...Initial Public Offerings Chris Kessler FIN/370 September 1, 2014 John Wetherington Initial Public Offering In today’s society businesses have a primary goal of profitability and growth, not only for the shareholder’s, but also the livelihood of all the employees. One such way which this is made possible is to ensure there is plenty of working capital to promote growth. There are two main things that may be done to gain this working capital essential to grow. The first is through increasing debt from the banking sector and the other is by issuing shares to general public. We will be discussing the process of issuing shares to the public which is defined as IPO (Initial Public Offering). This involves opening shares up for purchase by the public through the Stock Exchange Market. Allowing the purchaser of these share the opportunity to become a partial owner of the equity which this business creates. The main intent behind this is that the stockholder would share in the success or failure of the company. It is for this reason that firms must know when and if they should go public. The question then becomes why should they go public and share the profit? The explanation to this question is simple. A firm must make a conscience choice to offer shares publically for the better good of the business. Making these shares available comes at a low cost to the firm, but in an enormous amount. The second part to this answer becomes clear when we examine the financial...
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...of IPO should E-Bay use to take Skype public - a traditional IPO or an online auction? E-Bay should use an online auction initial public offering (IPO) to take Skype public. In April 2009, E-Bay announced plans to separate Skype from the company. E-Bay’s main reason for selling Skype is the company allows 405 million users to make free phone calls over the internet which does not have the synergies to remain with an online payment business. This paper will argue that E-Bay an e-commerce company should use the online auction IPO procedure to take Skype public. This paper will also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of going public and how using the traditional IPO is very costly compared to online auction /Dutch IPO procedures which gives more opportunity for individuals investors. Background E-bay leading ecommerce company brought Skype into the corporation to become come one of the largest telecommunications company in the world. Buying Skype would allow E-Bay to soar over all the other technology giants such as Google and Microsoft Company in the telecommunication industry. E-Bay paid $2.6 million in cash and stock for Skype along with future payments that could total an additional $1.5 billion ( Kafka, 2010). E-Bay found investment group led by Silver Lake would pay $1.9 billion in cash and retain 65% interest in Skype and E-Bay would keep hold of 35% equity interest. Initial Public Offering Advantage Going public will offer a company financial...
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...Initial Public Offerings Name: FIN 370/Finance for Business Date: Initial Public Offerings Private companies transform into public companies to expand and attract investors. To do this they begin selling common stock to institutional investors who then sell the stock to the general public through a securities exchange. According to Mayo, 2012, “If this sale is the first sale of common stock, it is referred to as an initial public offering (IPO).” In this essay, we will attempt to describe the initial public offering for the global firm, Facebook, Inc. We will describe the role of the investment banker and underwriter, the role of an originating house and a syndicate, explain the pricing of the issue, discuss some of the risks involved in the public offering and how the securities laws deal with them, and discuss any foreign exchange risks the company can face with ideas about how to mitigate them. The first thing Facebook needed to do to launch their IPO was to hire an investment banker and an underwriter. Facebook hired thirty-three investments banks who acted as brokers to bring together individuals with funds to invest in Facebook. The underwriters in those investment banks together with Facebook agreed on a certain amount to raise on the IPO. Their underwriters provided several services, but the main role is basically to take responsibility of selling those shares to investors. If they fail to sell the shares, they still owe the agreed amount to Facebook. The investment...
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...For many companies, going public is more than just selling stock. It’s a signal to the world that the business has made it. The IPO process can be a difficult and expensive proposition, so a company that is considering going public must be well established and capable of passing tough regulatory requirements. This essay will be providing information on the IPO process, the advantages and disadvantages of the process, and how Visa Inc. managed to pull of the most profitable IPO in U.S. history. Overview An IPO, short for Initial Public Offering, occurs when a private company sells either debt or equity to the public for the first time, thus transforming into a public company. Companies usually issue their stock in the two mayor public markets, NASDAQ and the New York Stock Exchange. Companies who are going public must pass certain financial qualifications. For example, NYSE requires companies to generate 11 million in pre-tax earnings, while NASDAQ requires 10 million in pre-tax earnings. Once a company’s stock is public, any investor with sufficient cash can buy stocks and be part owner of the company. IPO Process: Underwriter Selecting the right investment bank is a crucial part of the IPO process. Known as underwriters, these investment banks look after the pricing, positioning and marketing of a company’s initial public offering. Big companies like GM or Google can pick and choose their investment partners because most banks are willing to take on the risk. Smaller...
