...CE: Tripti; COH/200301; Total nos of Pages: 7; COH 200301 Potential impact of early antiretroviral therapy on transmission David Paoa, Deenan Pillayb,c and Martin Fishera HIV/GUM Research Department, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, Department of Infection, University College London Medical School and cCentre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, London, UK b a Correspondence to Deenan Pillay, Centre for Virology (Bloomsbury), Windeyer Building, 46 Cleveland Street, London W1T 4JF, UK Tel: +44 20 7679 9482; fax: +44 20 7580 5896; e-mail: d.pillay@ucl.ac.uk Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 2009, 4:000–000 Purpose of review In this review, we will discuss the potential of early highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) to reduce the sexual transmission of HIV on an individual and population level. We will focus on the biological plausibility and behavioural factors associated with HAART use and interventions that might influence such a strategy. Recent findings Empiric and phylogenetic studies support the view that recent HIV infection is a highly infectious disease stage. Evidence increasingly demonstrates that individuals on fully suppressive HAART are significantly less likely to transmit HIV to sexual partners and some even suggest that such individuals cannot transmit HIV. Changes in risk behaviour are associated with the availability of HAART but behavioural studies offer contradictory observations regarding the direction and...
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...This essay will discuss the various factors that affect an adolescent’s adherence to their antiretroviral therapy. It will attempt to unpack and analyze the factors individually. There are broad categories into which these factors falls, namely: patient characteristics, treatment regimen attributes, and patient-provider relationship and medical care environment. (Chandwani, S., Koenig, L. J., Sill, A. M., Abramowitz, S., Conner, L. C., & D'Angelo, L., 2012) These categories will all be explored as part of the analysis Patient characteristics affects the patient’s adherence to their antiretroviral treatments. Each patient responds differently to the challenges faced when taking antiretroviral medication. There are many personal factors that...
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...HIV/AIDS & HOMELESSNESS Recommendations for Clinical Practice and Public Policy Developed for The Bureau of Primary Health Care and The HIV/AIDS Bureau Health Resources and Services Administration by John Song, M.D., M.P.H., M.A.T. November 1999 Financial and other support for the development and distribution of this paper were provided by the Bureau of Primary Health Care and the HIV/AIDS Bureau, Health Resources Services Administration, United States Department of Health and Human Services, to the National Health Care for the Homeless Council, Inc., and its subsidiary, the Health Care for the Homeless Clinicians’ Network. The views presented in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the United States government or of the National Health Care for the Homeless Council. Nothing in this paper should be construed as providing authoritative guidelines for the practice of medicine or for treatment of medical conditions. This paper may be reproduced in whole or in part with appropriate recognition to the author, John Y. Song, MD, and the publisher, the Health Care for the Homeless Clinicians’ Network, National Health Care for the Homeless Council, Inc. Second Printing February, 2000 National Health Care for the Homeless Council Health Care for the Homeless Clinicians’ Network Post Office Box 60427 Nashville TN 37206-0427 Phone 615/226-2292 Fax 615/226-1656 council@nhchc.org or network@nhchc.org http://www.nhchc.org i PREFACE HIV/AIDS...
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...Mitigation and adaptation measures to HIV/AIDS in the Philippines Mitigation and adaptation measures to HIV/AIDS in the Philippines STS 1 - X GROUP 16 STS 1 - X GROUP 16 Mitigation and adaptation measures to HIV/AIDS in the Philippines ------------------------------------------------- Factolerin, M., Mantala, C.J., Bernardo, M.C., Villa, A., Navarro, A.J., Ausa, E., Obiña, M.L., Velarde, E., Bernabe, M., Lusanta, A., & Bolanos, J. I. Introduction Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a pattern of devastating infections caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmitted through the exchange of a variety of body fluids from infected individuals. It occurs in three ways: sexual transmission, exposure to infected blood or blood products, or perinatal transmission, which includes breastfeeding. The likelihood for transmission is affected by social, cultural, and environmental factors that differ between and within the various regions, countries, and continents. This virus attacks and destroys certain white blood cells that are essential to the body’s immune system (UNAIDS, 2000). When HIV infects a cell, it combines with that cell's genetic material and may lie inactive for years. Most people infected with HIV are still healthy and can live for years with no symptoms or only minor illnesses. They might be infected with HIV, but this does not necessarily mean that they have AIDS. HIV targets CD4+ lymphocytes that help recognize and destroy bacteria, viruses...
