...Mary Mallon was born in Ireland in 1869 and relocated to the United States in 1884. Mary was the first case in the United States that was blamed for being an asymptomatic carrier of a pathogen that connected to the typhoid fever. Hence why she received the name Typhoid Mary. When Mary arrive in America at 15 years old there weren’t many good paying jobs other then being a cook which is exactly what she pursued doing. Mary began working as a personal cook for Charles Henry Warren who was a very wealthy banker (Marineli, Tsoucalas, Karamanou, & Androutsos, 2013). Although Mary hosted the bacteria Salmonella typhi, she had no signs or symptoms of the illness. There were six out of 11 people who were sick within the home of Mr. Warren. The Warren family summoned George Sober, a sanitary engineer to investigate why so many people in the home fell ill. Fresh water soft...
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...This was case of Mary Mallon. To her, quarantine meant a life of isolation and imprisonment for a disease that she was asymptomatic for. As a "healthy carrier", Mary was considered by the health officials in Manhattan to be too dangerous to be allowed to continue having exposure to society even though she was only infectious when she was cooking. She was presented to the public as a dirty immigrant from Ireland that was heavy in stature, ugly in appearance, and someone who carried and spread the disease to those who were considered to be "American" (Walzer, Typhoid Mary: Captive to the Public's Health, 13). She was deemed unmanageable due to the temper shown as she was accused of being infected with a disease that one only got if they were...
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...System * The blood brain barrier (blood vessel cerebrospinal fluid) 1) Endothelial cells 2) Astrocytes 3) Neurons *A structural impediment with restricted permeability * The lower respiratory tract * Upper respiratory- nasal hairs, mucous membrane, ciliary escalator, alveolar macrophages * In healthy person, microbes shouldn’t be able to make it down that far (past the upper respiratory) * The cardiovascular system (blood) * Septicemia- “blood poisoning,” growth of a pathogenic microorganism in the blood (non-specific term) * Bacteremia- bacteria in the blood * Toxemia- presence of toxin in the blood * Viremia- in the blood * Q: Do we all have the same resident flora? A: Bacteria from our skin remains on the things we touch and could be used for the same purpose as fingerprints. Own personal bacteria can stay on things we touch for days or even weeks at a room temperature if left untouched. Dislodged microbes could help identify an individual *...
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...Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This sexually transmitted disease is curable, but left untreated it can cause complications such as sterility, pelvic inflammatory disease, and can affect other vital organs. Transmission is through oral, rectal, vaginal sexual contact. Symptoms include burning sensation during urination, white, yellow, or green discharge from the penis or vagina. If a person were sexually active rectally then symptoms would include rectal discharge, anal itching, rectal soreness, and painful bowel movements. Symptoms can occur between four to six days after being infected (Wikipedia.org). Treatment includes injectable antibiotics such as ceftriaxone and also a combination...
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...Salmonella is a type of bacterial found in the intestinal track of humans and other animals. Humans can contract salmonellosis when they eat food contaminated with animal feces, normally though as food poisoning. The meat, poultry, milk and cheese are common sources, but you can get salmonellosis with any food, including vegetables. Transmission can occur if you are infected and do not wash your hands after going to the bathroom then the bacteria can be passed through the food you are preparing, also if you use the same knife to cut raw chicken then cut tomatoes or other vegetables and do not wash it between using it again, therefore it will contaminate the other dishes with the bacteria. The bacteria is killed in the cooking of food, but if a carrier of the infection does not wash their hands after using the bathroom, any food that he or she touches is contaminated. Symptoms of salmonellosis are diarrhea, fever and abdominal pain are common between 12 and 72 hours after the individual was infected and recovers from 4 to 7 days without treatment, but sometimes salmonella spreads from the intestines into the blood stream and other body regions. If salmonella spreads through the body, a person could even die unless they receive antibiotics. People with weakened immune systems, elderly, and infants are more susceptible to get severely ill. People with diarrhea usually recover completely, but your bowel movements may not return to normal for several months. In a small number...
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...is an infection in the colon caused by bacteria and it its spread by the fecal-oral route. “ CDI is defined as the acute onset of diarrhea with documented toxigenic C. difficile or its toxin and no other documented cause for diarrhea” (guidelines for diagnosis). This type of bacteria is a gram-positive bacteria that makes spores that can live on surfaces for long periods of time. One of the biggest risk factors for this infection is the use of antibiotics “within...
