...The Perfect Female Body: Long before beauty pageants, Barbie dolls, and extra-ordinarily beautiful girls, came about the idea of the female body. Whether you are a believer of creationalism, scientology, or evolutionism, somehow we all came about with the perception of the “perfect” female. Women have always been seen, and portrayed as a sex symbol, and usually the disobedient one. Dating back to B.C and the story of Adam and Eve, Eve was the naked one who bit into the fruit that god told her was forbidden. Why couldn’t it have been Adam that caused such scandal, and was the cause for destruction, and crime in the world, and not Eve? From the believed beginning of time, to present day, women have really only progressed a small amount up the social ladder. Today, women are looked down upon, if they are slightly more over weight then what is considered “normal,” if they are “underweight”, “darker skin color”, too “pale”, “flat chested”, big boned, “thick,” or because of their ethnicities and backgrounds. So what exactly defines the “perfect female?” Is it the girls featured on “Girls Gone Wild” in Cancun, or the half naked models posing for Victoria’s Secret? Or is it the perfectly put together “Miss America” pageant queens? Or is it the Hollywood actresses with billion dollar dresses, and priceless jewelry? Or the well toned, well defined professional team cheerleaders, and dancers we watch? WE, speaking for us “average” women, who often tend to idolize, and carry pieces...
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...Josephine Baker is a dynamic revolutionary performer, movie star, fashion icon, hero of the French Resistance, humanitarian, and a mother of twelve adopted children of various ethnicities. And importantly she is a legacy of imagery and symbolism. From the start, the African American Josephine Baker, was a survivor. Far from the glitter and gaiety that characterized her beloved Paris, Baker’s beginnings were harsh and difficult. Born in the slums of St. Louis, Missouri in 1906, she grew up sleeping in cardboard shelters and scavenging for food in garbage cans. At the age of eight Baker was hired out to a white woman as a maid. She was forced to sleep in the coal cellar with a pet dog and was scalded on the hands when she used too much soap in laundry. She also witnessed the cruel East St. Louis race riot of 1917. She left school early for her age and was performing professionally at the age of thirteen. She left her parents’ house and got a job as a waitress until she encountered a group of performers called the Jones Family Band, that led her to her first stage debut at the Booker T. Washington Theatre, a black vaudeville house in St. Louis. By the age of eighteen, she was out of Missouri, had been discovered in New York and was performing with numerous troupes in various stage productions. She performed on Broadway in 1922, Shuffle Along and appeared as a star by 1924 in Chocolate Dandies. For a city that was bursting with spirit and rhythm of jazz, Baker was a perfect match...
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...A fad often is defined as “a temporary fashion, notion, manner of conduct, etc., especially one followed enthusiastically by a group”. One example is M.C Hammer and his titular “Hammer pants” becoming a notable fad in the 80’s. All fads fade away eventually, leaving little in the way of impact. While that may be the case for most, it’s not for a fad in the 60’s known as the zoot suit. Fads are often influenced by positive media which in turn influences the public; however, with zoot suits it was the exact opposite. These suits were popular in particular with minorities, who wore the suits as a form of indirect protesting against racism. Due to their association with minorities the suits became less popular and had their image tarnished by the media, who condemned the suits branding any minority who wore them as “thugs” or “gangsters”. Many white comedians at the time wore them as a way to mock and belittle minorities. The suits were often associated with fictional villians in an...
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...neighborly B. Prohibition: the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages were legally prohibited 3. 18th Amendment: ratified Jan, 1919 and repealed by the 21st Amendment in Dec, 1933 C. Positive Opinions/Results of Prohibition: 4. Progressives wanted it banned to stop family violence, crime, and poverty c. Support for prohibition was found in the rural native-Protestant dominated West and South d. The church-affiliated Anti-Saloon League led the drive to pass Prohibition e. Woman’s Christian Temperance Union considered drinking a sin 5. WW I reformers advocated prohibition as a war measure f. People were concerned that many German Americans owned many of the brewers g. Drinking reduced the efficiency of soldiers and workers 6. Learned we must have a clear majority supporting an issue before a law is made h. Initially alcoholism declined and the number of alcohol related deaths D. Negative Opinions/Results of Prohibition: 7. Laws were broken by normally law-abiding citizens i. Immigrants, college students, and some city dwellers disobeyed prohibition j. People visited...
