...INTRODUCTION Following this introduction on Nigeria’s economic development challenge, this paper reviews business economics, outlining the relationship with innovation and social entrepreneurship. It also presents a holistic framework for economic development covering the individual, firm and macro levels, and outlines the roles of stakeholders at each level, in fostering national development. It concludes by calling on all stakeholders to play their part in leveraging entrepreneurship and all aspects of business economics to unleash the wealth of human capital that Nigeria is endowed with so that more people can participate in the transformation of Nigeria. Nigeria as the most populous country in Africa is naturally endowed with millions and millions of acres of arable land, 38.5 billion barrels of stated oil reserves, vast gas reserves, a variety of unexploited minerals, and a wealth of human capital by virtue of its estimated population of 150 million. It is the world’s eighth largest exporter of oil, and Africa’s second largest economy, after South Africa. Nigeria accounts for 15 per cent of Africa’s population, contributes 11 per cent of Africa’s total output and 16 per cent of its foreign reserves while it accounts for half of the population and more than two-thirds of the output of the West Africa sub-region. It has been at the forefront of the resolution of many political challenges in Africa. Over the last decade, Nigeria has implemented far reaching economic reforms...
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...Entrepreneur Business Plan Assignment ACC 557 November 16, 2014 \ Abstract People in America are creative, ambitious, and industrious. Many people are not content with just a single paycheck from week to week. Always looking for alternative ways to be productive and earn more income, I have thought about starting my own business. From my experience a small business is started from a person’s hobbies or it involves the person’s interests. Today’s marking techniques makes it easier for an entrepreneur to buy and sell their products and services worldwide. Having an easier way to buy and sell your products gives the entrepreneur a chance to perfect their craft more. Spending less time trying to sell a product gives an entrepreneur or a small business owner to work on a new product. In this paper I will discuss the details about the small business I would like to open one day soon. We will discuss my business plan in detail, including the financial report, and how to implement this plan to start my own business. Discussing the reasons why as entrepreneur, I would choose to use GAAP over IFRS, are also included in this paper. A sample chart of my account statement for my business is included as well. BUSINESS PLAN Many people in America are creative, ambitious, and industrious; always looking for other ways to make income. Because I am just like most Americans I decided to start my own hair dresser type of business. From my experience a business is started...
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...Sadruddin Rahat Shams Business Ethics Dr. Muhammad Asim 11th May, 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would also like to thank our colleagues from New York University, Abu Dhabi, who provided insight and expertise that greatly assisted the research, although they may not agree with all of the interpretations/conclusions of this paper. We would also like to show our highest gratitude to the Dr. Muhammad Asim for sharing his pearls of wisdom with us during the course of this research and guiding us throughout the course work. Table of Contents ABSTRACT 2 Keywords Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.0 INTRODUCION 2 2.0 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKAND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 2 2.1 Concept of Poverty 2 2.2 Concept of Entrepreneurship 2 2.3 GDP Growth and Poverty Reduction 2 2.4 Strategies for Reducing Poverty through Entrepreneurship 2 2.5 Relieving Poverty through Entrepreneurship Education 2 3.0 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY 2 4.0 EMPIRICAL REVIEWS ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION 2 5.0 CONCLUSION 2 6.0 FUTURE RESEARCH 2 REFERENCES 2 ABSTRACT Entrepreneurship is a real wellspring of riches and employment creation, financial and mechanical development and an indication of social change. Entrepreneurs have intermittently acquired a place in the discussions of drivers of economic development. Over the world, countries that made entrepreneurship and business collaborate in a congenial environment were effective in lessening poverty radically. Examining...
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...Public Disclosure Authorized WPS6107 Policy Research Working Paper 6107 Public Disclosure Authorized Financial Literacy around the World An Overview of the Evidence with Practical Suggestions for the Way Forward Lisa Xu Bilal Zia Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank Development Research Group Finance and Private Sector Development Team June 2012 Policy Research Working Paper 6107 Abstract Financial literacy programs are fast becoming a key ingredient in financial policy reform worldwide. Yet, what is financial literacy exactly and what do we know of its effectiveness? This paper collects insights from the literature thus far and summarizes global evidence on financial literacy, its correlates, and existing and upcoming causal investigations. The authors conclude with a synthesis of policy advice and practical suggestions for the way forward in this fast growing area of research. This paper is a product of the Finance and Private Sector Development Team, Development Research Group. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://econ.worldbank.org. The author may be contacted at bzia@worldbank.org. The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development...
