...Social Integration of Student’s with Autism 2 The purpose of this paper is to review a research article examining the social integration of autistic students in inclusive elementary school classes. The article is: Boutot, E. A. & Bryant, D. P. (2005). Social integration of students with autism in inclusive settings. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 40(1), 14-23. The article by Boutot and Bryant (2005) begins with a fairly comprehensive review of the related literature that is used to establish a reason to believe that the social integration of student’s with autism in elementary schools may be difficult and hard to attain. The literature indicates that student’s with autism may, in fact, have difficulties gaining social status and establishing friends. The article also defines autism, explains the various deficits common to elementary students who are autistic, and discusses the components that comprise the concept of social integration. The discussion of social integration as a concept is extensive. Each component is separately discussed in terms of what the literature typically shows as to how autistic children function relative to the component, especially when they are in inclusive settings. The components include measures of social status and establishing friendship. Specifically, they are: social preference, social impact, and social network affiliations. The study ended with the formulation of two research purposes...
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...Student’s name Teacher’s name Course name Date The impact of immunization on the development of autism In recent years, a worldwide concern over immunization and its schedule has increased dramatically. The vaccine-autism hypothesis belongs to the most extensively debated theories related to the origins of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Critics of dangerous ingredients contained in vaccines designate that such preservatives may contribute to, or cause, a range of cognitive disorders in children. When administered at early age, immunization may seriously affect neurological and not completely developed immune systems. In contrast, both biological and epidemiological studies tend to contradict the vaccine-autism theory. Given this fact, it is of vital importance to thoroughly examine both sides of the coin and come to a reasonable conclusion. PECULIARITIES OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER Autism, or, more broadly, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), includes a number of complex cognitive and communicational disorders. According to Richard Lathe, the molecular biologist, autism is difficult to define (20). However, there exists a range of distinctive peculiarities, by which one can recognize ASD. Repetitive patterns of behavior, a withdrawal from social relatedness and interaction, and specific movement patterns characterize autism. The symptoms occur from early childhood, usually at age of 2-3 years, and affect daily functioning (Lathe 32). The diagnosis of ASD incorporates the evaluation...
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...Autism Autism or PPD (pervasive developmental disorder) is defined by the Columbia encyclopedia as a rare neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by the inability to relate to and perceive the environment in a realistic manner. The onset of the disorder is in infancy or early childhood, generally before the age of thirty months, and males are affected four times as often as females. Symptoms include impairment in social interaction, fixation on inanimate objects, inability to communicate normally, and resistance to changes in daily routine (Anthes, 1997). Characteristics of Autism Diagnosing Autism is based on four characteristics: difficulty with language, abnormal responses to sensory stimuli, resistance to change and difficulty with social interaction. ?Other characteristics of autism may include: making the same repetitive motion for hours, repeating a sound or phrase, inability to hold a conversation, practicing unusual play patterns, and extreme sensitivity to sound and touch? (Riccio, 1999). Autistics can exhibit any combination of these characteristics in any degree. That is why autism is referred to as a ?spectrum? disorder, because at one end of the disorder a child may be inflicted with some symptoms, while at the opposite end a child may be inflicted with multiple symptoms with many areas in between. Children who display few symptoms may be characterized as ?mildly autistic?. Early signs of Autism may appear in the first months of life. Autistic infants...
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...Class: Developmental Psychology II Prof.: Elisabeth Geiling Subject: Reaction to Human Development Article Session: Fall 2014 Pam Belluck, in her “Study Finds That Brains with Autism Fail to Trim Synapses as They Develop,” reports on a new study that establishes the correlation between autism in children and a surplus of synapses in some parts of the brain. This may explain some symptoms like oversensitivity to noise or social experiences, as well as why many people with autism also have epileptic seizures, she says. According to the American Psychiatric Association, Autism Spectrum Disorder is defined as a neurodevelopmental condition which unfolds during the first few years of life and involves impairments in social communication with concomitant restriction in interests and repetitive/preservative behaviors. Our society values a peaceful and well-grounded family. An autism diagnosis basically takes that away. When facing the diagnosis of autism for a child who is showing signs of behavioral disorder, parents often go to the shock and disbelief from the atrociousness of what is being said. The difficulties in understanding and making sense of their child’s behaviors represent the most challenging aspect of their experience. I believe that these parents are looking for somewhere to turn and seek for help. In that perspective, I was especially moved by the content of Pam Belluck’s article. I wholeheartedly feel for the parents with autistic children. Although...