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... Chamberlain College of Nursing NR 500 Foundational Concepts and Applications EBP Searchable Clinical Questions Graded Assignment #2 1. Clinical Question: In patients with AIDS, what is the average life expectancy among those who take single antiretroviral drugs versus those who do the aggressive Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)? P = Patients with AIDS I = HAART C = single antiretroviral drug O = maximum life expectancy The reason I chose HIV/AIDS as a topic of study is that I strongly believe that treatment interventions can eliminate the belief that the diagnosis is a death sentence. I have also worked with patients with HIV/AIDS. When patients with HIV develop AIDS, it is important for them to know what treatment options are available to them. As of now, the treatment options are extreme. They entail the administration of antiretroviral drugs that are often used alone depending on the needs of the patient. Antiretroviral “Antiretroviral therapy suppresses the replication of the HIV virus in the body,” (AIDS, 2011). However, the use of combination therapy and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are becoming increasingly common in the treatment of AIDS. HAART has the potential to be “very effective in reducing the number of HIV particles in the bloodstream,” (AIDS, 2011). However, these are extreme interventions that require the full cooperation not just of patient but of the entire...
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...Epidemiology Paper: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Grand Canyon University: NRS-427V Epidemiology Paper: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Human immunodeficiency virus is a retrovirus that originates from West Africa. Chimpanzees in West Africa that were infected with a similar virus, simian immunodeficiency virus, were hunted by humans and their meat was harvested and eaten (CDC, 2014). During this process, humans that were exposed to their blood or ate their meat, were exposed to this same virus. The simian immunodeficiency virus mutated over time becoming the human immunodeficiency virus. Scientists believe this transmission from chimpanzees to humans has been occurring since the early 1800’s and has slowly spread across the world. HIV is a virus that eventually leads to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The human body is unable to rid itself of this virus, meaning it is a lifelong illness that necessitates lifelong treatment. There is no cure, although scientists worldwide are actively and diligently working towards one. The virus directly attacks specific cells in our body which are called T-cells. It invades the T-cell and uses them to replicate itself, destroying the T-cell in the process. T-cells help our bodies in the defense against infection and disease and when they are depleted and destroyed, cause and increase in susceptibility to infection and disease. When these cells are depleted to a dangerous level, the disease process then transitions to AIDS...
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...Antiretroviral Therapy Guidelines for HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents Including Post-exposure Prophylaxis May 2007 NACO Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Government of India Assessment and Management of HIV-Infected Person No Is HIV infection confirmed? Send to ICTC for confirmation of HIV status Yes Perform history taking and physical examination (see p 9 ) Evaluate for signs and symptoms of HIV infection or OIs and WHO clinical staging (see p 10) Provide appropriate investigations/treatment of OIs (see p 13 ) If pregnant, refer to PPTCT Screen for TB Screen for STI Identify need for: CTX prophylaxis (see p 16 ) ART (see p 18 ) No Pre ART care (see p 15 ) Yes Give patient education on treatment and adherence (see p 54 ) Arrange psychosocial, nutrition and community support (see p 56) Start ART, (see p 19 ) Arrange follow-up + monitoring (see p 25 ) Assess adherence every visit Provide positive prevention advice and condoms Provide patient information sheet on the ART regimen prescribed (see annex 7, 8) Antiretroviral Therapy Guidelines for HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents Including Post-exposure Prophylaxis May 2007 NACO National AIDS Control organisation Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India with support from CDC . Clinton Foundation . WHO TAble of T A b l e o f Acronyms and Abbreviations Introduction....... ..........................................................................................
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...The Fight to Control HIV/AIDS As the world around us grows, so does the environment that comes with it. Today we face a pandemic that has been recognized since 2007, HIV/AIDS. There are 988,376 cumulative AIDS cases with 761,723 being male and 181,802 being female, of those cases 385,537 cases of AIDS that are White, 397,548 that are Black, and 155,179 that are Hispanic. These are startling numbers for anyone, regardless of race, to look at. Many people prove to be completely unaware of this global crisis, as the number of people infected keeps climbing each and every year. An issue that is even more startling is that there are millions of individuals in the world that have contracted HIV that have no idea they are carrying this deadly disease and many are spreading HIV unknowingly. The importance for educating people around the world about HIV and AIDS has grown and is becoming more and more of an urgent matter. Although there currently is not a cure for HIV and AIDS, people still need to know how HIV is spread, what programs they have to get themselves or loved ones tested, ways to protect themselves, and more of the details to explain the symptoms, or lack of symptoms, that you can associate with HIV and AIDS. Education is the first step in protection but if that does not prove to be significant enough, there are several support groups that an individual can contact in order to help themselves in their current conditions (Turley, 2007). AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency...