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...“Is Australian Popular Music of the 20th Century a mere imitation of American Popular Music of the 20th Century?” Validate your viewpoint by referencing specific music styles, characteristic features of music styles (instrumentation, performance style, rhythm, melody, intervals/scales/blue notes, harmony, texture, and form), bands, vocalists and specific songs. The 20th century has provided music that was the soundtrack for a generation. During this period there was a rise of pop music and its demand. American bands and artists were monopolizing the market, pumping out band after band. Record labels that were prominent at the time were Atlantic, EMI and Warner Bro’s records. The rise of the Billboard charts and magazine also played a significant role in the success of pop music. Australia was also producing bands that were ranking very high on the charts with smash hits. This phenomenon of pop music and pop culture has defiantly defined the generations that it came from. By analyzing and discussing the popular music of the 20th century, we can see that Australia is not just a mere imitation of American popular music. Musical Roots The cultural music of Australia can be traced beck through to the Aborigines. They practiced music not as an art form or means of entertainment but rather as a spiritual ritual or a method of story telling. Their influence on Australian mainstream music can be heard today through their instruments the didgeridoo and the clap sticks. In the...
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...To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is a heartbreaking story set in Maycomb, Alabama in the 1930’s, during the Great Depression. The characters Jem and Scout have many parental figures throughout their life, never feeling a lack of love, even after their mother's death. Atticus, their father, Calpurnia, their chef, and their Aunt Alexandra, all play a very important role in there lives. It is because of those three figures that they are the way the are. “--Until you climb into his skin and walk around in it.’ Atticus said I had learned many things today, and Miss caroline had learned several things herself.” (pg. 30) They have learned so many life lessons from each and every person in there life, and it really shaped them an people. Family...
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...and out of chassés, as well as this, similar to classical ballet, movements are repeated two or three times as Robbins has done with the motif of chassés into the clicking of their fingers followed by the circular knee movement. Furthermore, the way in which Robbins uses non-balletic styled movement such as the knee circles and clicks within the ballet section demonstrates specifically Robbins’ use of Sandor’s training through his use of fussing various styles, jazz and ballet in choreographing West Side Story. Having first taken classes informally from his sister, Sonia, Jerry went on to study with her teacher, Alyce Bentley, who taught interpretive dance in a small studio at Carnegie Hall. As interpretive modern dance developed in the 1930’s it held sway over ballet and the arts across the board were expected to exhibit a commitment to social struggle and reflect the realities of the times,...
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...The Women of Today are Thankful for the Women of Our Past Student Name HIST 204 Naomi Rendina September 3, 2012 The Women of Today are Thankful for the Women of Our Past The American Women started out as the basic homemaker since coming to the New World. They were seen as nothing but a person that should stay home with the children, tend to the land and their husbands. As the world began to change, so did the view point and the rights of women. This change did not happen overnight and it was not an easy battle. The women of our past paved the road so that the women today can play a major role in the military, politics and on the home front of America. The first battle for women’s rights came in the mid to late 1800’s, prior to the Civil War at the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848. The movement came to a sudden halt, just as it started to begin, due to the Civil War. In 1869 the proposed 15th Amendment, which gave black men the right to vote, fueled the women’s right movement even more (Bowles 2011). Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton played a major role in the early part of this movement. In May 1869, the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) was formed by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton; an organization made up primarily of women. Their object was to secure an amendment to the Constitution in favor of women's suffrage, and they opposed passage of the Fifteenth Amendment unless it was changed to guarantee to women the right to vote...
