...operator (AND and OR). SQL: Structured Query Language is programming language is designed to managing data in relational database management system (RDBMS). CREATE TABLE: In Structure Query Language we use CREATE TABLE command to describe the layout of table. Computed Field: A field whose values you derive from existing database table is called a computed field. Computed field functions involve addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Sub Query: Sub Query is query in a query. A Sub Query is usually added in the WHERE Clause of the SQL statement. Most of the time a sub query is when you know how to search for a value using SELECT statement, but do not know the exact value. SQL built-in function: SQL server provides many built-in functions that you can use in queries to return data or perform operations on data. Answer the following questions: 1. What is the simplest SQL retrieval? The simplest versions of the most important SQL command are SELECT, FROM statement. Then if you need to limit the result you introduce the WHERE clause. In the WHERE clause you can use operators such as LIKE, AND, OR, EQUAL, BETWEEN and IN. 2. What is the Purpose of the WHERE clause when using SELECT? WHERE clause is used with the SELECT keyword. We use WHERE clause for searching the data with a particular condition. If the data in the table matches condition then it returns the specific value of that particular data. 3. What are data types and why are...
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...1. What is the simplest SQL retrieval? The simplest versions of the most important SQL command are SELECT, FROM statement. Then if you need to limit the result you introduce the WHERE clause. In the WHERE clause you can use operators such as LIKE, AND, OR, EQUAL, BETWEEN and IN. 2. What is the purpose of the Where clause when using SELECT? The purpose of this clause is to be able to list any conditions that are to be applied to the data retrieved. 3. What are data types and why are they important? A data type is a classification identifying one of various types of data, they are important because assigning data types gives meaning to collections of information 4. Provide an example of the GROUP by clause, when would you use this clause? SELECT Salesperson, SUM(Revenue) AS ‘Total’, MIN(Revenue) AS ‘Smallest’, MAX(Revenue) AS ‘Largest’, AVG(Revenue) AS ‘Average’, COUNT(Revenue) AS ‘Number’ FROM Orders GROUP BY Salesperson You use this clause when you need to see the information in a certain order 5. What is an aggregate function (provide 4)? How are they used? An aggregate function is a function where the values of multiple rows are grouped together as input on certain criteria to form a single value of more significant meaning or measurement AVG() - Returns the average value (average) COUNT() - Returns the number of rows (count) FIRST() - Returns the first value LAST() - Returns the last value 6. Provide example using the COUNT()...
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...Assignment #2: Give a short definition for each of the following terms: compound condition is formed by connecting two or more simple conditions using either And and Or. SQL is short for Structured Query Language CREATE TABLE is a command to create a table by describing its layout. computed field isa filed whose values are derived from existing fields. sub query A sub query is a query that’s inside another query. A sub query is evaluated first. SQL built-in functions Otherwise known as aggregate functions are used to calculate the number of entries, the sum of all of the entries,and the largest or smallest values in a column. Answer the following questions: 1. What is the simplest SQL retrieval? The SELECT-FROM-WHERE command. 2. What is the purpose of the Where clause when using SELECT? The purpose of this clause is to be able to list any conditions that are to be applied to the data retrieved. 3. What are data types and why are they important? 4. Provide an example of the GROUP by clause, when would you use this clause? You would use this clause if you wanted to organize your data for a particular record. 5. What is an aggregate function (provide 4)? How are they used? COUNT, SUM,AVG, MIN. Aggregate functions are the built in functions in SQL. They are used to count within the query. 6. Provide example using the COUNT() function SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Customer WHERE Class=’HW’ 7. How is a field name qualified? A Field...
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...Week 2 Assignment Grayson Wimmer 1. What is the simplest SQL retrieval? SELECT 2. What is the purpose of the Where clause when using SELECT? The WHERE clause is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specified criterion. 3. What are data types and why are they important? A data type is a classification identifying one of various types of data, they are important because assigning data types gives meaning to collections of information 4. Provide an example of the GROUP by clause, when would you use this clause? SELECT Salesperson, SUM(Revenue) AS ‘Total’, MIN(Revenue) AS ‘Smallest’, MAX(Revenue) AS ‘Largest’, AVG(Revenue) AS ‘Average’, COUNT(Revenue) AS ‘Number’ FROM Orders GROUP BY Salesperson You use this clause when you need to see the information in a certain order 5. What is an aggregate function (provide 4)? How are they used? An aggregate function is a function where the values of multiple rows are grouped together as input on certain criteria to form a single value of more significant meaning or measurement AVG() - Returns the average value (average) COUNT() - Returns the number of rows (count) FIRST() - Returns the first value LAST() - Returns the last value 6. Provide example using the COUNT() function SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employees WHERE salary > 25000; 7. How is a field name qualified? How is this used when using a JOIN command, why is it important? A Field name is qualified by preceding the name of the filed with the...
