...M1D1 Question 1 Response When the hole between the left and right atria fails to close postpartum it is called an atrial septal defect. If the hole is between the left and right ventricles, it is known as a ventricular septal defect. What is important to realize with both of these defects is they are responsible for increased pulmonary blood flow in the infant; therefore, causing an array of developmental deficiencies. Atrial Septal Defect Due to increased arterial pressure on the left side of the heart that is greater than the right venous pressure, blood from the left atria will seep through the hole in the septum and go into the right atria. The increased amount of blood will then contract into the right ventricle and inevitably ending up...
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...A NOVEL APPROACH FOR AN EXCEPTIONAL CONDITION “PUMPLESS” KEYHOLE ASD HYBRID DEVICE CLOSURE IN A PREGNANT LADY (First of its kind in India) Unusual circumstances call for innovative ideas and more so, when it comes to save lives. This is such a case where the doctors at Global Health City, Chennai were confronted with a rare medical condition that tested their ultimate expertise and gave them an unspeakable pleasure of achievement. 31 yrs old Intisar Kareem Naser from Iraq had an episode of minor Cardiac stroke along with seizures and transient weakness of the left hand. The diagnosis revealed that she was having a 25 mm Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) with transient Ischemic attack and Paradoxical embolism. She was advised to undergo the ASD closure procedure in Iraq. But, the challenging part was that she was into her third month of pregnancy and the operation could prove fatal for the unborn baby. In an emotional despair Ms. Intisar & her husband Mr. Akran approached Global Heal City, where their case was reviewed by Dr. Nandkishore Kapadia (Senior Consultant & Cardiac Surgeon) and Dr. R. Ravikumar (Senior Consultant & Interventional Cardiologist). There was a brainstorming on the treatment approach with a sole objective to save both the lives i.e. the mother and the child. The traditional Open Heart surgery on Cardiopulmonary Pump was ruled out because of high risk of blood loss, which might lead to abortion. Closure of ASD in Catheterization laboratory was...
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...The heart and its functions Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) is also known called “a hole in the heart.” The defect presents a hole in the wall (septum) that separates the upper chambers of the heart. The hole can be a variety of sizes, and it is possible for the hole to close naturally or through surgical intervention. Many times babies born with this defect do not exhibit signs and symptoms. However larger untreated holes in babies may cause lung and respiratory infections, fatigue during feedings, shortness of breath during activity, a heart murmur, swelling of the extremities and stroke. Larger holes cause the amount of blood being pumped to the lungs to increase, and may lead to unusual heart rhythm and stroke. In contrast to Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) is Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD). The hole in VSD is located between the left and right ventricles of the heart as opposed to between the two atriums. This defect will cause oxygenated and deoxygenated blood of the two chambers to mix in the right ventricle causing severe symptoms. Symptoms include fatigue, rapid respiration, dyspnea, poor weight gain, and poor nutritional intake. In contrast to Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) the symptoms exhibited in Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) will start almost immediately after birth rather than later in life. The mechanical heart requires several essential characteristics. The first is energy transmission, because without a reliable and consistent power supply the device would not be able...
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...Assignment Name: Cause and Effect Essay Date: March 2, 2013 Audience: My instructor and classmates Purpose: To let you know the life changing effect open heart surgery had on my son. The Effect of Open Heart Surgery on my Son On August 24, 2003, my first son Brandon Thomas was born, it was one of the happiest days of my life; He was happy and healthy, so I was told. I come to find out later that night that my son was born with 2 large holes in his heart called atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD). ASDs and VSDs allow blood to pass from the left side of the heart to the right side. So, oxygen rich blood mixes with oxygen poor blood. As a result, some oxygen rich blood is pumped to the lungs instead of the body. Brandon had his open heart surgery at the age of 3 months on November 18, 2003, without this life changing surgery my son would not be here today. It’s amazing the difference in Brandon before and after surgery. Before surgery Brandon never cried because it was so tiring for him. If he did cry which was very rare, he would be sleeping within minutes of the outburst. He was on two different medications because of being in heart failure; his breathing was so rapid, and he threw up all the time just from the excretion of eating. Brandon was put on a high calorie formula in hopes of weight gain. After surgery it was like taking home a new baby; he was so full of life and cried normally now. He was awake more and his personality finally...