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...Name: Cheyenne McMillian Causative Agent: Chlamydia trachomatis Disease: STD chlamydia, ocular trachoma Classification of the causative agent: C. trachomatis is a gram – coccoid bacteria History: 15-19 year old women account for half of the carriers of the disease for females. Virulence factors of the causative agent: C. trachomatis has a unique cell wall structure that allows it to hinder phagolysosome fusion within phagocytes. Characterized as gram negative, a notable difference amongst other bacteria’s is that it lacks muramic acid in its cell walls which makes it resistant to antibiotics such as penicillin. Chlamydia also has a type III secretion apparatus (a small needle-like projection) that allows it to inject proteins directly...
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...Preface A well-developed knowledge of clinical microbiology is critical for the practicing physician in any medical field. Bacteria, viruses, and protozoans have no respect for the distinction between ophthalmology, pediatrics, trauma surgery, or geriatric medicine. As a physician you will be faced daily with the concepts of microbial disease and antimicrobial therapy. Microbiology is one of the few courses where much of the "minutia" is regularly used by the practicing physician. This book attempts to facilitate the learning of microbiology by presenting the information in a clear and entertaining manner brimming with memory aids. Our approach has been to: 4) Create a conceptual, organized approach to the organisms studied so the student relies less on memory and more on logical pathophysiology. The text has been updated to include current information on rapidly developing topics, such as HIV and AIDS (vaccine efforts and all the new anti-HIV medications), Ebola virus, Hantavirus, E. coli outbreaks, Mad Cow Disease, and brand-new antimicrobial antibiotics. The mnemonics and cartoons in this book do not intend disrespect for any particular patient population or racial or ethnic group but are solely presented as memory devices to assist in the learning of a complex and important medical subject. We welcome suggestions for future editions. 1) Write in a conversational style for rapid assimilation. 2) Include numerous figures serving as "visual memory tools" and summary charts...
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...Lynda Sowemimo Pathogenic Neisseriae Microbiology Special Project Northwestern College Introduction Neisseria is a large genus of bacteria that colonize the mucosal surfaces of many animals. This genus (family Neisseriaceae) of parasitic bacteria grow in pairs and occasionally tetrads, and thrive best at 98.6°F (37°C) in the animal body or serum media. Of the 11 species that colonize humans, only two are pathogens, Neisseria meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae. In N. meningitides and N. gonorrhoeae, DNA transformation requires the presence of short DNA sequences (9-10 monomers residing in coding regions) of the donor DNA. These sequences are called DNA uptake sequences. Biochemical identification/ Genetic transformation Neisseria meningitidis (also called the meningococcus), one of the most common causes of bacterial meningitis and the causative agent of meningococcal septicaemia. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (also called the gonococcus), which causes gonorrhea. Neisseria meningitidis has a polysaccharide capsule that surrounds the outer membrane of the bacterium and protects against soluble immune effector mechanisms within the serum. It is considered to be an essential virulence factor for the bacteria. N. gonorrhea possesses no such capsule. Neisseria meningitidis Often referred to as meningococcus, Neisseria meningitidis is a gram negative bacterium that can cause meningitis and other forms of meningococcal disease such as meningococcemia, a life-threatening sepsis. Neisseria...
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...the groin and tends to spread to areas of skin that are kept hot and moist, such as with insulation, body heat, and sweat. The fungal agents responsible for infection may be picked up by walking barefoot in an infected area or using an infected towel. Infection can be prevented by limiting the use of occlusive footwear and remaining barefoot.[6] Globally, it affects about 15% of the population Bacteria (i/bækˈtɪəriə/; singular: bacterium) constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a fewmicrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most habitats on the planet. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs,radioactive waste,[2] and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in plants and animals (see symbiosis), and have flourished in manned space vehicles.[3] There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water. There are approximately 5×1030 bacteria on Earth,[4] forming a biomass that exceeds that of all plants and...
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...Helicobacter pylori is a Gram negative, enveloped, spiral shaped (curved rod) bacterium that colonizes the stomach of humans[1]. The spiral shape, along with multiple flagella, allows for the bacterium to be very motile in the stomach, using a corkscrew motion to achieve motility[2]. H.pylori measures at 2 to 4 μm length wise, and 0.5 to 1 μm in width, and is slow growing, making is difficult to culture in a lab[1][2]. The cell structure of H.pylori is typical of other Gram negative bacteria, consisting of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane of phospholipids and LPS This bacterium prefers a microaerophilic environment, with the ideal oxygen level around 2-5%, as well as 5-10% carbon dioxide level and high humidity [1]. H.pylori grows best within the temperature range of 34-40 degrees celsius, with the optimal temperature being 37 degrees celsius[1], all of these factors make the environment of the human stomach to be perfectly suited for H.pylori growth....