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...Initial Public Offering Paper: VISA Introduction An initial public offering takes place when a company issues common stock or shares to the public for the first time. There are several reasons for companies to go public, for example, small and young companies that seek capital to expand and large privately owned companies that want to become publicly traded. After a company lists its securities on a public exchange, the money collected from investors for the sale of the shares goes directly to the company. Once a company is listed, it is able to issue additional common shares via a secondary offering. Usually, these kinds of public offerings are made by companies wishing to refinance, or raise capital for growth. This ability to quickly raise large amounts of capital from the market is a key reason many companies seek to go public. Visa Inc. is a global payments technology company headquartered in San Francisco, California. It facilitates electronic funds transfers throughout the world. Visa does not issue cards, extend credit or set rates and fees for consumers; instead, Visa provides financial institutions with Visa-branded payment products that they then use to offer credit, debit, prepaid and cash-access programs to their customers. Visa has operations across Asia-Pacific, North America, Central and South America, Caribbean, Central and Eastern Europe, Africa and Middle East. Visa’s industry is Financial Services which includes a broad range of organizations that...
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...Initial Public Offerings FIN/370 July 13, 2015 Professor Thomas Rietta Initial Public Offerings An Initial Public Offering is defined by investopedia.com as, “The first sale of stock by a private company to the public. IPOs are often issued by smaller, younger companies seeking the capital to expand, but can also be done by large privately owned companies looking to become publicly traded.” Initial Public Offerings can be considered very risky as numbers and value involved with trade are very unpredictable. In the following paper, we will discuss the roles of bankers, underwriters, originating house as well as the risks of all parties involved. “The investment banker is an expert in the issuance and marketing of securities. The investment banker might advise the firm to issue its bonds in a timely fashion to avoid the higher interest rates that are forthcoming” (Titman, Keown, & Martin, 2014). According to “Investopedia” (2015), “investment bankers may also arrange assistance to their clients such as mergers and acquisition advice, or advice on specific transactions, such as spin-off or reorganization.” “An underwriter is a company or other entity that administers the public issuance and distribution of securities from a corporation or other issuing body. An underwriter works closely with the issuing body to determine the offering price of the securities buys them from the issuer and sells them to investors via the underwriter’s distribution network” (Investopedia...
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...Initial Public Offerings Barry England, Steven Nesbit, Clifton Hall, Miguel Villanueva, and John Warren FIN 370/Finance for Business October 27, 2014 Gabriel Renero Initial Public Offerings Private companies transform into public companies to expand and attract investors. To do this they begin selling common stock to institutional investors who then sell the stock to the general public through a securities exchange. According to Mayo, 2012, “If this sale is the first sale of common stock, it is referred to as an initial public offering (IPO).” In this essay, we will attempt to describe the initial public offering for the global firm, Facebook, Inc. We will describe the role of the investment banker and underwriter, the role of an originating house and a syndicate, explain the pricing of the issue, discuss some of the risks involved in the public offering and how the securities laws deal with them, and discuss any foreign exchange risks the company can face with ideas about how to mitigate them. The first thing Facebook needed to do to launch their IPO was to hire an investment banker and an underwriter. Facebook hired thirty-three investments banks who acted as brokers to bring together individuals with funds to invest in Facebook. The underwriters in those investment banks together with Facebook agreed on a certain amount to raise on the IPO. Their underwriters provided several services, but the main role is basically to take responsibility of selling...
