... 1. Gaw Company owns 15% of the common stock of Trace Corporation and used the fair-value method to account for this investment. Trace reported net income of $110,000 for 2011 and paid dividends of $60,000 on October 1, 2011. How much income should Gaw recognize on this investment in 2011? A. $16,500. B. $9,000. C. $25,500. D. $7,500. E. $50,000. Yaro Company owns 30% of the common stock of Dew Co. and uses the equity method to account for the investment. During 2011, Dew reported income of $250,000 and paid dividends of $80,000. There is no amortization associated with the investment. During 2011, how much income should Yaro recognize related to this investment? A. $24,000. B. $75,000. C. $99,000. D. $51,000. E. $80,000. On January 1, 2011, Pacer Company paid $1,920,000 for 60,000 shares of Lennon Co.'s voting common stock which represents a 45% investment. No allocation to goodwill or other specific account was made. Significant influence over Lennon was achieved by this acquisition. Lennon distributed a dividend of $2.50 per share during 2011 and reported net income of $670,000. What was the balance in the Investment in Lennon Co. account found in the financial records of Pacer as of December 31, 2011? A. $2,040,500. B. $2,212,500. C. $2,260,500. D. $2,171,500. E. $2,071,500. A company should always use the equity method to account for an investment if: A. it has the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating policies of the investee. B. it owns 30% of...
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...Prem Watsa’s abilities to allocate capital (the insurance float) into investments that are profitable. It is precisely Watsa’s ability to do this that has generated such above-average returns for shareholders over the past 25 years. Fairfax's insurance business has had little to do with the company's success other than providing the temporary capital with which to make its investments. I say “temporary” because that is exactly what Fairfax’s float has been. On average, Fairfax’s insurance business actually costs it 2% of float a year. But Watsa’s ability to seek out above-average returns has allowed for this 2% to be covered and still provide superior returns. This cost of float is a substantial difference between Berkshire Hathaway and Fairfax. Berkshire has prided itself on being built upon high-quality insurance companies, where Fairfax's insurance portfolio has been mediocre over the years. Despite Fairfax’s mediocre underwriting history, there is reason to believe that insurance will play a more critical role in Fairfax’s returns in the near-future. One reason for this is the recent acquisition spree with purchases of high-quality insurers and taking many investments at equity private. If Fairfax can bring its average underwriting up a few notches, it can grow float at no cost (a goal of Watsa’s) and then investors can expect to add, on average, an additional 2% of float onto their returns on book value. This may not be substantial but that additional 2% can turn into...
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... AUTHOR : MICHAEL M. POMPiaN BOOK REVIEW OF : BOOK REVIEW OF : PREPARED BY : ASHISH SHARMA PREPARED BY : ASHISH SHARMA 2014 2014 Behavioral Finance and Wealth Management Author Information “Michael M. Pompian, CFA, CFP, is a partner at Mercer Investment Consulting, a firm serving institutional and private wealth clients. Prior to joining Mercer, he was a wealth management advisor with Merrill Lynch and PNC Private Bank, and served on the investment staff of a family office. Pompian is a Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA), a Certified Financial Planner (CFP), and a Certified Trust Financial Advisor (CTFA). He is also a member of the CFA Institute (formerly AIMR) and the New York Society of Security Analysts (NYSSA). He holds a BS in management from the University of New Hampshire and an MBA in finance from Tulane University. Pompian is a regular speaker on the subject of behavioral finance and has published several articles on the subject. He is married with three sons and can be reached at michael.pompian@mercer.com. “ Michael M. Pompian describes various biases which we can see in human beings , also tells about various experiments on human beings in his book “ BEHAVIOURAL FINANCE AND WEALTH MANAGEMENT “ and tells “HOW TO BUILD OPTIMAL PORTFOLIOS THAT ACCOUNTS FOR INVESTOR BIASES “ The book is published by John wiley and sons, inc. ,Hoboken , New jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. The book was published in the year 2006 . ...