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...and the Networks Governance Structure in Tanzania: Literature Review and Research Issues Lettice Rutashobya Issack Allan Faculty of Commerce and Management, University of Dar es salaam P.O Box. 35046 Dar es salaam, Tanzania Tel: 255 741 323661, 255 22 2410221 Fax: 255 22 2410510 Email: Lettice@fcm.udsm.ac.tz Jan-Erik Jaensson Umea University school of Business Administration and Economics, Sweden Jan-Erik.Jaensson@fek.umu.se Abstract This paper reviews the networks and the IMP literature to inform research on the network phenomenon in small and medium enterprises in Tanzania. It is noted that while a lot of work in this area has been done in Western Industrialized countries, little by way of serious research has been undertaken in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. The role of networks in enterprise development and growth in these countries remains unexplored and therefore unclear. It is argued here that research on networks needs to be contextualized if it is to gain currency. Integrating the networks and the IMP perspectives this paper identifies three crucial areas relevant for future research in Tanzania: viz, the network-performance nexus, female versus male networks and social networks. Introduction The main purpose of this paper is to provoke research on networks in Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) in Tanzania. We integrate the networks, IMP and entrepreneurship literature to justify research in this area. In the entrepreneurship literature networks have been identified...
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...hypothetical company for the purpose of creating a marketing plan is Healthy Hair, Inc. The company brand name is Boss and its product offering is a unisex shampoo and conditioner in one aimed primarily at African American female and males between the ages of 18-34. According to marketing research company Mintel, sales of black hair care products in 2008 exceeded $165 million. Although a third of those sales went to corporate conglomerates like L’Oreal and Alberto Culver, who own many ethnic product lines from Soft-Sheen Carson to Mizani, there are still many independent African-American players in the hair product game (Humphrey 2010). This paper will discuss 1) The marketing segment for Healthy Hair, Inc., and why this segment was selected, 2) The target market and why these customers are targeted, 3) Healthy Hair, Inc. strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT), 4) The market position for the product. Identify the marketing segment for the product and explain why this segment was selected; The Segment A market segment is a group of customers whose likes are comparable (Iacobucci, 2010). The marketing segment for the product is based on demographics, geographic, psychological, and behavior data. Demographics The product will be geared toward African American men and women ages 18-34. The education level and income for this segment is intrinsically tied to the age of the consumer. Given this, as an average one will utilize $25,000 to $30,000 as the yearly...
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...1991, 1998, Ministry of Finance 1996). Although the discovery of natural gas in the early nineties catapulted Trinidad’s economic growth rate to four percent per annum, unemployment and poverty continue to affect a large portion of the population. The majority of the population has not benefited from Trinidad’s economic growth. Thus, the government has attempted to create “a nation of entrepreneurs” in order to relieve some of the inequality that defines the society (Ministry of Trade and Industry 1997). Trinidad’s expansion of micro-enterprise programs reflects an international trend. Endorsed by non-governmental organizations, private financial institutions, international development agencies, including the World Bank, many scholars and development practitioners also view microenterprise assistance as a panacea for Third World poverty (Johnson and Kidder, 1999; Mosley and Hulme, 1998; Dignard and Havet, 1995; Grosh and Somolekae, 1996; Rakowski, 1994). Micro-enterprise development programs generally consist of training in business skills or providing small loans or credit to micro-entrepreneurs (Dignard and Havet, 1995; International Labour Organization, 1995; Rakowski, 1994). These programs typically target self-employed individuals or businesses with five or fewer employees both of which are characteristic of the informal sector. The micro-enterprise strategy for development is gendered. Not only do micro-enterprise...
