...deliberately misleading to sell you something. With the countless of things going on, how would you be able to know what to buy, or where to go? It is not difficult to be deceived in a society that depends on persuasion. The defence against these raids of misleading pitches is critical thinking. Critical thinking is a valuable skill that is not only useful in the classroom but also in every day context. It involves careful judgment before jumping to a conclusion and it helps us determine whether something is worth believing. In the next section, we consider three approaches that can help improve critical thinking. Accordingly, we will discuss weighing the evidence, identifying bias and slanted writing, and identifying fallacies in regards to analyzing arguments. Weighing evidence Our decisions to accept a proposition is usually dependent on how we evaluate the source of the information (Halpern, 2014). When the premises have credible sources or familiar sources, people are more likely to accept the conclusion as true than when it is not. However, this is also true when no good evidence is presented - It just needs to sound like it does. Consider all the commercials you have ever watched, and try to think of the ones that tempted you to buy the product. The ShamWow...
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...2. a) The bias that Robert Borden believed that Henri Bourassa had, had been his nationality, Henri Bourassa being a French-Canadian nationalist. Adjourning why he had been against conscription, along with his two-million French-Canadians. Therefore, Henri Bourassa had been biased due to his fact of the support of the French-Canadian, himself being one of them. Also, in Quebec where the population had been mainly French-Canadians who had few ties of birth, blood or sentiment to Europe which had body explained why they did not support conscription. b) Henri Bourassa had said “All Canadians who want to fight conscription…must have the courage to say….Canada has done enough.”, which had also closely tied with the other quote he had said, being “It is useless to disguise the truth: two million French-Canadians are united against conscription…”. This had shown Robert Borden, that he had been indeed biased towards the French-Canadians as he supported them, and was also one of them. c) The bias that Henri Bourassa might believe that Robert Borden had,was his nationalistic attributes, he had been seen as a very patriotic character who had induced the idea of constantly aiding in the war effort even if it had not been in Canada’s frontline. d) The proof towards this bias claim had been in the following quotation Robert Borden had said during the 1917 conscription debate “If we do not send further reinforcements, we are betraying the efforts of every Canadian who has died so far in...
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...persuasion and argument. ▪ Students review annotation acronyms, how to do a close reading, literary elements and rhetorical devices. Students also review the SOAPSTONE (subject, occasion, audience, purpose, speaker, tone, organization, narrative style and evidence) strategy for use in analyzing prose and visual texts along with three of the five cannons of rhetoric: invention, arrangement and style. ▪ Students learn the format of the AP test, essay rubric and essay structure. ▪ Students take a full-length AP test for comparison purposes in the spring. Reading: The Scarlet Letter – Nathaniel Hawthorne Writing: Answer the following question in one paragraph. Use quotes from the novel as evidence. Some readers believe that the elaborate decoration that Hester embroiders on the scarlet letter indicates her rejection of the community’s view of her act. Do you agree or disagree? Explain your position using evidence from the text. (test grade) Writing: Write a well-developed essay addressing the following prompt. Document all sources using MLA citation. Compare Hester to a modern day person who has been shunned. Provide at least two research sources for the other person. (project grade) Reading: “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” Jonathan Edwards Analyzing: SOAPSTONE and cannons of rhetoric Reading: Teacher Introduction Essay Writing: Students and teacher evaluate where each student’s writing is and where it needs to be by analyzing students’ introductory...
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...Unit 2 Assignment 1: Chapter Review and TRACE 1. The five elements in the rhetorical situation are text, reader, author, constraints, and exigence. 2. A reader can use the rhetorical situation to analyze an argument essay by analyzing what the author is arguing about and who his target readers are. A viewer can use the rhetorical situation to analyze an image by first analyzing what the image’s meaning is, and who the targeted viewer is. A writer can use the rhetorical situation during the planning phase of writing a paper by deciding who is target readers will be and the position it may take on the topic. 3. The audience is important in argument because without the audience you have no argument. The different positions that the audience might initially hold are a friendly, an undecided, a neutral, a resistant, an unfamiliar, or a linked audience. There are multiple outcomes that are associated with arguments directed to each of these audiences, these outcomes include, a bias, they may oppose your argument, or they may agree with your argument. 4. Discourse communities are defined as groups that are involved in and communicating about a particular topic, or issue. The reason a discourse community is helpful to establish common ground for its members is because they share a set of basic values and assumptions. 5. A universal audience is an imagined audience that serves as an ethical and argumentative test for the rhetor. A universal audience is a useful idea...
