...CS 771 Artificial Intelligence Introduction to AI Outline • • • • Course overview What is AI? A brief history State of the Art Course overview • • • • • • • • • • • • • Intro to AI (chapter 1) Intelligent agents (chapter 2) Goal based agents and uninformed search(chapter 3.1-3.4) Informed Search : A* (chapter 3.5-3.6) Beyond classical search (chapter 4) Adversarial search alpha-beta pruning (chapter 5) Constraint satisfaction problem (chapter 6) Midterm 1 (chapter 1, 2, 3,4,5,6) Logical agents and propositional logic (chapter 7) First-order logic (chapter 8) Inference in first order logic (chapter 9) Midterm 2 (chapter 7, 8, 9) Quantifying uncertainty (chapter 13) Probabilistic reasoning using Bayes net (chapter 14) Probabilistic reasoning over time (chapter 15) Where is AI in Computer Science? Computer science : problem solving using computers • Computer Architecture and Operating System study how to build good computers. • Computation and Complexity Theory study what can be computed, what cannot be computed, i.e., the limits of different computing devices. • Programming Languages study how to use computers conveniently and efficiently. • Algorithms and Data Structures study how to solve popular computation problems efficiently. • Artificial Intelligence is relevant to any intellectual tasks, e.g., playing chess, proving mathematical theorems, writing poetry, driving a car on a crowded street, diagnosing diseases ...
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...“Satellite images reveal China has already constructed 3km runway on island it has formed in disputed ocean territory.” http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3043227/Satellite-images-reveal-China-constructed-3km-runway-island-formed-disputed-ocean-territory.html Spratly Islands is a disputed group of islands, including islets, atolls, cays and reefs. The Spratly archipelago has been claimed by six different countries namely Malaysia, Brunei, Vietnam, Taiwan, China and Philippines and has been a controversial dispute between countries that are claimants of the said islands. Fiery Cross Reef, which is a part of the Spratly archipelago, is located on the western edge of the Dangerous Ground, a large area in the southeast part of the South China Sea. In 2014, the People’s Republic of China commenced reclamation activity in Fiery Cross Reef and it has been converted into an artificial or man-made island. Fiery Cross Reef has been considered as China’s man-made military island outpost. Via satellite images, it has been sited that China made a massive construction of airstrip in the artificial island atop of Fiery Cross Reef. An airstrip is used as a runway for aircraft or airplanes. Many believe that the airstrip has been constructed for military purposes. China’s key player for the Spratly Island dispute is its tough military intimidation or their so called “military muscle”. Smaller countries such as the Philippines, Malaysia and Vietnam have been fighting China’s military...
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...According to the UN Law of the Sea, foreign ships are innocent and are allowed passage through territorial waters. In 2015, the U.S. decided to test China’s obligation to the UNCLOS. Friar (2016) notes a navy destroyer, USS Lassen, sailed within 12 nautical miles of Subi Reef, and the Chinese reacted aggressively. China did not say that the USS Lassen violated international law, but clearly felt that the U.S. trespassed into their waters. According to Graham Webster of The Diplomat, Chinese officials stated that the U.S, “threatened China’s sovereignty and security interests”. Because China agreed to the terms of the UNCLOS, and the USS Lassen was sailing in international waters, what law could the U.S. ship have...
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...The Marine Environmental Impacts of Artificial Island Construction Dubai, UAE By Bayyinah Salahuddin Date: _______________ Approved: _________________________ Dr. Michael Orbach, Advisor Masters project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Environmental Management degree in the Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences of Duke University 2006 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ﻷﺟﻞ أهﻠﻲ First, I thank Allah for making my research successful and rewarding. Next, I would like to thank my dear family for their generous, unwavering support and encouragement. Finally, I would like to thank the Student International Discussion Group and the Environmental Internship Fund at the Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences at Duke University for funding my research. -2- ABSTRACT In the United Arab Emirates, Dubai is building three colossal artificial islands— each in the shape of a palm tree—in the Arabian Gulf. This has prompted several other Gulf countries to construct artificial islands. To determine the impacts of the first of these Palm Islands, The Palm Jumeirah, I traveled to Dubai and interviewed governmental agencies, environmental groups, and the developer’s environmental scientists. I analyzed the island’s impacts on marine wildlife as well as the developer’s mitigation efforts and the developer’s compliance with the relevant environmental laws. The Palm Jumeirah has buried and asphyxiated wildlife, increased turbidity, and changed...
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...PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION ARTICLE 1: The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines. 1. Section 1, Article 1of the 1987 Constitution 2. The national territory comprises thePhilippine archipelago, with all the islands andwaters embraced therein, and all other territoriesover which the Philippines has sovereignty orjurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial andaerial domains, including its territorial sea, theseabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and othersubmarine areas. The waters around, between, andconnecting the islands of the archipelago, regardlessof their breadth and dimensions, form part ofinternal waters of the Philippines. 3. Necessity of constitutional provision on National Territory 4. 1. Binding force of such provision under international law. A state has the power to try, hear and decide cases throughout the extent of its territory. If there is a territorial dispute it should be settled according to the international law.2. Value of provision defining our national territory...