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...Genre Study NAME MUSIC INSTRUCTOR’S NAME DATE OF SUBMISSION INTRODUCTION This research paper is a specific study of one of the African dance musical genre-reggae, which was first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s. The music of Jamaica includes Jamaican folk music and many other popular genres. Therefore, Jamaican popular music since 1960 can be roughly divided into four eras each of which had a distinctive beat – ska, rocksteady, reggae, and dancehall. (Chang and Chen W, 1998, x) But this African dance musical genre “reggae” has gained immense popularity since it was first introduced in the music world and since then it is one of the most popular genres of music. Hence, it is one of the most significant music genres in Western musical market. In my paper, the focus of the reggae music genre is from 1965 till 1975 as these were considered as the major years or a decade for reggae music when it flourished. This was the time period during which the culture of reggae music was civilized and spread widely in the parts of Jamaica. Bob Marley is known as one of the best artists of this genre and the impact he made and contributed has made beyond the shores of Jamaica and globally as well. Reggae was created by the Jamaicans and still it is the only music genre which is so much popular and not created by Europeans or Americans. It has gained immense popularity since its introduction and in the recent years as well that it is the first model in which a third world country...
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...legislation that gave African Americans equal rights to ‘whites’ the result of famous, glorified leaders such as Martin Luther King and Lyndon Johnson or was it those who worked behind the scenes, the local groups and individuals, who set the stage for these legal amendments to be possible? The Civil Rights Movement was one of the most significant events in the modern history of the United States that has formed the basis of many of its core values and laws today. The Civil Rights Movement unofficially ended with the passing of the long awaited “1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act” which legally saw an end to the racial discrimination faced by African Americans. However the historiography of the Civil Rights Movement has “undergone some serious revision” since 1965 as it ‘gained popular appeal.’ Initially the Civil Rights Movement was “romanticized” and considered to be a “heroic narrative of moral purpose and personal courage by which great men and women inspired ordinary people to rise up and struggle for their rights” such as the famed Martin Luther King, who was painted as the ‘driving force behind the movement’ ,President Lyndon Johnson and Kennedy and organisations such as ‘The National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People’ (NAACP) This idea of the federal government, prominent leaders and organisations playing the defining role in the passing of these bills soon became less plausible in the 1970’s and 1980’s as the “second generation...
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...Changing Culture of the Male Market Journal of Macromarketing 33(2) 160-171 ª The Author(s) 2012 Reprints and permission: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/0276146712463823 jmk.sagepub.com Blaine J. Branchik1 and Tilottama Ghosh Chowdhury1 Abstract This research chronicles the changes in the understudied and rapidly evolving male market segment using two related studies: (1) a content analysis of advertisements in fifty-one years of Sports Illustrated magazine and (2) an experiment involving age-based differences in consumer ad perceptions. Both investigate changing ad values and the ethnic diversity of ad models. Results indicate that the male market is becoming increasingly self-oriented in its values orientation as a result of broad societal changes and changing gender roles. Increasing use of black or African American models in key positions indicates a growing acceptance of minorities as representations of the ideal self among younger men, who express a preference for black or African American models. This finding speaks to the increasingly multicultural nature of society and the impact of minority celebrities on American culture. The results are indicative of the power of advertising in both reflecting and facilitating societal change. Keywords advertising, male market, societal change, ethnicity, gender, culture, macromarketing Introduction American men, as a cultural entity and market force, are undergoing rapid change. This metamorphosis...
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...They Loved America Too! Teresa Wright HIS 206 United States History II Instructor Anderson April 10, 2016 They Loved America Too! Mexican Immigrants faced many challenges when came to America. They came to better their lives and help their families. Americans treated them as if they were dirty, filthy people. Fleeing the instability of their homeland during the decade of the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920), the early immigrants to Silvis were lured by the promise of work in the burgeoning American railroad, where they were offered low-paid but mostly steady work. The Quad Cities was an important hub, and the Mexican families were allowed at first to live around the railroad yard, in abandoned boxcars, before moving to Second Street, where they built modest homes and a solid, self-sufficient community. Though bigotry was rampant, the community took up America's sense of urgency after the attack on Pearl Harbor, answering the call for workers in the Rock Island Arsenal and young conscripts in the Army (Harrison, Vol.82, Issue 7). The Mexican families continue to do whatever was offered to them for work. They raised their children to be young men.There were many groups sending their children to war. A small, nondescript block of Silvis, Ill., gave more young men to fight and die in World War II and the Korean War than any other "similarly sized stretch" in the United States-22 families sent a total of 57 soldiers, eight of whom died (Harrison, Vol 82, Issue 7). The Mexican...