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...to achieve certain objectives (Bruscia, 2000). Many people obtain some kind of healing whenever they have emotional, cognitive, or social issues through music. People living with disabilities or certain illnesses have often found music to offer a soothing environment that facilitates the healing process. Music uses creative, emotional and a non-verbal language to enable users to gain self-awareness and self-expression. In many cases, people have found music to be more powerful than plain words, as it offers a unique channel of communication and expression. Essentially, people suffering from autism and Alzheimer’s disease, and those having developmental disabilities can always become beneficiaries of music therapy. This paper will give a brief history of music therapy, and its role as an alternative treatment for autism and Alzheimer’s disease. Thereafter, the paper will give a brief discussion on the politic of making music therapy a real treatment. History of music therapy Music therapy traces its history back in the times of Aristotle and Plato. These writers wrote great articles describing the effect of music on health and personal behavior (Aldridge, 1993). However, music therapy was first recognized after the First and Second World War. Some musicians felt that the only way to show gratitude to the war veterans was to visit them in the hospitals and soothe them with nice...
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...who have Autism. Aims The aim of my project was to gain knowledge of Applied Behaviour Analysis and its effectiveness in working with children with Autism. My focus questions ask • What are the key principles underlying Applied Behaviour Analysis and how and why it benefits children who are autistic? • What is involved in setting up an Applied Behaviour Analysis program in the classroom environment? Both focus questions have helped me to investigate ABA, implement strategies that ABA employ and reflect on the program as a whole. I became part of a withdrawal program established for the purpose of intensive early intervention based on the principles of ABA. Harris, (2002 p19) explains “Applied Behavior Analysis takes basic principles in behaviour science and emphasizes the intensity that is needed for particular children”. As I progressed through my journey I discovered that ABA was indeed an extremely effective intervention program for autistic children. I felt that the whole process was a huge learning curve which in turn has had positive affects on my future practice. PARTS OF THE REPORT Rationale Explains why I embarked on this particular topic, process I used in decided topic, list of research strategies to achieve aims, Kemmis & McTaggarts (1988) Action Research Planner model Process -What were the key principles underlying Applied Behaviour Analysis and how and why this benefits children who are Autistic, discussion of trials...
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...SYMPTOM CHECKER PHYSICIAN DIRECTORYSIGN IN SIGN UPSUBSCRIBE WebMD: Better information. Better health. HEALTH A-Z DRUGS & SUPPLEMENTS LIVING HEALTHY FAMILY & PREGNANCY NEWS & EXPERTS Search Common ConditionsVIEW ALL ADD/ADHD Allergies Arthritis Cancer Cold, Flu & Cough Depression Diabetes Eye Health Heart Disease Heartburn/GERD Pain Management Sexual Conditions Skin Problems Sleep Disorders Featured Topics See What Severe Psoriasis Looks Like 16 Tips to Help You Get Organized Feeling Your Best When You Have MS Symptom CheckerWebMD Symptom Checker Health Concern On Your Mind? See what your medical symptoms could mean, and learn about possible conditions. Get Started Resources SECOND OPINION Read expert perspectives on popular health topics COMMUNITIES Connect with people like you, and get expert guidance on living a healthy life INSURANCE GUIDE Get ready for changes to your health care coverage PHYSICIAN DIRECTORY Find a doctor in your area Pain Coach WebMD Pain Coach AppTrack your pain levels, triggers, and treatments. Set goals and get tips with our app. Download Find Information About: Drugs & Supplements Get information and reviews on prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications, vitamins, and supplements. Search by name or medical condition. Find or Review a Drug Find or Review a Vitamin or Supplement Check for Drug Interactions Drugs Basics & Safety Commonly Abused Drugs What's Your Medication...
