...The 15th and 16th century global cultures impacted the development of humanity in three ways. Exploration, religion, and politics which were major aspects of the culture during the 15th and 16th centuries. Through exploration, the Europeans began taking many more slaves and bringing them back to North America. Martin Luther’s 95 Theses paved the way for secularism during the renaissance. In terms of politics, governments were shifting towards more progressive systems which eventually led to civilians being represented in choices made by their government. This emboldened the citizen to accomplish higher achievements. The Age of Exploration began in the end of the 15th century and ended in the 18th century. The Age of Exploration brought together...
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...Due to major advances in technology in the 15th century, the expansion of European powers onto the Americas were in full rotation due to potential high profits. The major causes for the expansion of these countries were in pursuit of God, glory, and gold. The idea of exploring and discovering new areas in the name of God played a large factor in staying in compliance with the Church. By using the expansion of Christianity as an excuse to colonize the New World, the European powers gained immense power. Also, many expeditions were carried out in pursuit of gaining power, fame, and glory, reflecting upon feudalistic themes. Lastly and most importantly, what served as the basis for the expeditions into the New World was the potential of gaining large profits through colonization...
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...A caravel is a small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century by the Portuguese to explore along the West African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean. The lateen sails gave her speed and the capacity for sailing to windward (beating). Caravels were much used by the Portuguese for the oceanic exploration voyages during the 15th and 16th centuries in the age of discovery Initially, up to the 15th century, Europeans were limited to coastal cabotage navigation using the barge (barca) or the balinger (barinel), ancient cargo vessels used in the Mediterranean of around 50 to 200 tons. These boats were fragile, with only one mast with a fixed square sails that could not overcome the navigational difficulties of Southward oceanic exploration, as the strong winds, shoals and strong ocean currents easily overwhelmed their abilities. The caravel was developed in about 1450, based on existing fishing boats under the sponsorship of Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal and soon became the preferred vessel for Portuguese explorers. Its name may derive from an ancient boat type known as carabus in Latin and καραβος in Greek, later Arabized to qārib, indicating some continuity of its carvel build through the ages.[2] They were agile and easier to navigate, with a tonnage of 50 to 160 tons and 1 to 3 masts, with lateen triangular sails allowing beating. Being smaller and having a shallow keel, the caravel could sail upriver in shallow coastal waters. With the lateen sails...
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...From the mid-15th century until the mid-16th century a combination of factors prompted men to endeavor new routes; and it was new routes rather than new territories that occupied the imaginations of kings, commoners, scholars and seamen alike. During this time period mercantilism the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances that promoted governmental regulation of a nation's economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers. Europe’s balance of power was constantly changing due to the exploration across the world and a rivalry for power , the balance of power within Europe was constantly shifting throughout the Age of Exploration, which...
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...The Age of Exploration was a time period during the 15th and 16th centuries when Europeans searched for new trade routes to China and India. Instead, they discovered North and South America by the Europeans. This had both positive and negative impacts on Europe. The Age of Exploration brought together Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. There were to main types of exchange; Biological and Cultural. In the Biological exchange they traded plants, animals, and diseases. In the Cultural exchange they traded goods, technology, and ideas. The exchanges began to affect every continent. During the middle ages a few European missionaries traveled to China to introduce ideas about Christianity. During the Europrean's Age of Exploration they traveled to...
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...The Age of Exploration was a era from the early 15th century to the late 17th century, in which European explorers searched for better trade routes to support the growth of capitalism. During this time, countries were conquered by the English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, and the Belgians (Main ones). The natives of these countries would suffer unimaginable atrocities against them. Conquerors would enslave them, kill children, kill them, and just generally be aggressive for dominance. The Age of Exploration had adverse effects on conquered lands such as destruction of culture and the mass genocide of natives. However, it pushed the development of modern civilizations and fueled the rise of capitalism. In 1492, Christopher Columbus found...