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...Layout/Presentation (3m): *correct length *title *coversheet *plagiarism statement Intro (4m0:*brief description of malformation *population frequency *Clearly written *uses references effectively * concise, accurate Normal development (20m): brief description of normal development *Clearly written *concise, accurate *uses diagrams effectively *Technical terms explained in clear manner at the correct level *uses references effectively *no references are weblinks Abnormal development (10m): brief description of cause of malformation *Clearly written *concise, accurate *uses diagrams effectively *Technical terms explained in clear manner at the correct level *uses references effectively * no references are web links Latest research (10m): brief description of underlying cause of malformation OR *brief description of recent experimental data *Clearly written *concise, accurate *Technical terms explained in clear manner at the correct level *clear understanding of concepts well explained * correct use of journal references Additional info (5m): parental diagnosis/prevention Interesting and informative *clearly written * concise, accurate * reliable websites are references Where to find help (3m): list Australian and international organisation websites Australian and at least one overseas organisation listed *all links are valid References (4m): Appropriate references *Cited in text *list correctly in reference list *Referenced diagrams No inappropriate use of internet...
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...functions. Atrial septal defect (ASD) is fairly common. This was a terrific example to relate structure and function. When the structure of anatomy is disrupted we can see as in this example how normal function is altered. This congenital defect allows blood to flow between atria instead of the normal flow through the ventricles and to the body and the disrupted and limited blood flow can lead to heart failure, stroke and pulmonary hypertension. The larger the hole the more quickly surgery is needed to correct it. Smaller holes may provide enough blood flow to avoid these complications and may heal over on its own. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is less common. A hole between the ventricles allows mixing of oxygenated blood from the lungs with de-oxygenated blood returning from the body. Heart failure and infections occur rapidly due to the lack of oxygenated blood reaching the body and the baby often presents with a bluish discoloration to the skin as a result of lack of oxygen. Artificial hearts being developed run on batteries to pump the blood and include porting valves to ensure blood flow goes in the correct direction. Essential characteristics of an artificial heart that would make them ideal would be to mimic the real heart in structure and function and resist rejection in the recipient. References Atrial septal defect (ASD). (2014). Retrieved from http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/CongenitalHeartDefects/AboutCongenitalHeartDefects/Atrial-Septal-Defect-ASD_UCM_307021_Article...
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...A catheter-delivered closure device, such as Amplatzer Septal Occluder or Cardio-Seal device. May be used for closure of atrial septal defects less than 13mm in size, except than primum or sinus venosus defects. If the defect is greater than thirteen milimeters or located near important structures. Surgical repair becomes necessary. If the atrial septal defect is repaired during childhood there mortality rates approach 0 and the patient’s life expectancy approaches that of the general population prior to surgical repair, patients may need to be treated with diuretics; digoxin; ACE inhibitor; or beta blockers to prevent congestive heart failure (Moser & Riegel, 2007). Following surgical repair patience will receive aspirin to prevent clots, and be monitored closely for dysrhythmias and pulmonary hypertension. Oxygen and nitric oxide therapy have proven to be beneficial in treating postoperative pulmonary hypertension. Also patients who have primum atrial septal defect will need endocarditis...