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...work in clinical, research or educational settings. Whereas, those with Psy. D have completed coursework that is more specifically geared towards counseling in mental health settings. Clinical psychologists often have to diagnose and assess people with mental disorders. There are different tracks within clinical psychology that one can choose to specialize in, such as adult clinical psychology or child clinical psychology. With a specialization of child clinical psychology, a psychologist is responsible for the care and protection of the youngest population of society. Those in child clinical psychology are often the professionals who first encounter and raise awareness of a child’s signs and symptoms of autism Background on Autism Three children are diagnosed with autism every hour. In this day and age, there...
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...How to Understand Intellectual Disabilities Jennifer L Givens Grand Canyon University: SPE 526 April 9, 2014 Abstract The ability of educators to meet the requirements of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) 2004, as well as, have the ability to teach individuals with disabilities requires that all educators take a deeper look into and understand the main diagnoses of these disabilities. The disabilities focused on will include intellectual disability, traumatic brain injury (TBI), autism, severe disabilities, and deaf-blindness. By expanding on these noted definitions, characteristics and causes of these five disabilities it will allow educators and parents to have a deeper understanding of the needs of their disabled learner. This allows the public education system to provide equal educational opportunities for all students which is required by law under IDEA. How to Understand Intellectual Disabilities The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004 (IDEA), created definitions to help in the understanding of many different disabilities. These definitions then help create diagnoses that allow students to receive a free and appropriate education (FAPE). This type education falls under the category of public schools providing special education services for their students (U.S. Department of Education, 2004). All children deserve a fair shot at life and have the right to learn to the best of their ability. While each discussed disability...
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...developing (TD) children. The articles used assess different forms of cognitive function and executive function. It is hypothesized that individuals with autism will show impairments in executive function, prospective memory, inhibitory function, cognition, sensory-motor, and language when compared to TD individuals. Multiple measures were used to assess participant’s abilities with working memory, executive function, development, memory, awareness, and cognitive function; some of these measures were self-reported. One study by Rosenthal et al. (2013) found that older children with autism spectrum disorder show executive function impairments with age, meaning that different impairments are noticeable at different ages. In contrast, Iwanaga et al. (2000) found differences in cognitive function between Asperger’s syndrome and high functioning autism. The results of some studies found specific impairments are related to age. The findings from these studies suggest that children with autism show executive and cognitive function impairments, have difficulties with prospective memory, and show lack of awareness; children with autism are unfamiliar with familiarity. Differences in Cognitive Function between Autistic and Typically Developing Individuals Cognitive and executive functioning, or lack of, has been seen in individuals with autism. These are broad terms that cover different parts of how our brain functions. For the purpose of this paper, we will define cognitive function as,...
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...Future Autism Therapies Introduction Living in a Badly Dubbed Movie 1. A brief example of how it feels to have autism. a. Life with autism is similar to living in a movie where the voices are a little off from the video b. This causes communication and social problems c. Helps to focus on one sense at a time 2. The amount of children that are recently being diagnosed with autism. d. 1 out of every 68 children are diagnosed e. Every diagnoses is different f. No “cure” for autism but therapies can help 3. Still investigating specific cause of autism g. The genetic and environmental aspects of autism h. Signs and symptoms to understand i. Specific therapies that can help ease symptoms Autism 1. The different diagnoses of autism spectrum disorders a. Restating the amount of children diagnosed i. This will show importance of this disease 2. Explaining that there is no cure b. The biological aspects of why there is no cure c. Highlighting the importance of therapies to ease symptoms d. Because children with autism are still very similar to you and I, we can help them lead normal lives Main Points of Paper 1. History and background of autism 2. Current therapies for Autism 3. Future Therapies 4. Awareness of Autism and Early Intervention Discussion History and background of autism 1. The different spectrum disorders 2. Cause of...