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...Analyzing the Impact of the Web Lutricia Hunter Capella University ABSTRACT The development of the web has dramatically changed the way society acquires and publishes information. This has had both positive and negative impacts on education. As the information available on the web expands, the number of industries that it will impact will also increase. Traditional brick and mortar school buildings as we know them today will gradually become a thing of the past as society transcends into the age of convenience. In the presented assignment I will be analyzing “Will the Web Kill Colleges?” This assignment will describe the key points of the author’s argument, analyze the aspects of the author’s argument that I agree with, analyze the gaps or challenges that I see in the author’s argument, implications for education, and potential ethical questions raised by the author’s vision of the future. The development of the web has dramatically changed the way society acquires and publishes information. This has had both positive and negative impacts on education. As the information available on the web expands, the number of industries that it will impact will also increase. Traditional brick and mortar school buildings as we know them today will gradually become a thing of the past as society transcends into the age of convenience. In the present assignment I will be analyzing “Will the Web Kill Colleges?” This assignment will describe the key points of the author’s argument...
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...Slice of Life A Synthesis Paper on Philosophy and Logic Jonn Denzel V. Ramos BSGE-1E Does God exist? How to build an attractive city? Does life is real or just an imagination? An average person fails to answer these questions objectively, but philosophers have this will on solving these problems. Philosophy and logic are the fundamentals in search for meaning. Philosophers have these skill set which makes them think different from others, which leads and guides them to real and unbiased answer, it is a slice of life where they embrace every single moment they put up time and effort in their search for answer. Long time ago, Ancient Greeks invented philosophy as the way of thinking and asking questions about all things through its ultimate causes. Pre-Socratic Pythagoras coined the word philosophia which means “love of wisdom” or people who are faithful to wisdom as St. Thomas Aquinas called as wise man. Philosophy began to spread throughout the rest of the world, as the knowledge and discipline that engages and sharpens our reasons. There are three components of philosophy, the material object, formal object and natural scope. The material object refers to the subject being observed and finding the root cause on how it exist is its formal object. The natural scope is simply defined as natural reason which philosophers use in search for explanations. Ordinary and profound are two types of knowledge in philosophy. Ordinary knowledge is the foundation or the simplest form...
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...Many college students face a great difficulty in writing and reading in an academic setting. However, if college students follow the right approach to this, they can overcome the problems of academic writing and reading. Stuart Greene, a composition scholar and an author of “Argument as Conversation: The Role of Inquiry in Writing a Researched Argument”, claims that academic writing and conversation share some similarities. Mike Rose, another expert in academic writing and an author of “The Politics of Remediation”, asserts that professors should develop college students’ reading and writing skills by not criticizing their mistake but welcome it. By understanding what are important approaches or strategies of studying in academic setting that...
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...Rhetorical analysis, according to Susan-miller Cochran, Roy Stamper, and Stacey Cochran, is a form genre that analyze the text’s rhetoric context (30). Susan-miller Cochran, Roy Stamper, and Stacey Cochran states “In a rhetorical analysis, the writer uses rhetorical framework to understand how the context of the text help create meaning,” (30). The rhetorical framework writers use is rhetorical context that is; the author, the audience, the topic and the purpose (21,30). This is a key component in success for college because analyzing the text to understand the essential elements in the text, helps identify and “create” meaning (30). Rhetoric analysis will allow students to achieve a deeper comprehension of the text, contributing to students...
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...Jennifer 8. Lee, a reporter for the NYT, tries to encourage the male population to try man-dating, a term that describes a new trend among guys that involves two heterosexual guys, usually good friends, going to a date. Lee also writes about the stigmas about relationship between two men that pervade our society. The purpose of her article is to change the perception that majority of adult males have about men-dating. These two essays are written by different authors, as I already mentioned, who share similar views of social and love life but also use distinctive styles of writing, by using different types of claims, proofs and language which makes their articles special in their own way. The first thing that we have to do when analyzing and comparing two articles is to identify the claims. As we all know, there are five types of claims: claims of fact, definition, cause, value, and policy. The author of the first essay does not directly state the claim but it can be implied from the authors’ point of view. Christine Hassler implies a claim of value, and that is, that online dating is a right thing to do, and no one should be ashamed of, or contemplate about it. It helps the reader either to become more determined to keep finding love online or to convince the reader to try doing it. Claim is not...
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...Outcome 3 is creating a complex argument that creates a claim for you paper. That claim needs to have stakes. Stakes are basically risks you paper takes in arguing your point. The argument should persuade the reader your way. The claim is essentially what gives your paper direction. It is the main point you are trying to make. The claim is like the heart in the body, without it you can’t survive. It pumps blood through the whole body just like the claim gives direction to every paragraph. This is important because you need to be able to create an argument which sets the basis for your entire paper. It is what gives the paper direction. One basically needs this skill when writing any paper. It can be used in almost every class you have to...
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...laws are needed. This essay will discuss one author’s belief that stricter gun control laws are needed and my rebuttal to his argument. I will analyze the reliability, credibility, and validity of the data used by the author. This essay will also identify fallacies in the argument. Gun Control: One Author’s Opinion and My Rebuttal As I was looking on the internet for an article on a controversial subject, I came across this one article that peaked my interest about gun control and why we should have stricter gun laws. Being the avid gun lover that I am, I decided to read the article. As I was reading this article I found it hard to believe anything that this author had to say. As he was talking about the reason’s that he believes there should be stricter gun laws he starts to mention some statistics about crime rates that involve firearms but fails to mention any sources as to where he ascertained his information. Looking at the statistics I found on the Federal Bureau of Justice website, during 2009 the percentage for violent crimes that involved firearms was only 8 percent (Federal Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2009). I find it hard to believe and support the author’s point of view after analyzing the reliability, credibility, and validity of the data that the author used because he has no references posted. As for fallacies in the argument, one would just have to go to the Federal Bureau of Justice website and see for their selves that what was said about firearms...