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...After a careful study of what has been achieved within the current infrastructure of Gene One, the founding members of Gene One and the current board members are in agreement with the idea that Gene One is prepared and capable of becoming a public entity. Gene one has revolutionized the manner in which farmers preserve tomatoes and potatoes. Gene One is currently conducting research that will rapidly expand the crops that can benefit from Gene One’s gene technology that prevents crops from becoming diseased and is hopeful that their research will speed up the growth rate of multiple crops. The success that Gene One has had in eight short years has presented several questions concerning the strategic path of Gene One’s future. The path chosen is to move forward with its initial public offering. In this study I will examine the steps gene one will have to take in order to complete the initial public offering and to look at two companies and how they approached their initial public offerings. First, I want to show the steps Gene One must follow to prepare for its initial public stock offering: Step One Start planning well in advance, Gene One has set a goal of thirty six months which should give them plenty of time. Step Two Ensure your product is beyond the prototype phase before you proceed. Gene One is well beyond the prototype phase of the core products. Step Three Network. Get to know other entrepreneurs in your community and your industry who know the lawyers...
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...is for general informational purposes only and does not represent our legal advice as to any particular set of facts, nor does it represent any undertaking to keep recipients advised of all relevant legal developments. ® SM Attorney Advertising ® Table of Contents 2 US IPO Market Review and Outlook 6 Law Firm and Underwriter Rankings 8 Regional IPO Market Review and Outlook – California – Mid-Atlantic – New England – Tri-State 10 Securities Offering Reforms Are a Year Older – Are IPO Issuers a Year Wiser? 12 Selected WilmerHale Public Offerings 14 SEC Expands Required Compensation Disclosures 18 PIPEs and Rule 144A Market Review and Outlook 21 SOX 404 – The Saga Continues 22 Is the AIM to Reincorporate? 24 Best Practices: When You Want to Do More than Just Follow the Rules US IPO Market Review and Outlook 2006 Review With 198 offerings, deal volume in the 2006 US IPO market was essentially unchanged from the prior two years. However, total gross proceeds for the year increased 29% from 2005 to reach $40.4 billion in 2006, due largely to the return of super-sized IPOs, which more than offset an...
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...IPO for Avaya Introduction The goal of Avaya is to choose the best Initial Public Offering (IPO) for entrepreneurs and their investors. The IPO or the initial public offering is a term used to describe the first sale of the shares to the public by any company (Investopedia 2011). The company is planning to grow by opening IPO profit its business and become a globally recognized telecommunication brand. The system to “go public” allows Avaya, to substantially, gain net capital and increase the value of the company allowing it to grow. Avaya typically uses modern business and untraditional business practices so which IPO would be better to use? The two approached in an IPO are the conservative traditional IPO and an alternate method using an online auction, otherwise known as the “Dutch Auction”. IPO Considerations There are two major considerations to be made when going forward with an IPO. First, it must be done effectively and second should it be done at all. Once the decision has been made to go forward a decision is made which IPO method to use must be made. Comparison between Traditional and Auction based IPO (with costs). Clinton (2011) gives a plausible explanation between Traditional IPO and an Auction-based IPO. “In a traditional IPO, a company hires an investment bank to underwrite the IPO. The company and the investment back research the reasonable market value for the company. Based on research and the amount of capital the company wants to build in the...
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...American Finance Association The Long-Run Performance of Initial Public Offerings Author(s): Jay R. Ritter Source: The Journal of Finance, Vol. 46, No. 1 (Mar., 1991), pp. 3-27 Published by: Blackwell Publishing for the American Finance Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2328687 . Accessed: 15/03/2011 14:34 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=black. . Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Blackwell Publishing and American Finance Association...
