the letter is also an appeal to the people, both the white and black American society, the social, political, and religious community, and the whole of American society to encourage desegregation and encourage solidarity and equality among all Americans, with no stratifications according to racial differences. King's letter from Birmingham Jail addresses the American society, particularly the political and religious community of the American society. Specifically, King's letter addresses three important groups in the American society: the white American political community, white American religious community, and the black American society. King addressed these communities as the primary groups wherein racial segregation is continuously proliferated (the white American political and religious community) and points much of his arguments to and for his fellow black Americans in the society. The response desired in his letter is agreement and appeal for the part of the white American society to abolish segregation and discontinue the injustices happening to his fellow black Americans, while King appeals to his black American fellow men for unity and solidarity, which is an essential factor for their cause to be achieved (that is, the prevention and eventual abolishment of racial prejudice, inequality, and...
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...The concept of mate-ship has evolved since world war one through the creation and continuation of strong themes of mate-ship as seen in Peter Weir’s film ‘Galipoli’ and the image ‘Carrying Soldier’ that continue to evolve and strengthen overtime as explored in Nick Enright’s playwright ‘Property Of The Clan’. Both texts recognise that the motif’s of courage, empathy, and parlance are the themes of mate-ship that withstand the test of time. The concept of mate-ship has evolved since world war one through the creation and continuation of unity. The film ‘Galipoli’ directed by Peter Weir displays mate-ship in many different styles. The market scene in the film articulates the meaning of mate-ship to great extent. The way the group of men cohesively negotiate things with a store-keeper after he has been caught out selling a fake artefact to one of the men in the...
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...parts held together by a shared culture or value consensus. Each part of society such as the family, economy and education system performs functions that help to maintain society. Functionalists such as Durkheim and Parsons seek to discover what functions that educations performs and what is does to meet society’s needs. Marxists such as Althusser and Bowle & Gintis disagree with functionalists and argues that education in modern society continues to uphold the capitalist system. The French sociologist, Durkheim (1903) argued that education provided two main functions. Firstly, social solidarity; some of the subjects taught as part of the national curriculum such as History and Citizenship helps students to understand the complexity of British culture. This sense of shared culture between children creates a strong sense of unity and commitment to a wider social group. Without social solidarity, society would fall apart as there would be no cooperation as each individual would pursue their own selfish desires making education a vital role for modern society. The second function that education has is that it prepares young people for work. Industrial societies have a specialist division of labour which prepares them for specific occupations. Education equips individuals with the specialist skills needed to participate in work in a modern economy. To summarise, Durkheim saw the educational system’s main task as projecting the norms and values of society onto the younger generation...
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