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...Learning Objectives: At the end of the session, students should be able: 1) To define and differentiate significant influence, joint control and control. 2) To determine whether the investor can exert significant influence over an investee. 3) To determine when it is appropriate to use equity method in accounting for investments. 4) To understand the underlying principle of equity method. Reference: IAS 28: Investments in Associate and Joint Ventures I. Accounting for equity instruments from the point of view of the investor: A. Based on management’s intention for acquiring the investment. 1. Passive investment a. Fair value through profit or loss b. Available for sale investments: 2. Active investment Level of influence on investee’s management |Level of control |Definition |Type of entity | |Control |Power to govern |Subsidiary | |Joint control | |Joint venture | | | |Joint operation | |Significant influence |Power to participate |Associate | II. Existence of significant influence. Can the investor exert significant influence over the investee’s operating and financing decisions? IAS 28.3 Significant influence is the power to participate...
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...situation. On August 25, 1995, Warren Buffett, the CEO of Berkshire Hathaway, announced that his firm would acquire the 49.6 percent of GEICO Corporation that it did not already own. The $2.3 billion deal would give GEICO shareholders $70.00 per share, up from the $55.75 per share market price before the announcement. Observers were astonished at the 26 percent premium that Berkshire Hathaway would pay, particularly since Buffett proposed to change nothing about GEICO, and there were no apparent synergies in the combination of the two firms. At the announcement, Berkshire Hathaway’s shares closed up 2.4 percent for the day, for a gain in market value of $718 million.1 That day, the Standard & Poor’s 500 index closed up 0.5 percent. The acquisition of GEICO renewed public interest in its architect, Warren Buffett. In many ways he was an anomaly. One of the richest individuals in the world (with an estimated net worth of about $7 billion), he was also respected and even beloved. Though he had accumulated perhaps the best investment record in history (a compound annual increase in wealth of 28 percent from 1965 to 1994),2 Berkshire Hathaway paid him only $100,000 per year to serve as its CEO. Buffett and other insiders controlled 47.9 percent of the company, yet Buffett ran the company in the interests of all shareholders. He was the subject of numerous laudatory articles and three biographies,3 yet he remained an intensely private individual. Though acclaimed by many as an intellectual...
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...ASSIGNEMENT 5 financial perspective of pepsico and coca cola business 508: THE BUSINESS ENTERPRISE strayer university by 12/05/10 Coke and Pepsi are the two major soft drink companies in the whole world; both companies have an international footprint. However, they also face substantial competition, as the market for non-alcoholic drinks is highly fragmented. In order to understand the investment characteristics of these two companies, it is worthwhile to take a look at these companies from the financial perspective, comparing their different financial ratios. Some of the important ratios that should be analyzed are the liquidity ratios, profitability ratios, cash flow indicators and investment valuation ratios. By analyzing the financial ratios this paper will help determine which of these two companies the better investment is. Ratios computation and analysis 1) Using the current ratio, discuss what conclusions you can make about each company’s ability to pay current liabilities (debt). A common liquidity ratio is the current ratio. This is calculated as the current assets / current liabilities. The current ratio reflects the ability of the company to meets its financial obligations for the next year. The current assets reflect assets that can be liquidated quickly, for example cash, inventories and receivables. The current ratio for Pepsi is $12,571 / $8756 = 1.44. The current ratio for Coca-Cola is $17,551 / $13,721 = 1.28....
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...According ranked by Forbes billionaire Warren Buffett is the second richest in the world with assets of nearly $ 50 billion. The success of the investment, especially about his stock investment has become legendary and it is difficult to list them. Books written a lot about the way to get rich billionaire genius this. Not that the fortune of meeting time, the building is now that he is so talented, passion and extraordinary efforts. Warren Edward Buffett was born August 30, 1930 in Omaha Nebraska United States, was the second child in the family and is the only son. His mother is a petite woman and vivacious, caring family and very good with numbers. His father was a very nice but also very serious and was a stockbroker who is also a lawmaker. Both Buffett family business has financial stocks, but spending their money is always prudent with the motto is "Beware that capital" When just a boy, he showed surprising aptitude for both money and business investment. The acquaintance tells us that he has a strange ability to mentally calculate the number n the first row - a possibility that Warren continues to surprise his colleagues later. As a child he and a friend used to sit afternoon porch record number plates of the cars passing by. At night, the two boys often open favorite newspaper and count each word appeared many times and fill dense book numbers. Five years old, he opened a booth to sell gum on the sidewalk of her home to sell to neighbors and passersby. Next you sell lemonade...