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...spread of HIV/ AIDS by 2015, (2) Attain universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all the people who need it and (3) Stop and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases by 2015. Globally, new HIV infections continue to decline in some regions dropping 21% from 2001 to 2011. More people are living with HIV due to fewer AIDS - related deaths because of the scaling up of antiretroviral therapy; the continued large number of new infections with 2.5 million people are newly infected each year. Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission remains low among young people, along with condom use. More orphaned children are now in school due to expanded efforts to mitigate the impact of AIDS (Goal 6, 2013). While the target was missed by 2011, access to treatment for people living with HIV increased in all regions. At the end of 2011, 8 million people were receiving antiretroviral therapy for HIV. This total constitutes an increase of over 1.4 million people from December 2010. By the end of 2011, eleven countries had achieved universal access to antiretroviral therapy (Goal 6, 2013). The global estimated incidence of malaria has decreased by 17% since 2000, and malaria -specific mortality rates by 25%. In the decade since 2000, 1.1 million deaths from malaria were averted. Countries with improved access to malaria control intervention saw child mortality rates fall by about 20%. Treatment for tuberculosis has saved 20 million lives between 1995 and 2011...
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...Antiretroviral Treatment Helps Keep HIV Patients in South Africa Employed (Got from Havard School of Public Health) Antiretroviral drug treatment for HIV appears to have more payoffs than the promise of better health and a longer life – it also seems to help people living with HIV stay employed or get new jobs, according to a new study by researchers at Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) and the University of KwaZulu-Natal’s Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies. In a study of a large population cohort, the investigators found that four years after initiating therapy, HIV patients were 90% as likely to be working as they were three to five years before starting treatment. Many patients initiated treatment early enough so that they were able to avoid any loss of employment due to HIV. While antiretroviral therapies are known to reduce HIV transmission and prolong lives of many HIV patients, less is known about the economic benefits of treatment. This is the first study to assess the economic impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in a population-based cohort. “We found antiretroviral therapy does not only postpone mortality, it enables HIV patients to lead economically productive lives,” said lead author Jacob Bor, SD’14, an HSPH doctoral candidate in global health and population HIV Patients on Antiretroviral had Nearly Full Recovery of Employment Antiretroviral therapy for HIV may have important economic benefits for patients and their households. We quantified...
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...background story of this research is concerning HIV patients that carry out antiretroviral therapy (ART) for long term use depend on one’s lypohypertrophy growth. If the lypohypertrophy increases; it will negatively affect the result of the antiretroviral therapy, self image, and quality of life. Beside this, increase in adipose tissue could lead to type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, especially atherosclerosis. The hypothesis of this research is patients with HIV could lower their lypohypertrophy growth by consuming tesamorelin to obtain maximal antiretroviral therapy in shorter period of time and increase patients’ quality of life by avoid them from any obese related diseases. The method used in the research is by constructing a statistical model that will determine patients response after consuming tesamorelin and undergo ART for the next three to six months. This method used because we could easily measure the factors that play a part in the results and its features. For example, by using statistical model we could analyze the impact of tesamorelin with VAT through three ways; analyze change from baseline up to three months, from baseline up to six months, and from other factors like body mass index (BMI), race, age, gender, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, cholesterol level, time span of HIV infection and ART, protease inhibitor (PI)-based highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based HAART. After...