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...Africa was and is so highly appealing to outsiders is because it is amongst the world’s greatest water and mineral resources(381). The modern European colonization of Africa was begun by the Portuguese. They established trading stations on the coast in the 15th and 16th centuries. The interior of what Europeans called "the Dark Continent", however, was not explored or colonized until the 19th century. By the early 20th century nearly all of Africa had been subjected to European rule. During early explorations Europeans, the Portuguese to be specific, took immediate notice to the wealth of the African continent by building forts at coastal trading posts in Western Africa, where ships could be loaded with the local slaves, gold, ivory, and palm products in exchange for alcohol, guns, and sugar; the vast wealth of certain areas in the Western African coast were given nicknames such as, Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, and Slave Coast for their chief products. Portuguese ships took gold from Eastern Africa to pay for the silks and spices of Asia(389). This world region has clear, mainly coastal, boundaries. In the colonial late 1800s and early 1900s, trade routes and connections moved away from the land crossing of the Sahara that connected northernmost Africa with the rest of the continent and toward the ocean routes linked with the expanding European global economy(380). Africa has a wealth of natural resources. Overall, however, Africa's potential mineral resources are underused, and the...
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...The Renaissance The Renaissance was an influential cultural movement which brought about a period of scientific revolution and artistic transformation, at the dawn of modern European history. It marks the period between the end of the Middle Ages and the start of the Modern Age. The Renaissance is usually considered to have begun in the 14th century in Italy and the 16th century in northern Europe. Renaissance is a French word that literally means rebirth. Rebirth is used in two ways. First, it means rediscovery of ancient classical texts and ideas and their use in the arts and sciences. Second, it means that the results of these intellectual activities created a revitalization of European culture. Most historians believe that the Renaissance of the 15th century in Italy, which spread through the rest of Europe, represented a reconnection of the west with classical antiquity, the absorption of knowledge—particularly mathematics—from Arabic world, the return of experimentalism, an explosion of the spread of knowledge brought on by printing and the creation of new techniques in art, poetry and architecture. This period shows Europe emerging from a long period as a backwater part of the world, and the rise of commerce and exploration. The Italian Renaissance is often labelled as the beginning of the "modern" age. The Renaissance has no set starting point or place. It happened gradually at different places at different times and there are no defined dates or places for when the...
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...From 1450 to 1525, Europeans began to explore more of the world around them. Some looked to gain riches for themselves and their countries, and find new ways around political opponents. Some were motivated by their religions. Others simply wanted glory for themselves and their country. All of these explorers were able to travel with help from new technology and techniques. After the black death wiped out a third of the European population, they recovered, and saw a population boost. This boost increased demand for products like spices, such as pepper, which could only be gotten in India. Expeditions that brought back spices earned huge profit margins, as these were the only things that could add variety to their diets. When sailors sailed west looking to go east, they landed in the Americas instead of far Eastern Asia. However, they did find value there, in gold and unconquered land. Between the allure of spices and pull of land to colonize, the Europeans had plenty of economic reasons to explore....
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...Origins of Modern Europe During the 14th and 15th centuries, Europe experienced a period of heightened intellectual and artistic activity. This rebirth of classical learning is called the Renaissance. The 15th century marked the beginning of the age of exploration. Christopher Columbus and other European seamen opened the way for increased world trade and great colonial empires. The cities on or near the Atlantic replaced those of Italy as the commercial centers of Europe. Rich merchants began to rival the nobles in wealth and power. A growing abundance of money permitted kings to hire officials and soldiers, gradually removing the need for feudal relationships. World known by Europeans in the 14th century This map shows how much of the world's lands and seas were known to Europeans by the A.D. 1300's. Areas that Europeans knew about included northern Africa, far northeastern North America, much of Asia, the Mediterranean Sea, and parts of the North Atlantic and Indian oceans. The 16th century brought the Reformation, when many Christians rejected the authority of the pope and the Protestant movement was begun. The 17th and 18th centuries formed a period of savage wars by which the various European monarchs sought to increase their territories. England became a limited monarchy and aspirations for political freedom appeared in other parts of Europe. Low Countries in the 16th century. The Low Countries, including most of present-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands...