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...Final Research Paper Tanya ANT 101: Introduction to Cultural Anthropology Final Research Paper Different societies exist throughout the world and within these societies each society develops culture that works best for them. Within these cultures they pass all their acquired knowledge and traditions down from generation to generation. Nevertheless, each culture has their own way of life, own marriage beliefs, their own values and feelings on life and religious beliefs. Cultures tend to have their own way to run their government, and ways to keep their economy up to their standards. Most importantly in cultural anthropology it is imperative to value culture relativism. This is the view in which no culture is superior to other culture when comparing systems such as morality, law, and politics (Crapo, 2013). Each culture beliefs are equally valid depending on the environment. In this paper, I will delve into a piece of my culture from an outsider’s standpoint, an etic perspective, and furthermore, I will examine another culture from an emic perspective on their traditional practices. Not only will I examine gender roles and equality in the United States workforce from an etic perspective, but also polygyny in Sub-Saharan Africa from an emic perspective. Throughout American history the number of women in the United States workforce has been increasing even though American society has always claimed men to be the breadwinners and heads of the house. According to...
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...Society: Through the View of Many People African-Americans, Whites, Asians, Indians, Chinese, Japanese, and etc…They are all classified as ethnicities, that are judged every day in some shape or form. From day one to now I’ve learned more through the class of “Black World Studies” taught by Professor Coates. Coates gave me the intelligent insight on how Africans-Americans were able to succeed through the tough times of learning even when they could die from learning how to read. It was a sacrifice the slaves had to do that the time. When I read more articles and watched more movies, it showed determination, courage, heart, and attitude. When reading, it switched to a period of slavery to a period of the Civil War. After that I came to an author named Jared Diamond that gave his view on the world of slavery. In the article “How Africa Became Black” by Jared Diamond he argues that diversity resulted from the geography of Africa. Africa is home to five major human groups, blacks, whites, African Pygmies, Khoisan, and Asians. Thirty percent of the world’s language is in Africa. But as the years goes on were losing about 2 per week. Soon as the world gets older there wouldn’t be any languages in Africa. As race continues to grow in Africa there will be different types of languages being made and the previous groups (ethnic groups of language) wouldn’t exist anymore. As said in paragraph 8 of “How Africa Became Black” races are stereotyping, from Black to White, to putting the Zulu...
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...African Lemons Tuwain Kolleh Chamberlain College of Nursing Introduction to Business & Technology Professor Christine Epps Introduction There’s a lot that goes into starting a business, especially when you are starting one from scratch. Often time’s people look at successful entrepreneurs and say that they got lucky, not knowing that it took hard work and proper business strategies to get to where that entrepreneur is. The purpose of this paper is to develop a basic premise for a new company, address-branding strategies, importance of a company mission statement, ways that company’s can positively affect their communities, proper way to price products and how to enter your company into a global market. Branding After contemplating on several names for my company, I finally decided to name my lemonade stand African Lemons. Living in one of the top African populated communities in the U.S gives me an edge over other competitors by branding my lemonade stand African Lemons. Us Africans are known for having each other backs no matter what African country you are from. It’s a cultural thing. We rather buy from our native people then people of other cultures. I will also be able to draw other customers with this name due to the fact that African products are usually natural, pure and without artificial preservatives. Many Americans and foreigners love natural products especially for their young ones. Naming is important to the creation of a product/ company...
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...Before the 13th amendment was ever established, slavery was a big part of a Southern American’s everyday life. Throughout modern times and everyday history lessons, we only really hear about what hardships and disgusting things that happened to african americans during this time period. The lives of thousands of slaves were put into such a terrible spot. They worked constantly everyday, with no restrictions or help on their side. The question that everyone needs to ask is who is putting them through these harsh conditions? The Plantation owner's lifestyle and what they did to effect their plantation is never discussed. The people behind closed doors are the reason behind one of the largest conflicts in the United States history. What did the...