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...Coretta Scott King Octavia Vivian Coretta Scott King is widely recognized as the wife of the late Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. But in her own right she was a civil rights activist, vocalist and mother of four children. The struggles that she faced in her life were insurmountable. At a young age, she lost the love of her life and raised four children alone. But the grounding factor through all of her trials and tribulations was her strong belief and love of God. Growing up in Alabama in the 1930’s was difficult for an African American woman. Her family struggled even though they owned land and multiple businesses during the depression. Coretta attended a local elementary school and was always at the top of her class. She moved on to Lincoln High School, which was semi-private. Her parents were paying tuition plus room and board and didn’t see her but only on the weekends. Her mother got so frustrated with the whole situation that she bused all of the African American kids to and from school every day. Coretta’s parents told her that she was going to college no matter what. After graduating as valedictorian of her class, she received some assistance from scholarships and attended Antioch College in Ohio. She majored in elementary education with a minor in music. Coretta was a very talented vocalist and singing was her passion. After graduating from Antioch, Coretta was accepted to the New England Conservatory in Boston. Coretta had her share of struggles in...
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...Blackface Chic: High Fashion, Racechange and Cultural Tourism Race, Identity, and Public Culture Popular cultural representations, in particular those in the fashion industry, have recently reinvented a historically loaded image in their performances: blackface.1 In the past several years, blackface and other images of physical transformations of race have appeared in a number of high and popular fashion contexts including a “yellowface” fashion show in Shanghai sponsored by Karl Lagerfeld, supermodel Heidi Klum photographed wearing only chocolate syrup, an issue of French Vogue featuring a white model in black body paint and elaborate “African-inspired” costuming, a photograph in V Magazine of two models, one in blackface and one white, wrestling, two episodes of America’s Next Top Model involving racial and biracial transformation, and an editorial naming American Apparel and showing a woman in blackface. Blackface, though in a contemporary form more accurately described by the term “racechange,” or the performance of one race by another (Gubar 2000), far from being taboo have become an aesthetic in the fashion industry. Though popular magazines and newspapers such as Essence and a number of fashion blogs have responded to particular instances of racial transformation, there is relatively little scholarly work on the rise of racechange in contemporary fashion. This essay attempts to fill that gap in scholarship by examining racial transformation through...
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...(subcultures) Musical Form: * The way different sections in a song are organized Rhythm: the way music sounds are organized in time; beat is the pulse Meter: organization of rhythm and beats into music * Simple; one & two & three (2 parts) * Compound; one & uh two & uh three (3 parts) * Duple (2 beats per measure) * Triple (3 beats per measure) * Quadruple (4 beats per measure) Timbre (colour): voice is: warm, smooth, rich * Chest voice, falsetto, crooner (male who sings with background jazz music) The 1920’s, 30’s and 40’s * Upheaval in politics, reflected in music * Baby boomers Chapter 1: Roots to 1955 Before Rock and Roll (Main stream music, rhythm and blues, country & western) Part 1: The World of Mainstream Pop Leading up to 1955 National vs. Regional Changes * Emergence of technology took music from a regional scope to a national level * Radio (1920’s) directed at white middle class * Broken up into Superstations (high power) and Networks (NBC coast to coast broadcasting, developed in one area and broadcast nationally, model used today) * All music was live and records were seen as ‘fooling people’ * Overnight popularity * Some styles became national (Bing Cosby, Frank Sinatra) while Country and Blues stayed regional as they were considered low income...
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