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...Infectious Disease, Biological and its Control “Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms”, stated the Mayo Clinic (2014). Knowledge of the germ theory and disease came about in the Nineteenth Century through Louis Pasteur. Pasteur identified that pathogens, such as bacteria, cause disease by attacking the body from the outside, BBC (2014). Following on from Pasteur’s germ theory, Robert Koch in 1876, proved specific pathogens caused specific diseases, Stevenson (2014). Pathogens are biological agents that take the form of bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa causing infection and illness by challenging our immune system, through killing cells or disrupting the cell function, National Academies (2015). “Only when a microorganism has successfully established a site of infection in the host does disease occur”, Janeaway et al (2001). When working in Mexico, there are certain infectious diseases prevalent, and transmission of these diseases can happen through a variety of methods such as direct contact with other infected humans or animals, indirectly by touching infected objects or via airborne transmission. Reports suggest over one million people die from vector borne diseases every year, such as malaria from mosquitos carrying pathogens from host to host, WHO (2014). Whilst working or travelling, should you succumb to an infection or disease, your body will try to defend itself using non-specific mechanisms, such as mechanical, chemical and biological barriers...
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...are infected with schistosomiasis. 39.5 million people are living with HIV/AIDS, with 4.3 million new HIV infections in 2006 (65% in sub-Saharan Africa). The eight Millennium Development Goals (MDG) hope to be achieved by 2015. These are: eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, universal primary education, gender equality and empowerment of women, reduction in child mortality,improvement in maternal health, combating HIV/AIDS,malaria and other diseases, ensuring environment sustainability and developing global partnership for development. DEFINITION INFECTION An infection is the entry and multiplication of an infections agent in the tissue of host. lf the infectious agent fails to cause injury to cells or tissue, then infection is asymptomatic. INFECTIOUS DISEASE An infectious disease is any change from a state of health in a part or all of the host body is not capable of carrying on its normal functions due to the presence of an organisms or its products. Infection and immunity involve interaction between...
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...sialic acid is identical to the human form Pneumococcal Meningitis Cause: Streptococcus pneumoniae – gram-positive Treatment: * Cefotaxime (3rd generation cephalosporin/beta lactam) – 10-14 days * (If resistance to Cefotaxime – Vancomycin (tricyclic glycopeptide) and Rifampicin) * Adjunctive treatment with Dexamethasone Haemophilus Influenzae Meningitis Cause: Haemophilus influenzae – gram-negative Treatment: * H. influenzae vaccine is available * Cefotaxime (3rd gen cephalosporin/beta lactam) * Adjunctive treatment with Dexamethasone Meningitis Pathogenesis – Bacteria * Infection begins with nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal colonisation * IgA proteases are secreted by bacteria to combat the high concentrations of secretory IgA found on mucosal surfaces * Pili and flagella are used to adhere to host epithelial cells, and bacteria then enter the blood stream * Once in the...
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...IMPLANT DENTISTRY / VOLUME 20, NUMBER 5 2011 331 Identification and Treatment of Bisphosphonate-Associated Actinomycotic Osteonecrosis of the Jaws Cameron Y. S. Lee, DMD, MD, PHD,* Francis D. Pien, MD, MPH,† and Jon B. Suzuki, DDS, PHD, MBA‡ isphosphonates (BPs) are a pharmacologic class of synthetic analogs of inorganic pyrophosphate that has an affinity for calcium.1 They are used in the treatment of various malignant and benign metabolic conditions, such as hypercalcemia of malignancy; Paget’s disease of bone; multiple myeloma; and metastases from distant sites such as breast, thyroid, prostate glands, and lung. The oral form of BPs is indicated in the management of osteoporosis, fibrous dysplasia, and most recently, osteogenesis imperfecta in the pediatric population.2,3 Currently, there are 5 bisphosphonates in clinical use: alendronate (Fosamax; Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ), risedronate (Actonel; Proctor & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Cincinnati, OH), ibandronate (Boniva; Roche Pharmaceuticals, Nutley, NY), zoledronate (Zometa; Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ), and pamidronate (Aredia; Novartis Pharmaceuticals). All 5 medications differ in their binding affinity to bone, potency, and duration.2–5 B Osteonecrosis of the jaws (ONJ) is a condition characterized by necrotic exposed bone in the jaws of patients receiving intravenous or oral bisphosphonate therapy. A review of the medical and dental literature reveals that the pathoetiology of ONJ remains...
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