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...will now apply that information to the real world. You are to find an argument made in a newspaper or magazine editorial, and then analyze the argument via the Toulmin model. The article can be from an online newspaper or magazine, but blogs or normal webpages are not acceptable. Additionally, the article MUST be an editorial or op-ed piece – these are to be personal views that are making a specific argument about an issue. Beyond including a hard copy of your article, you will want to include the following: * Identify the parts present – analyzing the artifact, you will identify any and all parts of the Toulmin model that are present within the artifact. For each part, you will need to present three aspects: * Define the Toulmin part – define (briefly) what this part is (to demonstrate that you know what you’re supposed to be looking for). This should be in your own words – don’t just quote the readings. * Express the example – express what specifically, within the artifact, is representing this particular part of the Toulmin model. This should be a direct quotation from the article. Do NOT paraphrase this part. * Explain the selection – explain why this particular selection you have chosen is a representation of this particular part of the Toulmin model. How does it fit into this type? Why would this be an example of the part? * Identify missing parts – after analyzing the artifact for the parts that are present, you will need to include...
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...Argument template The given argument presents a couple of assumptions and facts to arrive at the conclusion that ______claim_______, (which in term) _________conclusion_______. The argument cities the (example, survey data) as an evidence in support of its claim that ____________. An overview of the argument would lead the reader to be convinced of the authenticity of the claim made. However, on closer scrutiny / on analyzing the given argument from all perspectives, one can indentify various weak links/loopholes/flaws that make the argument weak/ stand out as conspicuous logical flaws. These flaws are going to be discussed in the succeeding paragraphs. 1 Insufficient / implausible support Firstly, ________________may not be the primary / main reason for ____________. This assumption appears to be illogical as there can be various factors for _________. ______ may be attributes to _________. ________ are all important factors to be considered. Therefore, the claim_____________ seems far-fetched and illogical/ vague / unsound/ambiguous. 2 Confusing correlation with causation Secondly, the claim that ______________ is a classic case of confusing correlation with causation. _________ may in fact ____________. It dose follow that ___________. Perhaps ______________ for entirely different reasons. The claim alone does not suffice as a supportive reason for _________. 3 Basing on current trend Thirdly, the argument holds its relevance on the assumption that the number...
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...Study Guide: Lesson 4 A Little Logic Lesson Overview Logic is the primary tool or methodology in studying philosophy. Philosophy is about analyzing and constructing arguments and a good understanding of the basics of logical reasoning is essential in performing that task. The next 3 lessons will focus on logic and analyzing arguments. In this lesson, you will first be introduced to the laws of logic. These are the first principles for all reasoning. We will then discuss the specialized terminology we use in logic. Finally, we will examine 2 major kinds of logical reasoning: deductive and inductive. We will consider different forms of arguments under each and discuss how to evaluate these arguments. Take note that a large part of this lesson is about learning the terminology for logic. Tasks Read and take notes from chapter 5 of Philosophy: Critically Thinking about Foundational Beliefs, “A Little Logic.” As you read, make sure you understand the following points and questions: * Why are the laws of logic foundational? * The Law of Logic makes discourse possible. If they are not recognized as true, than nothing we claim makes any sense. Therefore, it is important to have a firm grasp of these laws. * List and explain the 3 laws of logic. 1. Noncontradiction – “Something cannot both be and not be at the same time and in the same respect. Expressed symbolically: ~ (P•~P).² It reads, “It is not the case that there can be both P and non-P”. 2....
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...An Analysis on the Speech Contestants’ Arguments in English Celebration Week Octaviyani Raharja 1213009001 Abstract Nowadays, many universities hold speech contest to facilitate their students in improving their communicative skills. Widya Mandala Catholic University, through English Department, holds a speech contest during the English Celebration Week event. As speech contest in common, students are required to conduct a good speech that deals with the topic given. Unfortunately, there are still some mistakes found that deal with the argument components and verbal fallacies. In figuring out a good speech, the contestants’ speeches are recorded and transcribed to be analyzed whether they have met the quality of a good speech which are: (1) includes all of the main components of argument and (2) fallacies free. Since the speech contestants are still in the first semester, they have limited knowledge on argument components and verbal fallacies. Therefore, the contestants sometimes miss the argument components and make no verbal fallacies in their speech. |Keywords: Argument, Fallacy, Verbal Fallacy, Speech, ECW Speech Contest | Introduction There are four language skills and two language components that are needed in learning foreign language, especially English. Among the four language skills, speaking has big roles in both language teaching and learning activity since it requires both communicative...
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