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...There has been some evidence of irregularity in the flow and heat transport throughout its history. A study done by Lund et al. (2006) using foraminifera from sediment cores found that the density gradient was lower and therefore the flow of the Gulf Stream was slower during the Little Ice Age. It is estimated that the volume of the Gulf Stream was about 10% less than it is today. The paleoclimatic records indicate that reduced heat transport during the Little Ice Age may have led to cooler northern temperatures (Lund et al.,...
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...God” so to speak and save all of the living creatures we are able to? Furthermore, what techniques are we actually going to use? Putting animals in cages changes them, so much that they are not “wild,” rather, they are confused. When you see the Tiger pacing in his cage at the zoo, with the murals of jungle life on the walls, fiberglass rocks, and the smells of other animals from different parts of the world; these are changing the animal’s psyche and the way it feels about his place in this world. We think we’re helping, but we’re only hurting. This reminds me of Disney’s Finding Nemo, the scene in which the dentist is showing off Nemo, saying he “found this little fella swimming off the reef and he saved him…” Saved him, from what? His natural habitat so he could live, no, exist in an artificial environment? I propose these questions when discussing the natural world, focusing on the fact that we don’t actually know best just because we possess a self-aware, free-thinking and reasoning mind. We don’t possess the knowledge of this way of life...
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...An ecosystem is a community of living organisms (plants, animals and microbes) in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system.[2] These components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows.[3] As ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment,[4] they can come in any size but usually encompass specific, limited spaces[5] (although some scientists say that the entire planet is an ecosystem).[6] History and development Arthur Tansley, a British ecologist, was the first person to use the term "ecosystem" in a published work.[fn 1][10] Tansley devised the concept to draw attention to the importance of transfers of materials between organisms and their environment.[11] He later refined the term, describing it as "The whole system, ... including not only the organism-complex, but also the whole complex of physical factors forming what we call the environment".[12] Tansley regarded ecosystems not simply as natural units, but as mental isolates.[12] Tansley later[13] defined the spatial extent of ecosystems using the term ecotope. G. Evelyn Hutchinson, a pioneering limnologist who was a contemporary of Tansley's, combined Charles Elton's ideas about trophic ecology with those of Russian geochemist Vladimir Vernadsky to suggest that mineral nutrient availability in a lake limited algal production...
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...caribbean studies notes MODULE ONE LOCATION AND DEFINITION OF THE CARIBBEAN REGION Definition of the Caribbean Region Geographical This describes the area washed by the Caribbean Sea and is often described as the Caribbean Basin. It would therefore include most of the islands of the Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles as well as the mainland territories in Central America (Costa Rica, Belize, Panama, Honduras) and Northern South America such as Columbia and Venezuela. The common link here is the Caribbean Sea. Geological There are deep seated structural features of Caribbean geology which also identifies commonalities. It is the area that is defined by the Caribbean Plate and which experiences similar tectonic, seismic and volcanic features and processes. Historical It describes the area that saw the impact of European colonization, slavery, indentureship and the plantation system. this refers to all the territories so that one way of defining the Caribbean is to identify those countries that experienced the rule of specific European countries. Thus the Caribbean may be defined as being broken up into the English, French, Dutch and Spanish speaking countries and territories. Political In the Caribbean at least three types of governmental systems are found. They include Independent States, Associated States and Colonial Dependencies. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY Society Society is a collection of people occupying a defined geographical...
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...Mangroves are ever green forests between land and sea, found essentially in the intertidal zone and occupying large tracts along the shallow coasts, estuaries and in the deltas where they are influenced by tides, widely differing conditions of saline and rainfall regimes. The coastline of Pakistan is 1,050 km long and 40-50 km wide shared by the provinces of Sindh (350 km) and Balochistan (700 km). In the Sindh province, mangroves are found in the Indus Delta which occupies approximately 600,000 ha extending from Korangi Creek in the north to Sir Creek in the South. Indus Delta comprises 17 major creeks, numerous minor creeks and extensive mudflats and constitutes 97% of total mangrove forests found in Pakistan. Mangroves of Indus delta are unique in being the largest arid climate mangroves in the world. The survival of these forests is largely associated with perennial freshwater supplies from the River Indus, which flows through the delta before reaching the Arabian Sea. An area of 344,845 ha of the Indus delta has been declared as protected forests and is under the control of Sindh Forest Department. The Indus Delta is believed to have had as many as eight mangrove species in the past. However at present, only four species have been left. Nearly 95% of the mangroves located in the Indus Delta comprise the species Avicennia marina. Very small patches of Ceriops tagal and Aegiceras corniculatum are found near the mouth of the Indus at Keti Bunder. Rizophora mucronata has...