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...Investment Banking Giuliano Iannotta Investment Banking A Guide to Underwriting and Advisory Services Professor Giuliano Iannotta Department of Finance ` Universita Bocconi via Roentgen 1 20136 Milano Italy giuliano.iannotta@unibocconi.it ISBN: 978-3-540-93764-7 e-ISBN: 978-3-540-93765-4 DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-93765-4 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009943831 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) To my family ...
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...1 Valuing Financial Service Firms Aswath Damodaran April 2009 Valuing banks, insurance companies and investment banks has always been difficult, but the market crisis of 2008 has elevated the concern to the top of the list of valuation issues. The problems with valuing financial service firm stem from two key characteristics. The first is that the cash flows to a financial service firm cannot be easily estimated, since items like capital expenditures, working capital and debt are not clearly defined. The second is that most financial service firms operate under a regulatory framework that governs how they are capitalized, where they invest and how fast they can grow. Changes in the regulatory environment can create large shifts in value. In this paper, we confront both factors. We argue that financial service firms are best valued using equity valuation models, rather than enterprise valuation models, and with actual or potential dividends, rather than free cash flow to equity. The two key numbers that drive value are the cost of equity, which will be a function of the risk that emanates from the firm’s investments, and the return on equity, which is determined both by the company’s business choices as well as regulatory restrictions. We also look at how relative valuation can be adapted, when used to value financial service firms. 2 Banks, insurance companies and other financial service firms pose special challenges for an analyst attempting to value...
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...borrowers, banks more often than not offered adjustable rate mortgages to their clients which provided them with lower payments compared to those offered by traditional mortgages. As subprime lending grew exponentially, investment firms and banks saw an opportunity to take advantage of the boom by securitizing the loans into new investment vehicles called Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDO)(Evans & Jain, 2010). As organizations grew their investments in CDOs, accounting professionals at these institutions played a role in misleading investors about their organization’s risks and financial health. As a way to minimize risk to their organizations, accounting professionals at a number of banks and investment firms used creative accounting maneuvers to move CDOs to Qualified Special Purpose Entities (QSPE). In doing so, they removed the liability of these assets from their organization’s books misleading investors about their organization’s health (Chasan, 2008). This kind of practice was used by several organizations including Citigroup Inc. which settled on July 29, 2010 a lawsuit by the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) for misleading investors. “The SEC said the company repeatedly made misleading statements in calls with analysts and regulatory filings about the extent of its holdings tied to high-risk mortgages. The bank had said the exposure was $13 billing or less. The SEC said it exceeded $50 billion” (Rosen, 2010, para. 2)....
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...Rich dad The major themes of this book are don't work for money make money work for you, don't play it safe play it smart, develop you financial education, and it is better to know a little about a lot than to know a lot about a little. The author repeats the point of making money work for you instead of working for money many times in this book. He gives examples like don't just work for businesses create your own business; invest in real estate, trade stocks, and other forms of investing. Another main point of this book is to not play it safe play it smart. According to the author one of the differences between the middle class and the rich class is the middle class plays it safe and the rich class can afford to take smart risks. The rich invest in higher yield riskier investments, but they play smart by trying to eliminate as much risk as they can use their financial knowledge. The author also stresses the point of investing in an education. He says that your education is your most powerful investment. He recommends seminars, books, tapes, and classes to learn. What you don't know is always what hurts you in investing. Another theme of the book is not to focus all of you knowledge in one area. The author recommends finding out a little about everything and then paying a professional who knows more than you know in a certain investment. Income pays for you assets, liabilities, and expenses. Expenses are taxes, food, housing, and so on. Liabilities are categorized by what cost...