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...Introduction In today’s society, devices such as the iPad, iPhone, and iPod have become standard household gadgets, and the company behind these products, Apple Incorporated (Inc.) has lead the way in computer innovation. Since Apple released its initial public offering (IPO) in 1980, the company has thrived in all aspects of its business and breaking records on the stock market. This paper will discuss Apple’s company background, analyze the implementation and evaluation of its IPO, and conclude with the reason behind Apple was chosen. Company Background Before becoming the largest technological company in the world, Apple Inc.’s humble beginning started in April 1976 as a small private computer company owned by three men, Steve Jobs, Ronald Wayne, and Steve Wozinak. The company originally focused on creating personal computers for the first 25 years of its existence until 2001 when Apple Inc. introduced the iMac followed by the iPod, iPhone, and iPad. Over the last decade, Apple started purchasing various software corporations, such as the music company Lala, the personal assistant Siri, and most recently, Anobit Technologies, to integrate their products into Apple’s new computer innovations. Today, Apple Inc.’s main business and operational activities continue to focus on producing and marketing computer electronics, computer software, and personal computers through 357 retail stores in ten countries and its online store (Anonymous, n.d.). Much of Apple’s...
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...Forwarding Letter To Course Instructor Anup Kumar Saha Lecturer, Department Of Business Administration. ASA UNIVERSITY BANGLADESH Subject: Submission of Report. Dear Sir, Here is the report that you have assigned us to prepare on summary of corporate finance. In the preparation of this report, I try to utilize the various related issues that are relevant for corporate finance. However, it is an educational and interesting report. I am very much delighted to be able to work on such a report and learned a lot. FROM, MD.ARIFUL ISLAM ID NO-103-14-0070. SECTION-A. REPORT ON CORPORATE FINANCE Cost of capital The cost of capital is a term used in the field of financial investment to refer to the cost of a company's funds (both debt and equity), or, from an investor's point of view "the shareholder's required return on a portfolio of all the company's existing securities". It is used to evaluate new projects of a company as it is the minimum return that investors expect for providing capital to the company, thus setting a benchmark that a new project has to meet. Cost of debt The cost of debt is computed by taking the rate on a risk free bond whose duration matches the term structure of the corporate debt, then adding a default premium. This default premium will rise as the amount of debt increases (since, all other things being equal, the risk rises as the amount of debt rises). Since in most cases debt expense is...
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...Initial Public Offerings Paper Michael Walls, James Denton, Katie Rink, Lisa Johnson FIN370 July 28, 2014 Deneisha Johnson Initial Public Offerings Paper Many giant corporations seek the opportunity to make their companies grow, such as merging or acquisitions from another company. There is one thing a company can do in order to grow their company that is to make an Initial Public Offering. Companies like Facebook, Apple, or Microsoft at one point in the beginning have stepped into the stock market by their IPO's. These steps are what it takes to raise capital and what roles help the company begin an IPO. An investment banker is a person who is employed by a financial institution and is in the business mainly for boosting capital for companies, government, individuals or other entities. An investment banker sometimes works in a department within the bank and is involved with the above mentioned activities. Investment bankers can also arrange assistance to their clients such as financial advice on acquisitions, mergers, particular transactions, or even reorganization financial advice (Investopedia, 2014). An underwriter is an entity that carry-outs the civil issuance and delivery of securities against a company or other issuing body. An underwriter closely assists the issuing body to decide the offering price of securities. The underwriter then buys the securities from the issuer and sells them to investors by way of the underwriters network (Investopedia, 2014)...
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...as compared to the issuer. Sherman (2002) noted that the IPO process provides more information to certain investors and provides less information to the other investors. The initial public offering prospectus focuses on past information and performance where as the market price offerings on ballpark figure concerning the future performance. The investors such as the institutional investors get estimates and information from certain analysis such as the Wall Street Analysis where as the retail investors get no estimates and information. According to Sherman (2002), these information asymmetries may be reduced through the book building process. The book building process consists of three steps. In the first step, the investment bank chooses the investors who will be encouraged to evaluate the issue and possibly they purchase the issue. In the second step, the investors evaluate the issue and inform the investment bank about their demand for the issue. In the third step, the investment bank prices the issue and distributes the shares to the investors. The investment bank distributes more shares to the investors who have high demand. The book building process is very helpful in reducing the information asymmetries as through the book building process the issuer includes the estimates in initial public offering prospectus. The disclosure...
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