...the main characteristics of the urbanization process in the First and Third Worlds Introduction As a necessary step towards development, both the First world and Third world countries have been undertaking the process urbanization. Urbanization is referred to the process of the increase in the total population living in the urban areas through immigration to the areas and net increase in the urban population (Pacione, 2009). Although the processes of urbanization are similar among countries, there are still differences as the First world is defined as capitalist industrial market economies where the Third world is referred to states that failed to develop economically after independence (Pacione, 2009). The differences in the social and economic situations in the First and Third world as well as the different global environment have led to distinct characteristics in the urbanization process of countries. Understanding these characteristics is essential to the understanding the challenges faced by states in the process. Therefore this essay is going to discuss the similarities and differences between the urbanization processes starting from the eighteenth century up till now from the social and economic aspects in respect of the global environment. Similarities – Economic based urbanization The major similarity between the urbanization of the two different worlds is that economic development played a significant role in the urbanization process. Strong economic development...
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...Davis, Mike. Planet of Slums. London & New York: Verso, 2007. Print. In Planet of Slums, Mike Davis evaluates the rapid increase in slums in third world countries around the world. Increasing urbanization has triggered inequality and disparity between people as slums expanded outward their urban roots. Urbanization usually encroach the suburbs, leading to breakdown in rural traditions; suburban residents are forced towards non-traditional employment and way of living. Simultaneously, rapid urbanization did not lead to parallel industrialization development. The author does not believe that these issues of slums and perpetual poverty can be ameliorated through traditional financial aid by NGOs such as IMF or the World Bank; this crisis is unavoidable in the contemporary social, economic and political framework. Even though Davis makes compelling arguments using statistics and cases in many countries, his assertion is over-pessimistic on capitalism and is often too narrow-minded. In the first few chapters, the author begins with various statistics such as graphs and population comparisons in historical context from reliable sources around the world that assert the significant impact of urban migration. The author categorizes people living in slums into Metro Core and Periphery; the population influx from the core into the periphery leads to pollution, illegal activities and other negative influences. By chapter three, Davis started to assess the root origin of the...
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...Urbanization Processes – Environmental and Health effects in Africa Panel Contribution to the PERN Cyberseminar on Urban Spatial Expansion by Kwasi Nsiah-Gyabaah, PERN Steering Committee member and Principal, Sunyani Polytechnic, Sunyani, BA, Ghana, E-mail: spolytec @yahoo.com Introduction Urbanization is increasing in both the developed and developing countries. However, rapid urbanization, particularly the growth of large cities, and the associated problems of unemployment, poverty, inadequate health, poor sanitation, urban slums and environmental degradation pose a formidable challenge in many developing countries. Available statistics show that more than half of the world’s 6.6 billion people live in urban areas, crowded into 3 percent of the earth’s land area (Angotti, 1993; UNFPA, 1993). The proportion of the world’s population living in urban areas, which was less than 5 percent in 1800 increased to 47 percent in 2000 and is expected to reach 65 percent in 2030 (United Nations, 1990; 1991). However, more than 90 percent of future population growth will be concentrated in cities in developing countries and a large percentage of this population will be poor. In Africa and Asia where urbanization is still considerably lower (40 percent), both are expected to be 54 percent urban by 2025 (UN 1995; 2002). Although urbanization is the driving force for modernization, economic growth and development, there is increasing concern about the effects of expanding cities, principally...
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...Urbanization Insert Name Here Insert Affiliation Here Urbanization/CASE Urbanization refers to the reallocation from a rustic to an urban social order due to shifts in global variants. It is a product of economic, political and social advancement that has paved the way for the emergence of large metropolis, cause a spike in the population density of the region. A survey predicted that half of the earth’s inhabitants would reside in urban centers towards the end of 2008 (United Nations). Intimately connected to the processes of modernization, industrialization and rationalization, the phenomenon has it genesis in the Renaissance period. Continuous attacks by the Turks caused the Christians to migrate from the east to the west of Europe. Consequently, the volume of trade rose and European cities besides the coastline progresses impressively. An additional push was given to urbanization upon the advent of the Industrial Revolution; the population density of European and American cities continued to intensify. For instance, the city of Chicago saw it population rise from fifteen individuals to over twenty million in a timeframe of seventy eight year. Yet, the phenomenon took hold of the Asian and African region only after sovereignty from colonial subjugation; in the first and second half of the 20th century, respectively (Howard Gillette Jr.). As mentioned before, the process of urbanization takes place when individuals abandon their rural lifestyle and migrate to...