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...Chapter 3 AN INTRODUCTION TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chapter Outline A BUSINESS COMBINATION UNDER GAAP INCLUDES COMBINATIONS IN WHICH ONE OR MORE COMPANIES BECOME SUBSIDIARIES OF A PARENT CORPORATION. A A corporation that holds a majority interest (over 50%) of the voting stock of another corporation is referred to as the parent company. B The interest not held by the parent company is referred to as the noncontrolling interest. C A corporation whose outstanding voting stock is over 50% owned by another corporation is a subsidiary of that corporation. D GAAP states that the acquisition of additional shares of a subsidiary is recorded by an increase in the investment account and a reduction of the noncontrolling interest, based on the carrying amount of the noncontrolling interest at the additional acquisition date. APIC is adjusted for any difference between the price and the carrying amount. E The parent company and subsidiary exist as separate legal entities and maintain separate accounting records. However, each reporting period their separate accounting records are combined into one set of consolidated financial statements for reporting the financial position and results of operations of a consolidated reporting entity. 1 Consolidated financial statements are prepared for all the companies under the control of a single management team to reflect a single reporting entity with multiple divisions. 2 The purpose of consolidated...
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...The Buffett Approach to Valuing Stocks Focusing on return on capital may be the key to investment success. By Steven R. Ferraro, CFA, PhD 2009 Volume 12 Issue 3 Much has been written about famed U.S. investor and Berkshire Hathaway CEO Warren Buffett’s investment style and successes. Preeminent among these writings are the oft-cited Berkshire Hathaway shareholder letters, written by the “Oracle of Omaha” himself. These informative letters have been the basis for a multitude of books. But even with an abundance of available information on “how to invest like Warren Buffett,” it is apparent that something is lacking, how does Buffett determine an acceptable price for companies of interest? This article provides an example of the process Buffett is reported to go though to determine the intrinsic value of a publicly traded company. Photo: Bogdan Radenkovic Starting at the Beginning Before we get our hands dirty with the valuation aspects of the investment decision, let us review a brief outline of the qualitative and quantitative aspects of Buffett’s decision process as observed by Robert G. Hagstrom.[1] This map helps us navigate the turbulent waters of Wall Street and is comprised of business, management, financial, and market tenets. Investment Tenets Business • Is the business simple and understandable? • Does the business have a consistent operating history? • Does the business have favorable long-term prospects? Management • Is management...
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...valuation models emphasized the relationship between growth and value – higher growth firms were assigned higher values – more recent iterations of these models have noted that growth unaccompanied by excess returns creates no value. With this shift towards excess returns has come an increased focus on measuring and forecasting returns earned by businesses on both investments made in the past and expected future investments. In this paper, we examine accounting and cash flow measures of these returns and how best to forecast these numbers for any given business for the future. 3 The notion that the value of a business is a function of its expected cash flows is deeply engrained in finance. To generate these cashflows, though, firms have to raise and invest capital in assets and this capital is not costless. In fact, it is only to the extent that the cash flows exceed the costs of raising capital from both debt and equity that they create value for a business. In effect, the value of a business can be simply stated as a function of the “excess returns” that it generates from both existing and new investments. While this principle is intuitive and easily proved, measuring excess returns has proved to be difficult to do. On one side of the equation are the costs of debt, equity and capital. While there are clearly significant questions that remain to be addressed, a significant portion of the research in finance has been...
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...Tweedy, Browne Company LLC Investment Advisers Established in 1920 ______________________________________________________________________________________ Managing Directors Christopher H. Browne William H. Browne John D. Spears Thomas H. Shrager Robert Q. Wyckoff, Jr. WHAT HAS WORKED IN INVESTING: Studies of Investment Approaches and Characteristics Associated with Exceptional Returns What Has Worked In Investing is an attempt to share with you our knowledge of historically successful investment characteristics and approaches. Included in this booklet are descriptions of 44 studies, one-half of which relate to non-U.S. stocks. Our choice of studies has not been selective; we merely included most of the major studies we have seen through the years. Interestingly, geography had no influence on the basic conclusion that stocks possessing the characteristics described in this booklet provided the best returns over long periods of time. While this conclusion comes as no surprise to us, it does provide empirical evidence that Benjamin Graham’s principles of investing, first described in 1934 in his book, Security Analysis, continue to serve investors well. A knowledge of the recurring and often interrelated patterns of investment success over long periods has not only enhanced our investment process, but has also provided long-term perspective and, occasionally, patience and perseverance. We hope this knowledge will also serve you well. The investment selection criteria described...
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