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...Chapter 2 Questions 1. What is an entity? 2. What is a relationship? 3. What is an attribute? 4. What symbols are used in an ER diagram for entities, relationships, and attributes? 5. What is a primary key? 6. What is a foreign key? 7. What is entity integrity? 8. What is referential integrity? 9. What is first normal form? 10. What is a view? Chapter 4 Questions 1. Explain the insert problem caused by a denormalized design? 2. Explain the update problem caused by a denormalized design? 3. Explain the delete problem caused by a denormalized design? 4. Define 1NF. 5. Define 2 NF. 6. Define 3 NF. 7. Define BCNF. 8. Define 4 NF. 9. What is a determinant? 10. Define multivalued dependency. Chapter 7 Questions 1. What is the Enterprise Manager in SQL Server? 2. What is the Tree pane used for? 3. What are the data types available in SQL Server? 4. What is a reserved word? 5. What is the purpose of a check constraint for a column? 6. How is a primary key specified? 7. What is the datasheet view used for? 8. How is a relationship created in SQL Server? 9. How a concatenated primary is key created? 10. Name two ways in which to establish relationships in SQL Server. Chapter 8 Questions 1. Describe the three retrieval operations for relational databases. 2. Describe the simplest form of the Select statement. 3. How can you display a subset of columns in SQL? 4. How can you sort the results from an SQL statement? 5. How do you perform a descending sort...
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...Database Design: Relational Database Management Systems Marvin E. Eubanks CIS111: Introduction to Relational Database Management Systems Strayer University Professor: Emelda Ntinglet-Davis November 22, 2011 Introduction Regardless of the size of a company or business, the employees are usually considered the most important asset. However, data should rank equally important as the employees do. It is very vital that a company’s data is stored and maintained as accurately and as quickly as possible. Having a Database Management System allows a business to do just this. Database Management System (DBMS) Webopedia (2011), states it simply: “A DBMS is simply the software program on a computer that is used to store and manipulate data.” Manipulation of data consists of adding new data such as adding personal information about an employee; deleting unwanted data such as deleting the personal information of an employee who has quit or been terminated; or changing existing data such as changing the pay rate of an employee who has been promoted. Advantages to having a DBMS are it aides in data security, data integrity, data sharing, data concurrence, data independence, and data recovery to name a few. Database management systems are important because it allows businesses to manage data more efficient and effective; query language allows quick responses to ad hoc queries; improves access to more data; and reduces the chance that data will be inconsistent. Features...
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...enforces the rules. • RDBMS solution is required by large sets of data whereas small sets of data can be managed by DBMS. 1. What is database? A database is a collection of information that is organized. So that it can easily be accessed, managed, and updated. 2. What is DBMS? DBMS stands for Database Management System. It is a collection of programs that enables user to create and maintain a database. 3. What is a Database system? The database and DBMS software together is called as Database system. 4. What are the advantages of DBMS? I. Redundancy is controlled. II. Providing multiple user interfaces. III. Providing backup and recovery IV. Unauthorized access is restricted. V. Enforcing integrity constraints. 5. What is normalization? It is a process of analysing the given relation schemas based on their Functional Dependencies (FDs) and primary key to achieve the properties (1).Minimizing redundancy, (2). Minimizing insertion, deletion and update anomalies. 6. What is Data Model? A collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships data semantics and constraints. 7. What is E-R model? This data model is based on real world that consists of basic objects called entities and of relationship among these objects. Entities are described in a database by a set of attributes. 8. What is Object Oriented model? This model is based...