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...MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY TOPIC: URBANIZATION IN AFRICA BY: SOLOMON T. JOHNSON 2012/1/41096MT COURSE: URBAN PLANNING SUBMITTED TO: DR. DUKIYA ABSTRACT Africa is urbanizing fast. Its rate of urbanization soared from 15 percent in 1960 to 40 percent in 2010, and is projected to reach 60 percent in 2050 (UN Habitat 2010). Urban populations in Africa are expected to triple in the next 50 years, changing the profile of the region, and challenging policy makers to harness urbanization for sustainable and inclusive growth. Although many have written about the phenomena, what is clear to us is that is impossible to deal with Africa’s growth and poverty challenges without managing urbanization. Urbanization is not a subȬ plot, but rather the main policy narrative for Africa. URBANIZATION IN AFRICA Challenges and Opportunities: Africa is urbanizing fast. Its rate of urbanization soared from 15 percent in 1960 to 40 percent in 2010, and is projected to reach 60 percent in 2050 (UN Habitat 2010). Urban populations in Africa are expected to triple in the next 50 years, changing the profile of the region, and challenging policy makers to harness urbanization for sustainable and inclusive growth. Although many have written about the phenomena, what is clear to us is that is impossible to deal with Africa’s growth and poverty challenges without managing urbanization. Urbanization is not a subȬ plot, but rather the main policy narrative for Africa. Along...
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...Human Population and the Environment SCI/275 12/22/2013 Urbanization is the movement of people from rural areas, such as country sides, to urban areas, such as cities. Cities like Los Angeles did not come to be the way it is simply overnight of course, urbanization is also the transformation of rural areas into urban ones. According to the text book, “When Europeans first settled in North America, the majority of the population consisted of farmers in rural areas. Today, approximately 79 percent of the U.S. population lives in cities” (Berg, Ch. 7.5). One more important distinction between rural and urban areas isn't how many people live there but how people make a living. Most people residing in rural areas have jobs involving harvesting natural resources—such as fishing, logging, and farming. In urban areas, most people have jobs that are sites of industry, economic development, and educational and cultural opportunities. There are factors that produce urbanization. The four major factors that affect population are the death rate of the people versus the birth rate of the people in that urban population and the immigration rate (people coming in), versus the emigration rate (people going out). These factors determine the rate of the population decline or growth. If the birth rate and immigration rate is larger than the death and emigration rate the population will grow exponentially. If the death rate and the emigration rate is larger than the birth and immigration rate...
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...in one trend ultimately can affect the business environment and economic activity in the other trends. This book did an excellent job of describing megatrends of urbanization, Chinese manufacturing scale, rise of Chinese consumer, money, brainpower, and the Chinese internet. This helped to not only clarify what trends to be most cognizant of, but also how they seem to rank in terms of importance in shaping the country. The first, and arguably the most important, trend in the book is “urbanization”. Over 300 million people moved from the rural countryside to cities in the past 30 years. The author predicts that this is just the beginning. I was shocked to read that is another 350 million people anticipated to follow-suit in the coming years. This will have a huge impact on the business environment in the sense that, as we learned in our Economics class, there will now be a much higher demand for workers as major changes will need to be made to accommodate all of these newcomers. Infrastructures, transportation, the food industry, and educational institutions are just some of the areas that will be directly impacted. The more people that come to the city, more steps will need to be taken to accommodate the needs and demands of the newcomers. Though this vast migration may seem overwhelming, I can see why urbanization will continue to create a great deal of wealth for China. New opportunities present opportunities for more people continue to move out of poverty. This means that...
