...CE: Tripti; COH/200301; Total nos of Pages: 7; COH 200301 Potential impact of early antiretroviral therapy on transmission David Paoa, Deenan Pillayb,c and Martin Fishera HIV/GUM Research Department, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, Department of Infection, University College London Medical School and cCentre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, London, UK b a Correspondence to Deenan Pillay, Centre for Virology (Bloomsbury), Windeyer Building, 46 Cleveland Street, London W1T 4JF, UK Tel: +44 20 7679 9482; fax: +44 20 7580 5896; e-mail: d.pillay@ucl.ac.uk Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 2009, 4:000–000 Purpose of review In this review, we will discuss the potential of early highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) to reduce the sexual transmission of HIV on an individual and population level. We will focus on the biological plausibility and behavioural factors associated with HAART use and interventions that might influence such a strategy. Recent findings Empiric and phylogenetic studies support the view that recent HIV infection is a highly infectious disease stage. Evidence increasingly demonstrates that individuals on fully suppressive HAART are significantly less likely to transmit HIV to sexual partners and some even suggest that such individuals cannot transmit HIV. Changes in risk behaviour are associated with the availability of HAART but behavioural studies offer contradictory observations regarding the direction and...
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...Human Immunodeficiency virus can go undetected for a while but eventually it starts to show many effects on the human body. it takes a toll on our skin (herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus infection), our oral health (candidiasis and periodontal disease), and even causes a significant amount of weight loss. HIV also has neurological effects making it more difficult to process things properly and aids-related dementia. HIV is transmitted when an uninfected person comes into contact with an infected person. This is done by unprotected sex and sharing needles. It is transferred through contact of fluids i.e. blood and semen. Each year, an estimated 590,000 infants acquire human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection from their mothers (De Cock, 2000). As a nurse I would educated an infected person on the way HIV can be transmitted to others and try to explain the effects that person should be expecting as well as telling them that HIV weakens the immune system. With a weakened immune system the patient must be aware that the common cold could be very deadly to him. Medications what would be recommended that the patient be on will only treat HIV, there is no cure for it. The medications include nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, entry inhibitors, integrase inhibitors and a combination of medications. There are many side effects that...
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...This essay will discuss the various factors that affect an adolescent’s adherence to their antiretroviral therapy. It will attempt to unpack and analyze the factors individually. There are broad categories into which these factors falls, namely: patient characteristics, treatment regimen attributes, and patient-provider relationship and medical care environment. (Chandwani, S., Koenig, L. J., Sill, A. M., Abramowitz, S., Conner, L. C., & D'Angelo, L., 2012) These categories will all be explored as part of the analysis Patient characteristics affects the patient’s adherence to their antiretroviral treatments. Each patient responds differently to the challenges faced when taking antiretroviral medication. There are many personal factors that...
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...HIV/AIDS & HOMELESSNESS Recommendations for Clinical Practice and Public Policy Developed for The Bureau of Primary Health Care and The HIV/AIDS Bureau Health Resources and Services Administration by John Song, M.D., M.P.H., M.A.T. November 1999 Financial and other support for the development and distribution of this paper were provided by the Bureau of Primary Health Care and the HIV/AIDS Bureau, Health Resources Services Administration, United States Department of Health and Human Services, to the National Health Care for the Homeless Council, Inc., and its subsidiary, the Health Care for the Homeless Clinicians’ Network. The views presented in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the United States government or of the National Health Care for the Homeless Council. Nothing in this paper should be construed as providing authoritative guidelines for the practice of medicine or for treatment of medical conditions. This paper may be reproduced in whole or in part with appropriate recognition to the author, John Y. Song, MD, and the publisher, the Health Care for the Homeless Clinicians’ Network, National Health Care for the Homeless Council, Inc. Second Printing February, 2000 National Health Care for the Homeless Council Health Care for the Homeless Clinicians’ Network Post Office Box 60427 Nashville TN 37206-0427 Phone 615/226-2292 Fax 615/226-1656 council@nhchc.org or network@nhchc.org http://www.nhchc.org i PREFACE HIV/AIDS...