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...an exceptional ability, at a professional level, for music at a young age. Musical ability is defined as the capacity for music perception and production. This is really interesting because the children looks like they have been hand-picked by nature to have these gifts since they have parents who are just like any of us. This phenomenon has been known for a long time, however, there are only a few researches that have been done about this and that is why we hardly understand why musical geniuses exist and how come it is not common at all. Some theories suggest that prodigies are linked to autism. Some of these children have been treated as subjects for long-term researches to find any genetic factors that will link a trait that characterizes being a musical prodigy. The phenomenon of musical geniuses is a product of both genetic factors, as seen in their family background and link to autism, and environmental factors like family support and their devotion to practice. Methods I chose this topic because I find musical prodigies very interesting. I already started researching about them since I have been watching documentaries and following news about them. I watched a documentary about a polyglot, a master of multiple languages, named Tim Doner and I find it fascinating how easy it is for him to teach himself multiple languages and speak it fluently after a while. Right now, I am trying to understand three languages and have come to realize that it is not easy. I always wonder...
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...specific reason in only 25% of cases (May 2013). Some of the causes linked to intellectual disabilities are, infections that can be present at birth or occurring after birth. Chromosomal abnormalities such as Downs Syndrome, it could be environmental, and it can be due to trauma (May, 2013). Other factors related to intellectual disabilities are metabolic, such as hyperbilirubinemia, very high bilirubin levels in babies. Nutritional issues such as malnutrition, toxic (intrauterine expose to alcohol, cocaine, amphetamine, and other drugs), unexplained reasons is the largest category for unexplained occurrences of intellectual disability (May, 2013). Now we will look at Autism. Autism is a group of disabilities that can cause significant social, communication and behavioral challenges. (February,2015). Exact cause of autism is not known, but research has pointed to several possible factors, including genetics (hereditary), metabolic or neurological factors, certain types of infection, and problems occurring at birth. Both genetics and environment likely play a role in ASD (December 2015). Then we have multiple disabilities. People with multiple disabilities require ongoing, extensive support in more than one major life activity in order to participate in integrated community settings and enjoy the quality of life available to them (November, 2015). No one knows the exact causes of multiple disabilities, but it could be linked to chromosomal abnormalities, premature...
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...increase of the number of individuals being diagnosis is rapidly growing. This paper defines the characteristics of an AS individual and provides information for educators as far as strategies and accommodation needed to make the classroom successful. The education arena holds the responsibility of learning strategies and interventions in assisting an individual with AS. Asperger’s Syndrome According to Lee and Park (2007), “‘Autistic psychopathy’ (as cited in Asperger, 1944, p.76) was the first term used to describe Asperger’s Syndrome” (p. 132). In 1943 the condition of autism was discovered by Dr. Leo Kanner. His description of autism reflects the lack of involvement of children socially with other people, but reflects the consistency of routines and differences in mannerisms. In 1944 Dr. Hans Asperger, who was unknowing of Kanner’s work with autism, introduced children with a milder form of Autism. He published his work; however, the audience of the research was very limited. Asperger revealed in Asperger’s Syndrome (AS) when his works were published in Germany. The United States was not introduced to this disability until the work of Dr. Lorna Wind in 1981 (Smith, 2007). Asperger’s Syndrome has specific characteristics and signals for people to identify in children. Reading comprehension is a major obstacle for AS children to overcome. These children will require additional guideance from teachers and parents. Often time the AS child can be successful in the general...
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...The Influence of Affective Empathy and Autism Spectrum Traits on Empathic Accuracy Marije aan het Rot*, Koen Hogenelst Department of Psychology and School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands Abstract Autism spectrum disorder is characterized by interpersonal deficits and has been associated with limited cognitive empathy, which includes perspective taking, theory of mind, and empathic accuracy (EA). The capacity for affective empathy may also be impaired. In the present study we aimed to determine if EA in normally developing individuals with varying levels of autism spectrum traits is moderated by trait affective empathy. Fifty male and fifty female participants (‘perceivers’) completed the Autism-Spectrum Quotient and the Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale to assess autism spectrum traits and trait affective empathy, respectively. EA was assessed using a Dutch-language version of a previously developed task and involved rating the feelings of others (‘targets’) verbally recounting autobiographical emotional events. Targets varied in trait emotional expressivity, assessed using the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire. Perceivers with more autism spectrum traits performed worse on the EA task, particularly when their trait affective empathy was relatively low. Interpersonal deficits in autism spectrum disorder may be partially explained by low cognitive empathy. Further, they might be aggravated by a limited capacity...
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