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...Case Study: Lesotho Appeal Industry Fight AIDS Anne Menlove, Hugo Vera, Hannah Nielsen, & Moriah Martin Grand Canyon University: HLT 411 May 29, 2016 Lesotho is a small country in the Southern tip of Africa that has been burden by an epidemic of HIV. It is estimated that 22 percent of the population is infected, being 270,000 people in the country but only one-quarter of those infected has received antiretroviral treatment (ART) (Gilden, 2009). There is an apparel company, Precious garments, that has taken on the fight against AIDS by starting the Apparel Lesotho Alliance to Fight AIDS (ALAFA). ALAFA goals as an organization are to determine social and economic factors of the population with HIV, develop a peer education model, and find the cost-effectiveness (Gilden, 2009). Roles and Importance The overall role that ALAFA has to help to fight against HIV/AIDS by giving help to HIV positive Basotho women that work in the apparel and textile industry. The organization provides information on prevention, testing and treatment (antiretroviral therapy) services in factory based clinics (Gilden, 2009). The issue of HIV/AIDS is important to ALAFA because not only do they want to create a healthier and more stable work environment, but they also want to change the lives of the apparel workers and provide the necessary care that they need (Gilden, 2009). Social and Economic Factors The Apparel Lesotho Alliance to Fight AIDS launch did encounter some social and economic...
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...Infectious Disease HCA/240 March 4, 2012 Infectious Disease The purpose of this paper is to explain the inflammatory response to HIV and AIDS, describe the disease, how it is transmitted, and the environment factors that may make someone vulnerable to it. Additionally, this paper will identify standards and alternative treatments to HIV and AIDS, the methods used to control the spread of the disease and the consequences of not controlling it. Finally, this paper will include community health promotion and wellness strategies to help prevent the disease. AIDS was first noted in the early 1980s among men with multiple sexual contact with other men and drug users who shared hypodermic needles (Zelman, Raymond, Holdaway, & Mulvilhil. 2010). Since first note in the early 1980s HIV and AIDS have not been exclusive to men but have infected women as well. AIDS is now known as one of the top causes of death in women. HIV is the fourth leading cause of death among women today. HIV is growing among minorities and is the largest in African-American males, with a rate of 6% rate of an African-American male having the disease, and it is also higher with Hispanics more than Caucasians (Zelman, Raymond, Holdaway, & Mulvilhil. 2010). Subsequently, HIV and AIDS is not the same thing. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC) AIDS is the full blown disease, while HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. First, Human immunodeficiency virus or HIV is the virus that...
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...Human Immunodeficiency Virus, otherwise known as HIV can lead to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome also known as AIDS. This virus weakens the human immune system over a period of time leaving it in a weakened state to allow opportunistic infections or cancer to grow. The human immunodeficiency virus is very similar to other viruses such as the flu or even the common cold but the most important difference between the two is that with the flu or cold the immune system is able to rid the body of the virus in a short period of time. In the case with HIV, “the immune system can’t seem to get rid of it”. (AIDS.GOV, 2012) As a result of the body’s failure to remove the virus, it continues to replicate and stays in the body for life. HIV is found in human body fluids and contact with this fluid can cause the virus to be transmitted and cause infection. Specific bodily fluids which contain HIV would be blood, semen, breast milk, vaginal fluids, or rectal mucous. HIV can be transmitted through sexual contact with a partner that is already infected. The bodily fluids of the infected partner can travel through one’s bloodstream or open sores. HIV can also be transmitted due to pregnancy, child birth, or even breast feeding. Injection drug abuse can also transfer the virus; especially in scenarios where individuals share needles. Other cases where the HIV virus can be transmitted are also within healthcare professionals and occupational exposure or individuals who have had...
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...HIV Cause, Treatment, Mortality, Morbidity, Incidence, and Prevalence HIV Causes and Mode of Transmission Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an acquired disease that infects white blood cells in humans, specifically Killer T cells, which destroys the chances of fighting off common colds and common infections in individuals. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has been known to have first erupted from chimpanzees and monkeys in Africa. When hunting for food, humans would come in contact with infected blood, which is believed to be the leading cause of the communicable disease. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) can be transmitted through sexually active individuals, blood transfusions, sharing of needles, through pregnancy, or breastfeeding. Infections may be transmitted through semen, infected blood, or vaginal secretions, which also has a possibility to become Acquire Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in some individuals (Mayo Clinic, 2014). HIV Symptoms and Treatment Patients who are infected with Human Immunodeficiency Transmission (HIV), may not experience symptoms for up to ten years. With susceptibility to the disease, individuals are able to spread the disease without realizing they have acquired the illness. Symptoms developed with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) include: Diarrhea, fatigue, fever, vaginal yeast infections, headaches, mouth sores, muscle stiffness, rashes, sore throats, and swollen lymph glands (New York Times, 2014). In order to test for patients...
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