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...Heart 1. Papillary, atrial ventricular 2. Right bundle branch 3. PAT 4. EKG 5. .5 and 5 6. Small coronary veins, ventricle 7. Right atrial ventricular, systole 8. Pectinate 9. Serous, pericardial 10. 1st, Ludd 11. Normal sinus rhythm 12. AV node 13. P, depolarization, sinoatrial 14. Isoelectric point 15. Quiescent period 16. QRS complex 17. Einthoven 18. 12, 1, 3 19. 3 20. Cardiomegaly 21. Fibrillation 22. ? 23. Infarction 24. ? 25. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome 26. Lidocaine 27. Beta adrenergic blocking agents 28. Thiazide diuretic 29. Third degree heart block 30. Nitroglycerin 31. Total peripheral resistance 32. Decrease 33. Flutter 34. Tachycardia 35. Bradycardia 36. Auscultation 37. Diastole, failure 38. Cardiac cycle 39. J 40. Intercalated discs 41. Bundle of his 42. SA node, posterior right atrial 43. Contraction 44. Aortic semilunar valve 45. Pulmonary 46. Ascending 47. Autonomic nervous system 48. U, kalemia 49. P-R interval 50. Junction rhythm, pacemaker, escape 51. Atrial fibrillation 52. ? 53. ? 54. Tetralog of fallot, stenosis, hypertphy 55. Ischemia 56. Ectopic focus, episodic 57. Congestive heart failure 58. QRS complex 59. Cardiomegaly, cardiomyopathy 60. Injury 61. Stenosis, atherosclerosis 62. Atrial tachycardia, life threatening ...
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...her skin. The rapid breathing is a sign that her body is trying to compensate for the lack of oxygenated blood and is trying to bring her body back to homeostasis. Here are some possible diagnosis for Brianna. Congenital heart defect symptoms include heart murmur, breathing problems, cyanosis, and fatigue. Cyanotic congenital heart disease symptoms are low birth weight, cyanosis, rapid breathing rapid heart rate, abnormal heart rhythms, and fatigue. Transposition of the greater vessels some symptoms may include cyanosis, shortness of breath, poor feeding, and rapid breathing. Truncus arteriosus is another possible diagnosis symptoms are cyanosis, dyspnea, poor feeding, lethargy, and...
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...hypertrophy and hindered left ventricle compliance and filling. As there is fixed obstruction to LV outflow, the LV experiences chronic pressure overload. This is compensated for by left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), wherein there is parallel replication of the sarcomere, increasing the wall thickness of the LV, whilst maintaining regular LV diastolic dimensions. This mechanism retains LV contractility by normalising wall stress. However, progressive LVH results in impeded LV compliance, and thus, diastolic dysfunction, which leads to increased mean left atrial pressures. As AS progresses, the increased wall thickness may become inadequate in offsetting the increase in pressure with afterload mismatch, leading to increased wall stress, and decreased LV systolic function. Such reduction in LV systolic function also results in increased mean left atrial pressure, which with time, induces left atrial dilation, which may lead to atrial arrhythmias. Furthermore, hindered filling restricts LV preload at rest and...
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...Cardiovascular The cardiovascular system is consists of the heart and network of arteries, veins, and capillaries that transport blood throughout the body. There are two primary circulatory loops in the human body: the pulmonary circulation loop and the systemic circulation loop. The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a closed fist that functions as the body’s circulatory pump. It takes in deoxygenated blood through the veins and delivers it to the lungs for oxygenation before pumping it into the various arteries. The condition marked by the heart’s inability to pump enough blood to the rest of the body is called a heart failure, although it is generally long term or chronic, it may have a sudden onset. In the case study presented here the client complains: “I have shortness of breath, fatigue, cough, and swelling in feet”. Based on the above information during the initial interview the examiner will collect an additional subjective data in order to gain in depth understanding of what is the cause of the exhibited symptoms, and to rule out certain issues. Subjective data: 1) Dyspnea. (Shortness of breath) What kind of activities and amounts bring on shortness of breath. Did these activities bring the shortness of breath 6 months ago? Does shortness of breath come on suddenly? Is it constant or comes and goes? Is it changed by the position change, for example lying down? Does it wake you up at night? Does the shortness of breath interfere with ADLs? 2) Fatigue...