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...The heavily armed carrack, first developed in Portugal for either trade or war in the Atlantic Ocean, was the precursor of the ship of the line. Other maritime European states quickly adopted it in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. These vessels were developed by fusing aspects of the cog of the North Sea and galley of the Mediterranean Sea. The cogs, which traded in the North Sea, in the Baltic Sea and along the Atlantic coasts, had an advantage over galleys in battle because they had raised platforms called "castles" at bow and stern that archers could occupy to fire down on enemy ships or even to drop heavy weights from. Over time these castles became higher and larger, and eventually were built into the structure of the ship, increasing overall strength. This aspect of the cog remained in the newer-stylecarrack designs and proved its worth in battles like that at Diu in 1509. The Mary Rose was an early 16th century English carrack or "great ship". She was heavily armed with 78 guns and 91 after an upgrade in the 1530s. Built in Portsmouth in 1510–1512, she was one of the earliest purpose-built men-of-war in the English navy. She was over 500 tons burthen, had a keel of over 32 m (106 ft) and a crew that consisted of 200 sailors, 185 soldiers, and 30 gunners. Although the pride of the English fleet, she accidentally sank during the battle of the Solent, 19 July 1545. Henri Grâce à Dieu (English: "Henry Grace of God"), nicknamed "Great Harry", was another early English...
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...the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-fifth of the world's population at the time. The empire covered more than 33,700,000 km2, almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, legal, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, the phrase "the empire on which the sun never sets" was often used to describe the British Empire, because its expanse across the globe meant that the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories. During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England, France, and the Netherlands, began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the Americas and Asia. A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left England (and then, following union between England and Scotland in 1707, Great Britain) the dominant colonial power in North America and India. British India British Raj was the...
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...Chapter 15 Vocabulary The Age of European Expansion and Religious Wars Pages 489-524 1. 2. Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis 3. Gunpowder’s contribution to the nature of war in the 16th century 4. Frances I & Henry II of France’s domestic policies 5. The nobility of the robe 6. Result of the Concordat of Bologna 7. Why Calvinism took hold in France 8. The sons of Henry II 9. The root of French religious violence 10. Saint Bartholemew's Day Massacre 11. The War of the Three Henrys 12. Politiques 13. Henry of Navarre 14. Edict of Nantes 15. the economic importance of the Netherlands 16. political history of the Netherlands (17 provinces) 17. Charles V’s abdication & the division of his lands between brother and son 18. Why Calvinism took root in the Netherlands 19. Margaret, regent of the Netherlands 20. The cathedral of Notre Dame of Antwerp 21. Duke of Alva 22. Prince William of Orange 23. Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma 24. Union of Utrecht 25. Why Elizabeth came to the aid of the Protestant Netherlands (Page 496) 26. The Escorial 27. Philip II (make sure and read his political, religious background) 28. Philip’s “British problem” 29. Spanish Armada 30. Results of the defeat of the Armada for both Spain and England 31. Lutheranism, Calvinism and German bishoprics 32. Protestant Union vs. Catholic League 33. Four Phases of the Thirty...
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...Why was Socrates regarded as a man of virtue? Why was Socrates regarded as a man of virtue? Socrates: Man of Virtue (470-399 B.C.E.) Socrates proposed the theory of value in which there are two sorts of good: virtue and happiness. Both are unconditional goods. But happiness is a "self-generated" good in that it "derives its value strictly from its inherent properties;" whereas virtue is an "other-generated" good in that it derives its value from happiness, precisely from its conduciveness to happiness. Virtue is an instinct in all humanity which can be aroused through self-examination. This universal truth is accessible to everyone who thinks and question. Socrates assumes that any person with whom he talks has the resource to answer his question correctly, that is, that no specialist knowledge is required. Socrates thought that knowledge is virtue, and virtue leads to happiness. It makes sense to think that moral people know what morality is. If you know right from wrong, then you might be able to choose to do what you know to be right. It also makes some sense to suspect that our beliefs about right and wrong influence our decisions. If we believe its right to help a drowning child, then it would be fairly shocking to decide not to do so—and it would less surprising when we decide to help the child. It is quite a shocking statement to say that virtue always leads to happiness. Criminals commit crimes that hurt others to help themselves. To think that their crimes would...
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...During the 15th and 16th century, most European countries were in search of new land to improve their own countries. Three of the most important countries that played a role in exploring the New World were Portugal, France, and Spain. Portugal, France, and Spain had explored different parts of the New World for different reasons, but in the process of exploring, they corrupted native traditions and civilizations. To begin with, Portugal had wanted to explore to find riches and increase their trade. With an increase in trade and riches, Portugal would gain more power and become wealthier. Portugal began exploring off the coast of Africa. While in Africa, Prince Henry wanted to spread his influence on those living there. After a period of time, Prince Henry grew eager to become wealthier and more powerful and decided Africa was not enough to satisfy him. Prince Henry came to the conclusion of trading with India. In order to get to India he had to travel around the tip of Africa. Many...
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