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...this paper is to offer a perspective to further the understanding of gender entrepreneurship. This paper considers the situatedness of the gendered entrepreneur within diverse international contexts marked by different constitutions of gender identities and networks of power, both within the context of contributions within this special issue but also more broadly within the field of gender and entrepreneurship research. Design/methodology/approach – The authors adopt a feminist perspective and analyse the different framings of identity within gender and entrepreneurship literature and their contributions to our understandings of the concepts of both power and gendered identities. Findings – The paper finds that power and identity are configured in different contexts in ways that open arenas for future analysis. Originality/value – The paper highlights the importance of considering masculinities within gender and entrepreneurship research offering support for further analyses of entrepreneurial masculinities by examining two studies that expose entrepreneurial masculinities as shifting subjectivities influenced by men’s social power, but also by interactions between men and women and broader cultural contexts and transitions. In so doing, it contributes to the research agenda in relation to gender and entrepreneurship in different contexts. Keywords Gender, Entrepreneurialism, Women entrepreneurs, Masculinities, Identity, Power, Research work, Feminism Paper type Research paper...
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...growing interest among scholars and practitioners in African innovation. Some contend that the continent's recent economic boom is largely a homegrown phenomenon, driven primarily by indigenous entrepreneurs developing local content for continental consumers. But is this true? To what extent is Africa's impressive economic performance in recent years the result of internal dynamics and which actors and institutions are most responsible? This chapter examines the state of innovation across the African continent, with a particular focus on sub-Saharan Africa. The authors identify key facilitators of innovation in the private, public, and non-profit sectors, as well as obstacles to the continent’s continuing innovation-led economic expansion. I. Introduction In a widely read 2005 article in the Atlantic Monthly, author Richard Florida argued that with respect to innovation, the world is anything but flat. Given the way that creative talent, technical expertise, and financial capital tend to cluster in a handful of hubs or “peaks” around the world – places such as New York, San Francisco, London, Berlin, and Tokyo – the world’s innovation topography is best described as “spiky” (Florida, 2005). Although Africa, to borrow Florida’s metaphor, has few innovation peaks of global significance and lots of valleys (and indeed, plenty of chasms), the continent does contain a growing number of hills, wherein entrepreneurs are taking advantage of late-comer advantages in technology...
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...before the founding of our country, the American way of life has, and continues to be, hypocritical to the first lines of the Declaration of Independence. “That all men are created equal.” The lines that every American should hold dear to the heart, and many even lose their lives to uphold. America has seen many times of economic downturn, and economic prosperity. Though for African Americans; economics has been consistently been a downturn. The opportunity to play a role in, and to enjoy economic prosperity has always been an uphill battle for these groups. Racial inequality in America has always been inconsistent with equal opportunity in the job market. Which ultimately means that groups such as African Americans have always been deprived of their equal rights to fairly compete for jobs. Because the level of playing field is heavily shifted against minority groups and woman, there will always be high unemployment for these groups. What people tend to forget to realize is that this disparity in equal opportunity hurts the overall economy. When the nations employers deprive particular groups of economic opportunity, unemployment rises, and when unemployment rises, the poverty level will also rise. This is especially true for the case of African American. As we will see, African Americans fall below Caucasians in median income, and above Caucasians in poverty. We will also see a long history of inequalities towards African Americans in the Housing market. Comparative Median...
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...Globes Ellen Fitz 1875 Grain storage bin Lizzie Dickelman 1920 Improved locomotive wheels Mary Jane Montgomery 1864 Improvement in dredging machines Emily Tassey 1876 Improvement in stone pavements Emily Gross 1877 Kevlar, a steel-like fiber used in radial tires, crash helmets, and bulletproof vests Stephanie Kwolek 1966 Life raft Maria Beaseley 1882 Liquid Paper correction fluid Bette Nesmith Graham 1956 Locomotive chimney Mary Walton 1879 Medical syringe Letitia Geer 1899 Mop-wringer pail Eliza Wood 1889 Oil burner Amanda Jones 1880 Permanent wave for the hair Marjorie Joyner 1928 Portable screen summer house Nettie Rood 1882 Refrigerator Florence Parpart 1914 Rolling pin Catherine Deiner 1891 Rotary engine Margaret Knight 1902 Safety device for elevators Harriet Tracy 1892 Street cleaning machine Florence Parpart 1900 Submarine lamp and telescope Sara Mather 1845 Suspenders Laura Cooney 1896 Washing machine Margaret Colvin 1871 Windshield wiper Mary Anderson 1903 Zigzag sewing machine Helen Blanchard 1873 Harriet Russell Strong of Oakland (1844-1929). An entrepreneur...
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