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...Mitigation and adaptation measures to HIV/AIDS in the Philippines Mitigation and adaptation measures to HIV/AIDS in the Philippines STS 1 - X GROUP 16 STS 1 - X GROUP 16 Mitigation and adaptation measures to HIV/AIDS in the Philippines ------------------------------------------------- Factolerin, M., Mantala, C.J., Bernardo, M.C., Villa, A., Navarro, A.J., Ausa, E., Obiña, M.L., Velarde, E., Bernabe, M., Lusanta, A., & Bolanos, J. I. Introduction Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a pattern of devastating infections caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmitted through the exchange of a variety of body fluids from infected individuals. It occurs in three ways: sexual transmission, exposure to infected blood or blood products, or perinatal transmission, which includes breastfeeding. The likelihood for transmission is affected by social, cultural, and environmental factors that differ between and within the various regions, countries, and continents. This virus attacks and destroys certain white blood cells that are essential to the body’s immune system (UNAIDS, 2000). When HIV infects a cell, it combines with that cell's genetic material and may lie inactive for years. Most people infected with HIV are still healthy and can live for years with no symptoms or only minor illnesses. They might be infected with HIV, but this does not necessarily mean that they have AIDS. HIV targets CD4+ lymphocytes that help recognize and destroy bacteria, viruses...
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... Chamberlain College of Nursing NR 500 Foundational Concepts and Applications EBP Searchable Clinical Questions Graded Assignment #2 1. Clinical Question: In patients with AIDS, what is the average life expectancy among those who take single antiretroviral drugs versus those who do the aggressive Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)? P = Patients with AIDS I = HAART C = single antiretroviral drug O = maximum life expectancy The reason I chose HIV/AIDS as a topic of study is that I strongly believe that treatment interventions can eliminate the belief that the diagnosis is a death sentence. I have also worked with patients with HIV/AIDS. When patients with HIV develop AIDS, it is important for them to know what treatment options are available to them. As of now, the treatment options are extreme. They entail the administration of antiretroviral drugs that are often used alone depending on the needs of the patient. Antiretroviral “Antiretroviral therapy suppresses the replication of the HIV virus in the body,” (AIDS, 2011). However, the use of combination therapy and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are becoming increasingly common in the treatment of AIDS. HAART has the potential to be “very effective in reducing the number of HIV particles in the bloodstream,” (AIDS, 2011). However, these are extreme interventions that require the full cooperation not just of patient but of the...
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...Case Study: Lesotho Appeal Industry Fight AIDS Anne Menlove, Hugo Vera, Hannah Nielsen, & Moriah Martin Grand Canyon University: HLT 411 May 29, 2016 Lesotho is a small country in the Southern tip of Africa that has been burden by an epidemic of HIV. It is estimated that 22 percent of the population is infected, being 270,000 people in the country but only one-quarter of those infected has received antiretroviral treatment (ART) (Gilden, 2009). There is an apparel company, Precious garments, that has taken on the fight against AIDS by starting the Apparel Lesotho Alliance to Fight AIDS (ALAFA). ALAFA goals as an organization are to determine social and economic factors of the population with HIV, develop a peer education model, and find the cost-effectiveness (Gilden, 2009). Roles and Importance The overall role that ALAFA has to help to fight against HIV/AIDS by giving help to HIV positive Basotho women that work in the apparel and textile industry. The organization provides information on prevention, testing and treatment (antiretroviral therapy) services in factory based clinics (Gilden, 2009). The issue of HIV/AIDS is important to ALAFA because not only do they want to create a healthier and more stable work environment, but they also want to change the lives of the apparel workers and provide the necessary care that they need (Gilden, 2009). Social and Economic Factors The Apparel Lesotho Alliance to Fight AIDS launch did encounter some social and economic...
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...Epidemiology Paper: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Grand Canyon University: NRS-427V Epidemiology Paper: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Human immunodeficiency virus is a retrovirus that originates from West Africa. Chimpanzees in West Africa that were infected with a similar virus, simian immunodeficiency virus, were hunted by humans and their meat was harvested and eaten (CDC, 2014). During this process, humans that were exposed to their blood or ate their meat, were exposed to this same virus. The simian immunodeficiency virus mutated over time becoming the human immunodeficiency virus. Scientists believe this transmission from chimpanzees to humans has been occurring since the early 1800’s and has slowly spread across the world. HIV is a virus that eventually leads to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The human body is unable to rid itself of this virus, meaning it is a lifelong illness that necessitates lifelong treatment. There is no cure, although scientists worldwide are actively and diligently working towards one. The virus directly attacks specific cells in our body which are called T-cells. It invades the T-cell and uses them to replicate itself, destroying the T-cell in the process. T-cells help our bodies in the defense against infection and disease and when they are depleted and destroyed, cause and increase in susceptibility to infection and disease. When these cells are depleted to a dangerous level, the disease process then transitions to AIDS...