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...Asian Institute of Maritime Studies Pasay City, Philippines INTERNATIONAL SHIP AND PORT FACILITY SECURTIY CODE In partial fulfillment of the Case Study and presentation for: Issues and problems in the Maritime Industry being addressed by ISPS Sunken Ships Submitted to: ENS. GRACIANO C. CONSORIO PCG (Ret) Instructor Submitted by: Group Number 2 I. Introduction The sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land. More broadly, the sea is the interconnected system of Earth's salty, oceanic waters—considered as one global ocean or as several principal oceanic divisions. Moreover, it has served as a home for marine and aquatic environment and also as defined roads for marine transportation in the conduct of trade and civilization. In spite of the glorious facts accounted, the sea was also the venue and sole witness of such tragedies, catastrophes known as maritime incidents. By definition, maritime incident means any occurrence, other than an accident, that is associated with the operation of a ship and effects or could affect the safety of operation. From the initiation of transport at sea up to the present, tremendous accounts of maritime incidents can be noted and such incidents lead to countless loss of lives, property, and the environment. With these adverse effects at hand, major approaches can further explain the importance of such incidents. From a historical approach, the first transport at sea was accounted as trade using small...
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...speaking people compose 66% of the region, the Pangasinan speaking people compose 27%, and the Tagalogs compose 3%. Physical Region I occupies the narrow plain between the Cordillera Central mountain range and the South China Sea. It also occupies the northern portion of the Central Luzon plain, to the north-east of the Zambales Mountains. Lingayen Gulf is the most notable body of water in the region and it contains a number of islands, including the Hundred Islands National Park. To the north of the region is Luzon Strait. The Agno river runs through Pangasinan and empties into the Lingayen Gulf. The river flow into a broad delta in the vicinity of Lingayen and Dagupan... ------------------------------------------------- History Region 1 was first inhabited by the aboriginal Negritoes before they were pushed by successive waves of Malay/Austronesian immigrants that penetrated the narrow coast. Tingguians in the interior, Ilocanos in the north, and Pangasinense in the south settled the region. From the data on the population distribution of Region 1, it is...
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...hij Teacher Resource Bank Environmental Studies Unit 1 ENVS1 The Living Environment Teachers Notes Copyright © 2008 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (company number 3644723) and a registered charity (registered charity number 1073334). Registered address: AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX. Dr Michael Cresswell, Director General. Teacher Resource Bank / GCE Environmental Studies / Teachers’ Notes Unit 1 / Version 1.0 Unit 1 ENVS1 The Living Environment Introduction These Teachers’ Notes are intended to expand upon Unit 1: The Living Environment by providing greater detail of the topics to be covered and how these should be developed. Examples included in the specification must be covered. Where specific examples are not given, suitable examples should be chosen to illustrate the principles and issues that are included in the specification. This guide includes suitable examples that may be used (in italics) but others may be used if preferred eg if the candidates or teachers have particular experience or knowledge. It is anticipated that the use of carefully selected examples may reduce total teaching effort by enabling a number of issues to be covered in a single situation. This will also help candidates to appreciate the holistic, inter-connected nature of the subject and prepare them for the study of broader issues such as sustainability...
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...scalability concerns for the scheduler. In this paper, we summarize the design, development, and current state of deployment of the next generation of Hadoop’s compute platform: YARN. The new architecture we introduced decouples the programming model from the resource management infrastructure, and delegates many scheduling functions (e.g., task faulttolerance) to per-application components. We provide experimental evidence demonstrating the improvements we made, confirm improved efficiency by reporting the experience of running YARN on production environments (including 100% of Yahoo! grids), and confirm the flexibility claims by discussing the porting of several programming frameworks onto YARN viz. Dryad, Giraph, Hoya, Hadoop MapReduce, REEF, Spark, Storm, Tez. 1 Introduction...
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...Natural Resources and Energy Paper People, Science, and the Environment SCI 256 “Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s need, but not every man’s greed.” (Gandhi, 2011) Did Gandhi have foresight into the destructive ways of humans? Earth seemed to have endless amenities that would take humans a lifetime to consume. With the abundance of these amenities, have humans failed to conserve and nurture nature’s gifts in the name of greed? In this paper, the subject to identify and discuss will be the effects that a growing human population may have on the marine ecosystem’s resources, including loss or harm to population of wild species; discuss one management practice of sustainability and conservation of natural resources in the marine ecosystem. Finally, the paper will identify is the risks and benefits of extracting or using one type of nonrenewable and one type of renewable energy resource from the marine ecosystem. From a distance in space humans look at this planet called Earth. Earth covers the massive blue oceans of life. Planet Earth humans call home consist of numerous types of land and marine species from the deepest part of the ocean to the clear shallow water of sandy beaches that lie within an ecosystem. The marine ecosystem is so complex but at the same time it is not complicated. Humans cannot see creatures with the naked eye but can spot a massive blue whale from a distance;...
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