...Russia & USSR -What are the main geographical features of Russia? Including population: does that make Russia easy to govern? -Who makes up the different groups in Russian society? What is the life for them? Are they contented citizens or discontented citizens? -How influential is the Church in Russia at this time? -Who is Tsar, what is his style of rule and does he have the right leadership attributes to be Tsar. -What political particles exist at this time? Who are the key political figures and what does each group want? Question 1: * Russia has a very large empire. Covered one-sixth of the world’s total land * It stretches over 4000miles long from west to east * It stretches over 2000miles long from north to south * In northern Russia, the place is often frozen for most of the year. * Communications were difficult * The southern part of tundra consists of miles and miles of impenetrable forests. * In the far south there lies the desert. * Most of this land is really beautiful and dramatic, but only little of it can be used for farming. Therefore, most farming is done in the European side of Russia. * Most people were living in the European side of Russia where most of the farming is done. * However, there was only one railway called the trans-Siberian railway, which connected the eastern and western Russia. It took more than a week to get from Moscow to Vladivostok. Question 2: * The Russian population is over 130...
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...Arguably peasants working conditions did change however to a limited extent from 1855 to 1964. This was due to government reforms during tsarist Russia that had significant effects on peasants such as Stolypin and Alexander’s reforms as this was first steps taken to improve peasantry. However their freedom, transportation and the right to own land was very limited, redemption payments were almost impossible and they were still bound to the Mir. Similar to the communist era under Lenin, Stalin and Khrushchev from 1917 peasant working conditions did change as Lenin introduced the new economic policy that improved peasant working conditions financially, but war communism did not benefit the peasants at all, agriculture was very low and caused a huge feminine what effected work life. When Stalin came to power 1924 there was huge transformation in peasant working conditions due to the industrialisation of Russia where machinery and agriculture increased however peasants were practically treated as slave labour during the five-year plans. Khrushchev also changed peasant-working lives as peasants became freer after Stalin’s death, for example they were paid more for grain and the removal of the MTS in 1958 allowed farmers to buy their own machinery. Overall change was very limited in peasant working conditions until 1950’s as the majority of the population were no longer peasants, machinery and new methods of faming became advanced and those who were peasants, they started to get paid...
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...Sparrowcide contributed to the downfall of the great famine also, the four noes acted more as a barrier for the peasants. Other factors such as bad weather conditions and the conspiracy of silence by the Cadres and the CCP was something that even Mao could not control. Mao’s party was also corrupting, many were starting to resent the way he was doing things and parties were starting to quarrel. Collectivisation was the first agricultural policy introduced by Mao; this policy was not one of his most popular choices. Collectivisation involved the peasants working as a unit rather than individually, Mao did not like the idea of having levels of higher achy in the unit of peasants as he believed in equality. This came to be an issue amongst the peasants because they were no longer aloud to farm for themselves as the grain they produced went to the state instead. It seemed as though Mao had prioritised the needs of the city to the villagers. The peasants were starting to feel as though in theory Mao’s work was only beneficial to him. They were working long hours of labour with very little to eat in return. This was supposed to increase the amount of grain produced but instead only decreased how much was made. This was due to lack of motivation; the peasant’s did not see why they should work hard when nothing was being returned to them. The living standards of the peasants was...
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...why it was happening and what affects it would have. The quick growth experienced on Europe was due to enclosure and new farming techniques; the social consequences were movement to the cities and the...
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...Altered Economy Populations naturally have their own cultures and customs when it comes to doing things such as farming, communicating, and labor. Individually, countries develop their own customs based on population, weather and other factors that might affect them. Europe, America and Africa are three specific continents that inherit those ideas. For example, Native Americans are custom to burgeoning corn as it is best for the weather in the area. This then leads to countries in Europe who are willing to trade or buy these products which could help the economy for America. Therefore, contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans altered the economies of all three continents through agriculture, slavery, and production and selling...
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...Mao’s approach to political leadership as a revolutionary was summed up in the phrase, “Correct leadership must come from the masses and go to the masses.” What was Mao’s philosophy of how to lead a revolution, before and after 1949? Initially a radical revolutionary then a committed Marxist, Mao’s philosophy on how to lead a revolution was bathed in Nationalism. It is Mao’s love for China’s independence coupled with agrarian reforms that put Mao on the road to power. After 1949, Nationalism would reappear in Mao’s cultural policies, his relationship with Moscow and underdeveloped countries. Mao feared nothing and no one. Using Marxism-Leninism as a framework, Mao proposed the use of peasants to create his revolutionary elite. His innovative thinking was unpopular among many of Mao’s Communist comrades; they believed the proletariat to be the key group (Cheek, 11). Mao also championed women’s liberation from masculine authority of husbands as well as clan, temple, and general religious oppression (Cheek, 11) also unacceptable position for a Communist to take. Mao’s breakdown of the rural classes into poor, middle and rich peasants demonstrated the Nationalist impulse rooted in his personality. His attachment to China led him to cooperate with the Guomindang, a nationalist group (Cheek, 10) and in the resistance war against Japan guided Mao to power (Cheek, 13). After standing up to his abusive father Mao said, “…I learned that when I defend my rights by open rebellion...