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...human suffering in the continent. The most obvious effect of this crisis has been illness and death, but the impact of the epidemic has certainly not been confined to the health sector; households, schools, workplaces and economies have also been badly affected. During 2008 alone, an estimated 1.4 million adults and children died as a result of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa.2 Since the beginning of the epidemic more than 15 million Africans have died from AIDS.3 Although access to antiretroviral treatment is starting to lessen the toll of AIDS, fewer than half of Africans who need treatment are receiving it.4 The impact of AIDS will remain severe for many years to come. The impact on the health sector In all heavily affected countries the AIDS epidemic is adding additional pressure on the health sector. As the epidemic matures, the demand for care for those living with HIV rises, as does the toll of AIDS on health workers. In sub-Saharan Africa, the direct medical costs of AIDS (excluding antiretroviral therapy) have been estimated at about US$30 per year for every person infected, at a time when overall public health spending is less than US$10 per year for most African countries.5 The effect on hospitals [pic] Nurses working on the HIV ward at Kisiizi Hospital in Uganda As the HIV prevalence of a country rises, the strain placed on its hospitals is likely to increase. In sub-Saharan Africa, people with HIV-related diseases occupy more than half of all hospital beds.6 Government-funded...
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...Edward Robles April 19, 2016 Professor Soapes SSCI 306 2-4pm Summary Analysis Assignment 1. What is the title of your chosen reading? Who is the author? (1 Sentence) The decided article was, Clinician Attitudes Toward CDC Interim Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Guidance and Operationalizing PrEP for Adolescents written by, Tanya L. Kowalczyk Mullins, Michelle Lally, Gregory Zimet, and Jessica A. Kahn. 2. Give a short description of the background of the reading and its author. PrEP, or Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis is a higher dose of antiretroviral medication. Antiretroviral medications are used on people with the HIV/AIDS virus and help stop viral replication in the human body. As of today there is no cure for HIV/AIDS and the only way to treat the disease is to slow down the reproduction of the virus in the body. Taking PrEP before having risky sexual contact can drastically reduce the likelihood of catching HIV, making it a strong tool in combating the disease. The authors come from diverse medical backgrounds, with MD licenses and degrees in public health. Mullins, Lally, Zimet all specialize in pediactrics; while Kowalczyk and Kahn work at Cincinnati Childrens’ hospital. 3. State the thesis of your reading. (one or two sentences, Do Not use a direct quote here) The thesis was how the authors would conduct their interviews and assess how clinicians felt about and the likelihood of using the guidelines given by the Center for Disease Control on prescribing...
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...The Fight to Control HIV/AIDS As the world around us grows, so does the environment that comes with it. Today we face a pandemic that has been recognized since 2007, HIV/AIDS. There are 988,376 cumulative AIDS cases with 761,723 being male and 181,802 being female, of those cases 385,537 cases of AIDS that are White, 397,548 that are Black, and 155,179 that are Hispanic. These are startling numbers for anyone, regardless of race, to look at. Many people prove to be completely unaware of this global crisis, as the number of people infected keeps climbing each and every year. An issue that is even more startling is that there are millions of individuals in the world that have contracted HIV that have no idea they are carrying this deadly disease and many are spreading HIV unknowingly. The importance for educating people around the world about HIV and AIDS has grown and is becoming more and more of an urgent matter. Although there currently is not a cure for HIV and AIDS, people still need to know how HIV is spread, what programs they have to get themselves or loved ones tested, ways to protect themselves, and more of the details to explain the symptoms, or lack of symptoms, that you can associate with HIV and AIDS. Education is the first step in protection but if that does not prove to be significant enough, there are several support groups that an individual can contact in order to help themselves in their current conditions (Turley, 2007). AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency...