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...® OCA Oracle Database 11g: SQL Fundamentals I Exam Guide (Exam 1Z0-051) ABOUT THE AUTHORS John Watson (Oxford, UK) works for BPLC Management Consultants, teaching and consulting throughout Europe and Africa. He was with Oracle University for several years in South Africa, and before that worked for a number of companies, government departments, and NGOs in England and Europe. He is OCP qualified in both database and Application Server administration. John is the author of several books and numerous articles on technology and has 25 years of experience in IT. Roopesh Ramklass (South Africa), OCP, is an independent Oracle specialist with over 10 years of experience in a wide variety of IT environments. These include software design and development, systems analysis, courseware development, and lecturing. He has worked for Oracle Support and taught at Oracle University in South Africa for several years. Roopesh is experienced in managing and executing IT development projects, including infrastructure systems provisioning, software development, and systems integration. About the Technical Editor Bruce Swart (South Africa) works for 2Cana Solutions and has over 14 years of experience in IT. Whilst maintaining a keen interest for teaching others, he has performed several roles including developer, analyst, team leader, administrator, project manager, consultant, and lecturer. He is OCP qualified in both database and developer roles. He has taught at Oracle University...
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...MEC/CEC, CA/CWA, B.Com & B.Sc. Master Minds 4. Data Storage, Retrieval & DBMS Q.No.1. Write about different coding schemes. BCD: » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » BCD stands for binary Coded Decimal system. This is a 6 bit code i.e. each character is expressed in terms of a 6 bit code. There will be 64 ways of representing digits, alphabets and special symbols. There is no parity bit in this coding scheme. ASCII: ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. This code is extensively used in small computers, peripherals, instruments and communication devices. It is a seven-bit code and has replaced many of the special codes that were previously used. Microcomputers using 8-bit word length use 7 bits to represent the basic code. The 8th bit is used for parity or it may be permanently 1 or 0. With 7 bits, up to 128 characters can be coded. A letter, digit or special symbol is called a character. It includes upper and lower case alphabets, numbers, punctuation marks, special and control characters. Here the first 3 bits are zone bits and the remaining 4 bits represent digit values. ASCII-8: A newer version of ASCII is ASCII-8 code, which is an 8-bit code. With 8 bits, the code capacity is extended to 256 characters. EBCDIC: EBCDIC stands for Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code. It is a standard character code for large computers. It is a 8-bit code without parity and 9th bit can be used as parity bit. Using 8 bits 256 characters...
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... numeric, and images. Database components Tables, Columns and Rows These three items form the building blocks of a database. They store the data that we want to save in our database. * Character or information about the attributes of an entity is stored in fields that is, individual items of data that we wish to store (like customer’s name). and it is represented in a cell. Columns * All fields containing data about one entity form a record (like one customer). And it is represented by columns. Rows * All related records form a file (like the customer file). And it is represented by rows. In databases, a row can be made up of as many or as few columns as you want. This makes reading data much more efficient - you fetch what you want. Tables * A set of interrelated, centrally coordinated Files forms a database (like a customer database). And it is represented by tables that make up the entire database and it is important that we do not duplicate data at all, including both rows and columns. Keys * Keys are used to relate one table for another. For example, A customer places an order for some parts. We need to store the customer's details, the parts ordered and the supplier of the parts, so we form 3 databases: 1- Customer database 2- Parts or product database 3- Part’s Supplier database (to ensure we have enough stock or place a new order to restock). http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/pc_support_retired/22648 Database management system ...
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...Introduction to SQL LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be able to: ■ Concisely define each of the following key terms: relational DBMS (RDBMS), catalog, schema, data definition language (DDL), data manipulation language (DML), data control language (DCL), scalar aggregate, vector aggregate, base table, virtual table, dynamic view, and materialized view. ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Visit www.pearsonhighered.com/ hoffer to view the accompanying video for this chapter. Interpret the history and role of SQL in database development. Define a database using the SQL data definition language. Write single-table queries using SQL commands. Establish referential integrity using SQL. Discuss the SQL:1999 and SQL:2008 standards. INTRODUCTION Pronounced “S-Q-L” by some and “sequel” by others, SQL has become the de facto standard language for creating and querying relational databases. (Can the next standard be the sequel to SQL?) The primary purpose of this chapter is to introduce SQL, the most common language for relational systems. It has been accepted as a U.S. standard by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and is a Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS). It is also an international standard recognized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ANSI has accredited the International Committee for Information Technology Standards (INCITS) as a standards development organization; INCITS is working on the next version of the SQL standard...