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...Urbanization refers to the process by which the proportion of a countries population living in cities increases an also to the related economic, social and political changes. A city is usually defined as having more than 10, 00 inhabitants; mega cities have more than 10 million inhabitants. Urbanization occurs as a result of migration but also of smaller settlements growing so that they are reclassified as cities. The growth of cities in developing countries will be much faster than that of developed countries. Rural populations are expected to remain stable overall, though with some variation between regions of the world. Personally I believe that urbanization is not a necessary and desirable aspect of development due to the fact that it results in the opposite effect being ‘crowded cities with slum conditions’, the exact opposite result of what the developing country aimed to achieve and this not being a necessary step towards the process of development. Modernization theorists, looking back to the model of the Western development, see the growth of cities as an essential part of economic growth. Cities provide a labour force concentrated in one place for factories and businesses. They are also important in promoting cultural change, because they remove people from the countryside, where traditional ways are strongest, and through exposing them to Western values, cultural change should occur. Modernization theorists would therefore expect that urbanization would be an essential...
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...areas are generally safer than large Americans. Race also plays a role in regards to being poor. Contemporary Third World urbanization differs from the West's earlier urban explosion into important respects. Many of the poor who are unable to find work in the so-called formal sectors of the urban economy (the government and more modern, private-sector enterprise) turn to the informal economy for jobs (Handleman 2011). FACTS AND FIGURES ON POVERTY A quarter of the world's population, 1.3 billion people, lives in severe poverty... • Nearly 800 million people do not get enough food, and about 500 million people are chronically malnourished. More than a third of children are malnourished. • In industrial countries more than 100 million people live below the poverty line, more than 5 million people are homeless and 37 million are jobless. • Of the world's 23 million people living with HIV/AIDS more than 93% live in developing countries. • More than 840 million adults are illiterate - 538 million of them are women. • In developing countries 160 million pre-school children are underweight. Employment The search for Employment in Urban areas, According to (Handleman 2011), and Contemporary Third World urbanization differs from the West’s earlier urban explosion in two important respects. One (1) way is the number of migrants and the size of the Third World cities, the Second (2); it occurred in an era of unprecedented...
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...2013 Megacities or Suburbs? Urbanization and growth rely on each other like cause and effect. However; when one asks does urbanization trigger economic growth and development, or is economic growth and development the result of urbanization is like asking which came first the chicken or the egg? Urbanization and growth rely on each other, however; does there come a point in which the diseconomies start to outweigh the benefits of agglomeration? Annez and Buckley state in Urbanization and Growth: Setting the Context that “Urbanization is necessary to sustain growth in developing countries.” Annez and Buckley point out that urbanization affects the growth process through the enhanced flow of ideas and knowledge attributable to agglomeration in cities. They drew in evidence from Landes (1969 cited in Willamson 1987, p. 6) whom believes “Urbanization is an essential ingredient in modernization”. (Anez & Buckley p. 1 & 2) Industrialization is triggered by urbanization which leads to modernization. Modernization leads to economic development which allows people to use current technology. Part of the modernization process is education and creation of a centralized bureaucracy. These creations enable their people to advance and compete in the modern world. All these concepts are related and rely on each other. Annez and Buckley show in several graphs as countries become urbanized their GDP rises. In almost every graph as urbanization increases so does wealth. In...
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...| Ruth's Chris Steak House | Case Analysis | | Ruth's Chris Steak House is the largest upscale steak house company in the world, with over 130 restaurant locations around the globe. Founded in New Orleans, Louisiana USA by Ruth Fertel in 1965, Ruth's Chris specializes in USDA Prime grade steaks served in Ruth's Chris signature fashion ... "sizzling." In regards to the market variables and their order of importance, I would rank them accordingly: 1. Legal/Ease of import of U.S. beef 2. Population/high urbanization rates 3. Beef eaters 4. High disposable income 5. Eating out habits 6. Affinity for U.S. brands However, some variables are given higher priorities over others when that may be unnecessary. I would re-order the market selection criteria with the most important variable being ease of import, then beef eaters, affinity for U.S. brands (if there is data), high disposable income, population/urbanization and lastly, customer dining habits. If Ruth’s Chris is unwilling to order beef from any other location, then the ease of imports should be the most important variable to consider when analyzing expansion. This variable is easy to measure and quickly eliminates countries that have trade restrictions on U.S. beef. While Hannah mentions that Australian beef could act as a sufficient substitute, the company would be compromising its value proposition and brand by importing Australian beef. Once those prospects have been eliminated, the company...