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...the spread of HIV/ AIDS by 2015, (2) Attain universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all the people who need it and (3) Stop and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases by 2015. Globally, new HIV infections continue to decline in some regions dropping 21% from 2001 to 2011. More people are living with HIV due to fewer AIDS - related deaths because of the scaling up of antiretroviral therapy; the continued large number of new infections with 2.5 million people are newly infected each year. Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission remains low among young people, along with condom use. More orphaned children are now in school due to expanded efforts to mitigate the impact of AIDS (Goal 6, 2013). While the target was missed by 2011, access to treatment for people living with HIV increased in all regions. At the end of 2011, 8 million people were receiving antiretroviral therapy for HIV. This total constitutes an increase of over 1.4 million people from December 2010. By the end of 2011, eleven countries had achieved universal access to antiretroviral therapy (Goal 6, 2013). The global estimated incidence of malaria has decreased by 17% since 2000, and malaria -specific mortality rates by 25%. In the decade since 2000, 1.1 million deaths from malaria were averted. Countries with improved access to malaria control intervention saw child mortality rates fall by about 20%. Treatment for tuberculosis has saved 20 million lives between 1995 and 2011...
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...Epidemiology Paper: HIV Grand Canyon University: NRS-427V 08/09/2015 Human immunodeficiency virus, otherwise known as HIV, is a serious disease that affects the bodies’ immune system. HIV affects the immune cells, specifically called the CD4 cells or T cells. As time passes, these cells are destroyed and soon the body begins to lose its ability to fight off infections and disease. HIV is the virus that could lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS. Unfortunately, there is no cure for HIV, meaning once infected, you will remain infected for the rest of your life. The earliest HIV case was known to be in 1959. While it is unknown when exactly it came about, or from where, the transfer of the disease is thought to be from animal to human decades earlier. Some scientists believe that the chimpanzee transmitted the virus to humans, back when humans would hunt the chimpanzees for their meat. The contact with their HIV infected blood caused the spread of the communicable disease. After slowly spreading across Africa through the years, the virus made its way out into the world. “The first cases of HIV in the United States date back to 1981.” (Holland, 2013) The HIV infection is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus. There are many myths about how HIV is spread; the truth of how it is spread is simple, through blood, semen, vaginal/rectal fluids and breast milk. “These fluids must come in contact with a mucous membrane or damaged tissue or be directly injected...
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...Chantel Clark Clark 1 Professor Margaret Peterson Expository Writing: English 105 02, December 2010 Save yourself and your baby’s life by taking a HIV test. Getting tested for Human Immunodeficiency Virus which affects the cells of any living organism in order to replenish itself in its host body. Since 1995, regulations have stated it is required that pregnant women receive HIV counseling and offered a voluntary test. However, I believe that all pregnant women should be mandatory to take an HIV test because of the risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). Getting tested can benefit the mother, help researchers find treatments, and prevent passing it on to the next generation. First, for mothers getting tested can stop the HIV infection from passing along to the baby. This happens during any time during the pregnancy, labor, delivery or breastfeeding. "With appropriate treatment and intervention, the chances of a child becoming reduced from around 25% to less than 2%" (International HIV). Mothers knowing if they are positive can really help promote and stop the spread one-baby at a time of the virus. Just like, “For many women, especially in resource-poor areas, pregnancy will be the only time in their young adult lives when they access healthcare services on a regular basis” (International HIV). Making testing mandatory is beneficial, of giving your baby a HIV free life where they don’t need to be...
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...The Role of Social Support in Coping with HIV/AIDS The topic of HIV/AIDS is particularly relevant in a South African context due to the rate of infection in this country, as well as the government’s stance on HIV/AIDS policy. South has Africa has the highest rate of HIV infection in the world. The Mbeki regime’s policy has only recently been changed to increase the availability of antiretrovirals to those infected. While these antiretrovirals may be used to treat the virus itself, they are ineffective in dealing with the stressors associated with the virus. Indeed, it can be argued that environmental factors, specifically social support, have the greatest positive influence in this regard. This essay will consider whether this is the case by examining the role of social support in dealing with the HIV/AIDS diagnosis, related health decline and infections and the prejudice and stigma attached to said diagnosis. In order to do this, one must first examine the definition of social support. Thoits (1995) as cited in Mizuno, Purcell, Dawson-Rose, Parsons & The Sudis Team (2003 p.690) defines social support as “instrumental, emotional or informational assistance from significant others” and goes on to find social support “one of the major coping resources for people experiencing stressful life events or chronic strains.” “Significant others” is generally understood to mean partners, friends and family, but could also refer to traditional caregivers in a hospital environment. Friedland...
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