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...diomyopathy Topic presentation on Cardiomyopathy Topic presentation on Cardiomyopathy INDEX S.N | CONTENT | PG.NO | 1 | Introduction | 5 | 2 | Definition Cardiomyopathy | 5 | 3 | Classification | 6 | 4 | Risk Factors | 7 | 5 | Clinical Manifestations | 7 | 6 | Diagnostic Evaluation | 7-9 | 7 | Dilated CardiomyopathyDefinition,Charecteristics,Types , Causes,Diagnostic Evaluation,Pathophysiology,Clinical Manifestations,Medical Management | 10-17 | 8 | Hypertrophic CardiomyopathyIncidence,Causes,Charecteristics,Clinical Manifestations,Medical And Nursing Management | 18-21 | 9 | Restrictive Cardiomyopathy-Other Names,Causes,Pathophysiology,Clinical Manifestations,Diagnostic Evaluation,Medical Management | 23-26 | 10 | Surgical management | 27-32 | 11 | Prevention | | 12 | Nursing Management,Home Care Management | 32-40 | 13 | Complications | 40-42 | 14 | Conclusion | 42 | 15 | Research Abstract | 42-43 | 16 | References | 44 | GENERAL OBJECTIVE: On completion of the course the students aquires indepth knowledge regarding cardiomyopathy and able to apply this knowledge with a positive attitude. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE: On completion of the course the students are able to ...
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...every 750 infants is born with symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, while another 40,000 are born with Fetal Alcohol Effects also known as FAE. The research regarding FAS dates back to 1973. From 1973-1978, 245 cases of FAS were reported. The average cost to take care of a child with FAS is around 800,000. (Armstrong, Elizabeth M. Conceiving Risk, Bearing Responsibility: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and the Diagnosis of Moral Disorder: Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University, 2003.) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a mental and physical defect that a fetus can suffer in association with high levels of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. FAS was named in the United States in 1973 by two dysmorpholosgists, Dr. Kenneth Lyons Jones and Dr. David Weyhe Smith of the University of Washington Medical School in Seattle. The article identifying FAS was first published in 1973, in the British Medical Journal, The Lancet. The two doctors helped to define the morphological defects and developmental delays that can affect children born to alcoholic mothers. These observations include prenatal and postnatal deficiencies, facial abnormalities, and damage to the brain that can cause learning, behavior, and cognitive abnormalities. FAS occurs when a pregnant mother consumes alcohol. The alcohol enters the blood stream and crosses the placenta. The alcohol could also interfere with the delivery of oxygen to the fetus's brain. The more alcohol that is consumed during pregnancy, the greater the risk of FAS...
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...Arrhythmias * Are common and often benign, but can indicate underlying heart disease. They often occur intermittently and so can be difficult to diagnose. * Can present with palpitations, chest pain, presyncope/syncope, hypotension, pulmonary oedema. Some are asymptomatic e.g. AF. * History taking make sure include: * Precipitating factors, onset, nature (fast/slow, regular/irregular), duration, associated symptoms (chest pain, dyspnoea, collapse). * Causes: * CARDIAC: * MI. * CAD. * LV aneurysm. * Mitral valve disease. * Cardiomyopathy. * Pericarditis. * Myocarditis. * Aberrant conduction pathways. * NON-CARDIAC: * Caffeine. * Smoking. * Alcohol. * Pneumonia. * Drugs (β2 agonist, digoxin, L-dopa, tricyclics). * Metabolic imbalance (K, Ca, Mg, hypoxia, hypercapnia, acidosis, thyroid disease, phaeochromocytoma). * Tests: * Bloods: FBC, U&E, glucose, Ca, Mg, TSH. * ECG: look for signs of IHD, AF, short P-R interval, long QT interval, U waves. * If ECG normal consider doing 24 hour tape. * Echo: look for structural heart disease. * Others: exercise ECG, cardiac catheterisation etc. * Types of Arrhythmias: * Bradycardias: * If asymptomatic and rate >40bpm then no treatment. * Look for cause and stop any drugs that may be the...
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