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...mechanism for concurrent access • An efficient handler to balance the needs of multiple applications using the same data • The ability to swiftly recover from crashes and errors, including restartability and recoverability • Robust data integrity capabilities • Logging and auditing of activity • Simple access using a standard application programming interface (API) • Uniform administration procedures for data Another advantage of a DBMS is that it can be used to impose a logical, structured organization on the data. A DBMS delivers economy of scale for processing large amounts of data because it is optimized for such operations. A DBMS can also provide many views of a single database schema. A view defines what data the user sees and how that user sees the data. The DBMS provides a level of abstraction between the conceptual schema that defines the logical structure of the database and the physical schema that describes the files, indexes and other physical mechanisms used by the database. When a DBMS is used, systems can be modified much more easily when business requirements change. New categories of data can be added to the database without disrupting the existing system and applications can be insulated from how data is structured and stored. Of course, a DBMS must perform additional work to provide...
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...Teach Yourself SQL in 21 Days, Second Edition Table of Contents: Introduction Week 1 at a Glance Day 1 Introduction to SQL Day 2 Introduction to the Query: The SELECT Statement Day 3 Expressions, Conditions, and Operators Day 4 Functions: Molding the Data You Retrieve Day 5 Clauses in SQL Day 6 Joining Tables Day 7 Subqueries: The Embedded SELECT Statement Week 1 in Review Week 2 at a Glance Day 8 Manipulating Data Day 9 Creating and Maintaining Tables Day 10 Creating Views and Indexes Day 11 Controlling Transactions Day 12 Database Security Day 13 Advanced SQL Topics Day 14 Dynamic Uses of SQL Week 2 in Review Week 3 at a Glance Day 15 Streamlining SQL Statements for Improved Performance Day 16 Using Views to Retrieve Useful Information from the Data Dictionary Day 17 Using SQL to Generate SQL Statements Day 18 PL/SQL: An Introduction Day 19 Transact-SQL: An Introduction Day 20 SQL*Plus Day 21 Common SQL Mistakes/Errors and Resolutions Week 3 in Review Appendixes A Glossary of Common SQL Statements B Source Code Listings for the C++ Program Used on Day 14 C Source Code Listings for the Delphi Program Used on Day 14 D Resources E ASCII Table F Answers to Quizzes and Excercises © Copyright, Macmillan Computer Publishing. All rights reserved. Teach Yourself SQL in 21 Days, Second Edition Acknowledgments A special thanks to the following individuals: foremost to my loving wife, Tina, for her tolerance and endless support, to Dan Wilson for his...
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...Fundamentals of Database Systems Preface....................................................................................................................................................12 Contents of This Edition.....................................................................................................................13 Guidelines for Using This Book.........................................................................................................14 Acknowledgments ..............................................................................................................................15 Contents of This Edition.........................................................................................................................17 Guidelines for Using This Book.............................................................................................................19 Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................................21 About the Authors ..................................................................................................................................22 Part 1: Basic Concepts............................................................................................................................23 Chapter 1: Databases and Database Users..........................................................................................23 ...
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...Teach Yourself SQL in 21 Days, Second Edition Table of Contents: Introduction Week 1 at a Glance Day 1 Introduction to SQL Day 2 Introduction to the Query: The SELECT Statement Day 3 Expressions, Conditions, and Operators Day 4 Functions: Molding the Data You Retrieve Day 5 Clauses in SQL Day 6 Joining Tables Day 7 Subqueries: The Embedded SELECT Statement Week 1 in Review Week 2 at a Glance Day 8 Manipulating Data Day 9 Creating and Maintaining Tables Day 10 Creating Views and Indexes Day 11 Controlling Transactions Day 12 Database Security Day 13 Advanced SQL Topics Day 14 Dynamic Uses of SQL Week 2 in Review Week 3 at a Glance Day 15 Streamlining SQL Statements for Improved Performance Day 16 Using Views to Retrieve Useful Information from the Data Dictionary Day 17 Using SQL to Generate SQL Statements Day 18 PL/SQL: An Introduction Day 19 Transact-SQL: An Introduction Day 20 SQL*Plus Day 21 Common SQL Mistakes/Errors and Resolutions Week 3 in Review Appendixes A Glossary of Common SQL Statements B Source Code Listings for the C++ Program Used on Day 14 C Source Code Listings for the Delphi Program Used on Day 14 D Resources E ASCII Table F Answers to Quizzes and Excercises / Copyright, Macmillan Computer Publishing. All rights reserved. Join the National Guard Car Computer Serve in your own backyard Get Free Info Here. No Obligation www.military.com Complete Diagnostic Software Tool DTC Codes, Sensor Readings...
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