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Whiz Calculator

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Submitted By novil
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Whiz Calculator Company
Case 4-4

Whiz Calculator Company adalah sebuah perusahaan yang memproduksi penuh lini kalkulator elektronik, yang dijual ke seluruh cabang kepada pedagang perantara dan ritel, secara langsung baik kepada pemerintah dan pengguna industri. Perusahaan ini merupakan salah satu perusahaan yang terbesar dalam industri. Whiz Calculator Company dipimpin oleh Bernard Riesman. Riesman sudah bekerja di perusahaan selama 5 tahun dan untuk 2 tahun sebelumnya menjabat sebagai wakil presiden manufaktur. Setelah menjabat sebagai presiden, Riesman mengadakan konferensi dengan pengendali untuk mendiskusikan tentang pengendalian anggaran. Ia berpikir metode lama dalam perencanaan dan pengendalian biaya penjualan tidak memuaskan. Oleh karena itu, ia meminta pengendali untuk membuat sistem baru yang memiliki pengendalian yang lebih baik atas biaya.
Metode lama penganggaran biaya penjualan menerapkan basis “tetap” atau “yang ditetapkan”. Setiap bulan Oktober, departemen akuntansi mengirim catatan biaya aktual departemen atau cabang-cabang tahun sebelumnya dan tahun ini sampai bulan Oktober, ke masing-masing manajer cabang dan manajer lainnya yang berada di bawah departemen penjualan. Kemudian dengan berpandu pada catatan ini dan perkiraan penjualan tahun depan serta penilaian manajer, pemimpin cabang akan membuat dan menyerahkan perkiraan biaya untuk tahun berikutnya. Perkiraan ini diberikan pada manajer penjualan yang memimpin semua penjualan cabang. Ia menentukan apakah anggaran tersebut wajar atau tidak dan menelusuri item yang meragukan dengan koresponden.
Setelah disetujui oleh manajer penjualan, perkiraan biaya penjualan tersebut diserahkan pada manajer pemasaran, Paula Melmed. Ia yang bertanggung jawab atas aktivitas penjualan, promosi dan pergudangan. Melmed akan mendiskusikan perkiraan biaya penjualan dengan manajer-manajer. Setelah semua perbedaan direkonsiliasi, ia mengabungkan perkiraan biaya semua cabang menjadi sebuah anggaran biaya penjualan. Anggaran ini disampaikan ke komite anggaran untuk persetujuan terakhir. Untuk tujuan pengendalian, anggaran tersebut dibagi menjadi 12 dengan jumlah yang sama dimana biaya aktual akan dibandingkan setiap bulan dengan angka yang ada di anggaran.
Riesman percaya bahwa terdapat dua kelemahan terbesar dari metode lama ini dalam penetapan anggaran biaya penjualan ini. Yang pertama tidak mungkin bagi seseorang untuk memastikan kewajaran perkiraan yang dibuat oleh banyak kepala departemen. Biaya penjualan dari tahun sebelumnya tidak merupakan standar yang sesuai untuk penilaian perkiraan biaya karena kondisi penjualan tidak pernah sama dalam dua tahun yang berbeda. Yang kedua adalah kondisi penjualan yang sering berubah ketika anggaran sudah diadopsi, tapi tidak ada ketentuan untuk membuat perubahan cocok dalam anggaran biaya penjualan. Perusahaan tidak memiliki hubungan yang logis antara penjualan dengan biayanya sehingga tidak mungkin untuk memperkirakan tambahan biaya yang terjadi ketika penjualan meningkat.
Whiz mengusulkan metode baru untuk menggunakan basis biaya tetap dan biaya variabel. Biaya tetap dari Whiz Calculator Company dapat ditentukan dari biaya yang terjadi pada saat minimum penjualan yaitu sekitar 65% kapasitas pabrik sekarang. Selisih antara total biaya dengan biaya tetap adalah biaya variabel. Kemudian formula biaya tersebut dibentuk dengan menggunakan persamaan regresi.
Berdasarkan data dari tampilan 1 dan 3, item biaya penjualan di cabang A dapat kita klasifikasikan menjadi :
a. Biaya yang variabel dengan volume penjualan : biaya kompensasi tenaga penjualan
b. Biaya yang sebagian variabel dengan penjualan : gaji pengawai kantor, biaya perjalanan, perlengkapan kantor, biaya pos, langganan dan iuran, sumbangan, biaya iklan, pajak keamanan sosial dan pengeluaran lain-lainnya.
c. Biaya yang variabel dengan faktor lain : tidak ada
d. Biaya yang tidak berhubungan dengan volume penjualan : gaji manajer, biaya lampu dan pemanas, biaya sewa, dan biaya depresiasi.
Ada beberapa pemisahan komponen biaya penjualan pada metode baru yang tidak akurat. Hal ini dikarenakan untuk komponen variabelnya hanya menggunakan driver berupa dolar penjualan saja. Meskipun penggunaan driver ini lebih mudah karena hanya menggunakan satu driver saja, tetapi tidak semua biaya variabel yang terjadi dipengaruhi oleh driver penjualan. Ada beberapa item yang memiliki kemungkinan tidak dipengaruhi oleh driver penjualan, yaitu:

• Gaji pengawai kantor
Didalam metode baru biaya gaji pegawai kantor dimasukan sebagai biaya campuran. Disini perlu dilihat variabel apa yang memperngaruhi besar biaya dari gaji pegawai kantor ini. Jika komponen variabel biaya gaji pegawai kantor dihitung berdasarkan jam kerja lembur, maka pengajuan metode baru ini tidak sesuai.
• Biaya transportasi
Ada kemungkinan biaya transportasi ini dipengaruhi oleh jarak tempat pengiriman bukan berdasarkan jumlah penjualan produk. Jika komponen variabel biaya transportasi ini dihitung berdasarkan jarak, maka pengajuan metode baru ini tidak sesuai.

Selain itu, biaya lainnya seperti perlengkapan kantor, iklan, pajak keamanan sosial dan biaya lain-lainnya juga harus diteliti, dimana faktor apa yang menentukan besar biaya tersebut serta memisahkan antara bagian tetap dan variabel secara akurat. Jika komponen variabel biaya tidak terpengaruh oleh dolar penjualan, maka formula biaya akan tidak akurat.
Untuk biaya gaji manajer, lampu dan panas, depresiasi, sewa termasuk biaya tetap. Hal ini sudah tepat karena biaya-biaya tersebut tidak dipengaruhi dengan besarnya penjualan. Kompensasi tenaga penjualan yang termasuk biaya variabel dengan dolar penjualan juga sudah sesuai.
Sistem anggaran yang baru sesuai dimana penganggaran dengan basis biaya tetap dan variabel. Perlunya pemisahan antara komponen tetap dan variabel bertujuan agar anggaran yang dibuat bisa lebih akurat. Ini juga disebabkan karena perilaku dari setiap biaya berbeda-beda. Whiz Company bisa menerapkan anggaran yang lebih flexible. Tidak seperti dalam metode lama dimana perusahaan menganut sistem statik sehingga perusahaan tidak bisa memperkirakan tambahan biaya yang terjadi ketika penjualan meningkat karena tidak adanya hubungan yang logis antara penjualan dengan biaya. Adanya anggaran yang flexible ini, perusahaan bisa membandingkan aktual dengan anggaran pada tingkat penjualan yang sama.
Metode penganggaran yang baru ini sudah lebih baik daripada metode lama. Ada kelebihan dan kekurangan pada metode baru ini. Di antaranya adalah sudah ada pemisahan komponen tetap dan variabel. Meskipun masih ada pemisahan yang belum tepat tetapi lebih baik daripada tidak ada pemisahan sama sekali. Di metode baru juga ada anggaran fleksibel sehingga dapat diadakan perbandingan di antara tingkat penjualan yang berbeda.
Penyimpangan yang terjadi di metode baru lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan penympangan yang terjadi di metode yang lama. Tetapi kelemahan dari metode ini adalah dalam metode ini tidak digambarkan hal-hal pengaruh ukuran pesanan atas biaya, kesulitan penjualan di daerah tertentu, perubahan psikologi pembeli dan sebagainya. Hal ini disebabkan driver yang digunakan untuk komponen variabel berupa dolar penjualan. Contohnya dimana biaya angkut tidak bisa kita tentukan dari dolar penjualan. Biaya angkut ini tergantung pada berapa kali terjadinya pengangkutan dalam penjualan. Untuk penjualan yang sama bisa saja terjadi biaya angkut yang berbeda karena adanya perbedaan ukuran pesanan dan sebaliknya. Metode baru lebih akurat dan lebih berguna untuk perusahaan Whiz Calculator jika dibandingkan dengan sistem lama. Saran yang bisa kami berikan untuk Whiz adalah perlunya pemisahan antara komponen biaya tetap dan variabel yang lebih akurat. Dengan mengadakan analisis biaya setiap beberapa periode sekali, menyebabkan adanya update terhadap faktor-faktor baru yang juga dapat mempengaruhi. Jadi Perusahaan Whiz dapat mengaadakan revisi anggaran bila hal tersebut diperlukan dan dengan begitu dapat memperbarui anggaran secara sistematis.

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