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...Ramy Mostafa El Housiny POLS 310 Professor Ahmed Abd Raboh Term Paper Criticize the modernization theory using all available materials on modernization and its critique, providing your own opinion on how modernization leads to development. The way people, societies, and countries develop and interact with each other have a strong influence on deviance. Although societies may differ in appearance and way of life, they all have crime, religion, family structure, politics, and economy. The vast differences in societies are constantly studied and theorized. Grand theories, for example, are meta-theories that examine an aspect of society on a global or national scale. One particular theory of interest is the modernization theory. The modernization theory suggests that the main causes of crime are the repercussions of the rapid development and modernization of nations (Howard 148). The theory of modernization is composed of three distinct Parts: (1) Identification of types of societies, and explanation of how those designated as modernized or relatively modernized differ from others; (2) specification of how societies become modernized, comparing factors that are more or less conducive to transformation; and (3) generalizations about how the parts of a modernized society fit together, involving comparisons of stages of modernization and types of modernized societies with clarity about prospects for further modernization. (Defining Modernization) Part one explains that there...
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...work is to look into urbanization trend in Pakistan and its socio-economic implications. The study would examine the effectiveness of a range of remedies applied in Pakistan, and as to how other countries are dealing with the problems arising due to urbanization. Based on analysis of the case of Pakistan and cross-country experiences, an attempt will be made to suggest remedies based on regulatory framework and various economic instruments to resolve the urbanization related issues. Urbanization is generally considered as a means and an end towards development. In Pakistan as well, the transition of a substantial portion of population to a largely urban population and the development of mega-urban regions/centers is being viewed as an engine of economic growth in the Government’s ‘New Growth Framework’. The success of this Growth Framework depends, to a large extent, on the speed with which the urban centers are transformed into dynamic, knowledge-based, productive, healthy and efficient centers. Urbanization is the process of a country becoming more industrialized from a previously agricultural dominated society; it is a cyclical process involving three essential aspects: behavior, structure and demography. Table of Contents Chapter Page 1. Introduction • Urbanization a Summary……………………………………………………………...
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...bob dylan Urbanization Trend Soc/120 Jill Raichel 07/02/2011 Egypt began to urbanize in the early 1800’s and the country started to become more modern. The city of Cairo had the best access to water transportation and created income using an imperial tax base. In the 19th century industrialization and trade industry became the main sources of income for the Egyptians. When World War II was over roads and railways were created in and around urban areas in northern Africa and the Middle East. This lead to mass amounts of migration from rural areas to the larger cities, including Cairo. “In the larger countries of the region, such as Algeria and, of course, Egypt, close to 50% of the population was urban by the 1990's” (Clark, 2004). Approximately one third of Cairo's population migrate from surrounding villages in the 1960s. These migrants accounted for one half of the population growth in the area. The migrant population grew steadily since the end of the second World War and caused a population boom to occur in mostly large cities. The impact of this rural to urban migration was easy to see considering they brought their habits along. Even though village migrants are moved to an urban area, they still brought their rural culture and habits with them causing people to change society. When over one third of the population migrate from rural areas, it makes for a large diverse community. References ...
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...Mitigation Plan for Land Degradation Environmental issues are a major concern for everyone in the world. The environmental sustainability of natural resources is in danger. The consequences of human activities are affecting the quality or quantity of the air, the water, and the land. Each of these contributes to environmental balance and is vital for humans continued existence. Land, a terrestrial resource, has a role in the nutrient cycle of the environment, the growth of food sources, and the water quality. Soil consists of minerals, organic matter, and living organisms. Land degradation disrupts the ecological balance of the soil, which in turn threatens the sustainability of the environment. Land degradation is the deterioration of soil by erosion; pollution; and land use changes. Erosion is the loss of soil. Less soil leads to limited plant growth. Plants hold the soil in place and play a part in the carbon cycle. Not only does limited plant growth expand erosion, but it also interrupts a process that is essential to the entire environment. Sediment from erosion affects the water quality and aquatic habitats. Run off into bodies of water can contain pesticides, fertilizer, or waste residue. Once contaminated the water supply infiltrates the area damaging every element of the environment. Soil pollution is the introduction of contaminants such as hazardous waste and chemicals into the ground. Pollution makes the soil useless. The land becomes unable to support life. Vegetation...
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