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...modified genes into the environment (Whitman 4). The benefits vs. risks that GMO’s pose in regard to the environment and human health are still inconclusive. Only rigorous scientific research and time will yield conclusive results, along with possible advancements in technology that will help address most concerns. What is clear is that we need GMO’s to be able to feed the world’s population and that the potential risk GMO’s pose to human health and the environment can vary tremendously. The labeling of GM food is necessary will address the question of accountability of the impact GMO’s and large corporations have with their “proprietary crops” to the environment and health, along with minimizing potential risk. The argument that corporate driven agriculture and bio technology are ill suited to address global hunger is incredibly complex; the factors include economic barriers that are inherent in large scale farming, displacement of the poor who rely on farming, and the use of homogenous crops that are used in nonfood products. As complex as it seems, the social and cultural aspects of what qualifies as culturally relevant...
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...pesticides, insecticides and fertilizers we have lost many birds and friendly insects and this is a big loss in long term. 3. Chemicals in water: These chemicals which we have been using in our farms go down and contaminate ground water which effect ours and our children health. 4. Excess use of fertilizers have made the soil infertile. 5. Overuse of chemical fertilizers may affect human's health. The Story of Village Palampur I. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT A. NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS Questions Within The Lesson Q.1. What is the difference between multiple cropping and modern farming methods? Ans. Difference between Multiple Cropping and Modern Farming : Multiple cropping and modern farming are two ways of increasing production from the same piece of land. Under multiple cropping, production is increased by growing more than one crop on a piece of land during the year. It is the most common way of raising agricultural Under modern farming method, production is increased by using modern technology in place of traditional agricultural practices. Under this method, high yielding varieties (HYVs) of seeds are used in place of simple seeds. HYV seeds promise to produce much greater labour and capital. They retain a part of produce for self-consumption and sell the surplus in the nearby market. That part of farm produce which is sold in the market is called marketable surplus. Small farmers have little surplus output. It is the medium and large farmers only...
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...Topic – Russia : Assignment Question – Evaluate Petr Stolypin’s Reforms P.A. Stolypin was a pivotal political figure in the 1906-11 period. He became Minister of Internal Affairs in Russia from the spring of 1906, after the revolution of 1905. He combined this position with Russian Premier (Prime Minister) from 23rd July 1906 until his assassination in September 1911. Peter Waldron claims that after the "near downfall of the tsarist regime in 1905" Stolypin's reforms could "have changed the face of politics and society, yet they left the unreformed autocracy to face the onslaught of the First World War and it's attendant social and economic strains". Despite the latter, it seems erroneous to attribute total failure to Stolypin's reforms. After the devastating actions of Bloody Sunday in 1905, the Tsar Nicholas II had been given two choices, which was to repress or reform. To stay in control, he had chose to reform, as he thought that he could control the situation by creating useful reforms. The pressure of the revolution on the autocracy made the Tsar take drastic political action to appease the revolting classes. He had started of with the October Manifesto, a legislation which consisted of a number of points of reform drawn up under Weete, promising the people Civil liberties, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of assembly, and the promise that no laws were to be introduced without the agreement of the Duma. However, it was not necessary that the Duma should introduce legislation...
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...tsarist rule? * He was a weak tsar as he was primarily reluctant to taking over * Bloody Sunday * 1905 revolution * Failures of the Dumas * Social democratic party, octobrists, social revolutionaries- revolution through peasants * Ignorant and arrogant What was the impact of ww1 on tsarist Russia? * Lack of available infrastructure- basic facilities banks factories ect. * Poor leadership of generals and officers * Poor communication * Incompetent and overconfident officials * Inflation * Middle class discontented as their sons were dying at war * Large life cost why was there a Feb. rev in feb1917 * First WW put pressure on tsarist system * The weather was so bad so trains wouldn’t function and no import/export * Prices rose and rationing led to further discontent * Series of strikes * Famines and poverty getting worse * ARMY DESERTED THE TSAR WHERAS PRIOR TO THIS HE WAS SUPPORTED BY THEM I.E THROUGHOUT BLOODY SUNDAY RUSSO-JAPANESE * Tsarina Alexandra What were the successes and failures of the provisional government? * They were an unelected body and didn’t represent the people of Russia * THEY DID NOT END THE WAR * Peasants were looting properties of landlords * People wanted an end to food shortages * Did not change enough very similar to the tsar *...
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...most of the European population in the 1500’s and 1600’s, peasants played an important role in the development of Europe. In his book The Night Battles, Carlo Ginzburg gives a unique perspective on the lives of Friulian peasants through the analysis of inquisitorial records. During the inquisitions, peasants were categorized as witches or benandanti, which literally means well-farer. “The benandanti were a small group of men and women, who because they were born with a caul, were regarded as professional antiwitches. They told inquisitors that, in dreams, they fought ritual battles against witches and wizards to protect their villages and harvests from harm.” (Ginzburg. Back Cover) Although the lives of the benandanti were more exciting and dangerous, similarities do exist between ordinary peasants of early modern Europe and the Friulian benandanti. From the way they lived their lives and were uneducated, to the way they stuck together and were easily manipulated, the Friulian peasant and the ordinary early modern peasant share several characteristics. One of the major similarities between the benandanti peasants described by Carlo Ginzburg in The Night Battles, and the ordinary peasant from the early modern period is the importance of agriculture and farmland. Of the many characteristics that define a benandanti, perhaps the most reoccurring is that they are all defenders of their crops and farmland. The Friulian peasants revolved their lives around agricultural cycles. Their calendar...
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...(when Tokugawa Leyasu became the great “Shogun” of the Tokugawa Shogunate) and 1867 (when Tokugawa Yoshinobu formally returned political authority to the emperor) is also called the Edo Period. Edo is the former name for what is now Tokyo. This period was named after Edo castle, where the emperor lived, and was also the headquarters of the feudal government at the time. This period in Japan’s history has also been interpreted in contrary ways- once dismissed as the “Feudal dark age” it is now looked upon as the “ Golden Age of Peace and Prosperity”, before the arrival of Western imperialism changed Japan’s place in the world forever. For centuries before and after the Tokugawa Shogunate, the Emperor reigned powerless in Kyoto, while military men really ran the country. Edo Castle today [ 1 ] Edo Castle today [ 1 ] Edo Castle today, Chiyoda, Tokyo , Japan Edo Castle today, Chiyoda, Tokyo , Japan Edo Castle c. 1638 What was the structure of the “Four class system” introduced in the Tokugawa Period? The Tokugawa Shogunate intentionally created a social order called “The Four Divisions of Society” that brought piece and order as well as stabilised the country after many civil wars. It was composed of: * Samurai * Farming Peasants * Artisans * Merchants * There were some subdivisions as illustrated below: Social Hierachy Tokugawa Period Social Hierachy Tokugawa Period Despite...
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...Feudal Japan and Western Europe Feudalism in Japan and Western Europe occurred in two very different time ranges. Western Europe’s feudal age began in the 800’s, while Japan’s began in the 1200’s. There are many similarities and differences in Western Europe and Japan during these times such as: political, economy, and social. They were very similar in political structure, but very different in social classes and the economy. Japan’s economy relied on fishing and rice, while Western Europe relied on agriculture. The social classes of Western Europe and Japan were very different. The peasants were the lowest class of people in Western Europe, while in Japan the merchants and artisans were of lower ranking than peasants. They are similar in that...
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...Name: Tutor: Course: Date: World History since 1945 Truman Doctrine The doctrine is named after the then-president Harry Truman. The speech made by the president before Congress in 1947 gave birth to the doctrine. The reason President Truman made the speech was because Britain had announced that they will no longer support the Greek government economically and military wise. Through the doctrine, the government of United States of America (USA) promised to provide political, army and economic aid to all democratic countries under threat from authoritarian powers. It further outlined the change in the USA foreign policy from its usual withdrawal stance from regional conflicts not directly touching on the country, to one of intervention in conflict all over the world. The doctrine also promised to help Turkey and Greece economically and through military actions against the communists this after Britain announced that they would be withdrawing their support. These countries were to receive $400,000,000 aid. The doctrine contents were justified by the need to help free people in their fight against totalitarian rule which would undermine international peace and hence affect the security of the USA (Jones, 36). NSC-68 The National Security Council Paper NSC-68 was a top secret report meant to confront the treat the hostile design of the Soviet Union had on the USA. The report banned the regeneration of US isolationism arguing that it will result in Soviet Union supremacy...
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... The Provisional Government iv. Bolshevik Revolution (October 1917) v. Reasons for Bolshevik Success D. After the Revolution: Bolshevik Government, Civil War, New Economic Policy i. A Marxist Dictatorship? ii. Making Peace with Germany iii. The Civil War iv. War Communism v. The New Economic Policy vi. The death of Lenin (1924). SECTION A) Russia before the First World War: i. The Nature of Russia as a State • Huge country, poor transport and communications (took a week to cross). • Russian land was hard to farm – much was infertile Tundra, Desert or Taiga (forest). • 44% of people were Russian – the rest were different nationalities, many of whom wanted to be free of Russian rule. • Over 80% of population = peasants. ii. Government and Politics under the Tsar • Tsar was an autocrat (absolute ruler). He relied on the army and Okhrana (secret police) to maintain control. • Tsar viewed by many as God’s representative on earth – he claimed he had ‘Divine Right’ to rule; this was backed up by the Russian Orthodox Church, the nobility (landowners) and Civil Service, which suffered from serious corruption. • Tsar Nicholas II was not a dominating character. His son and heir, Alexei, suffered from haemophilia. • Nevertheless, he was popular with many Russians – who turned out in thousands to...
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