...Case Study 1: Tell Me About Blood ITT Technical Institute Navid Momeny Case Study 1: Tell Me About Blood 1. What is the significance of lower-than-normal hematocrit? What is the effect of a bacterial infection on the hematocrit? A lower-than-normal hematocrit tells us that a person has anemia. A large amount of white blood cells due to cancer or some type of infection, vitamin or mineral deficiencies, or some type of blood loss. A bacterial infection will cause the hematocrit test show more white blood cells in the blood because it is trying to fight off the infection. 2. Compare the development of lymphocytes with the development of the other formed elements. Lymphocytes are produced in the red bone marrow and some can be produced in lymphatic organs like the lymph nodes. B cell lymphocytes are in the red bone marrow where they live out their life cycle. T cell lymphocytes begin in the red bone marrow but later mature in the thymus. 3. What is erythropoiesis? Which factors speed up and slow down erythropoiesis? Erythropoiesis produce red blood cells. The amount of oxygen being carried would affect the speed of erythropoiesis. 4. Explain what would happen if a person with type B blood were given a transfusion of type O blood. A person that has type B blood can receive a transfusion from a person with type O blood because there are no antigens and the person with B blood will not have any antibodies that will attach the O blood. 5. During an anatomy...
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...Behavioral factors Children’s tendency to poor hygiene Poor hand washing Spread of respiratory bacteria from hand to perineum Inadequate cleansing of the vulva after voiding or after bowel movements Children’s tendency to explore their bodies Irritants against the vulva Vaginal Discharge in the Prepubertal Girl Approach to Evaluation • Evaluation always begins with a very thorough history-taking (given by the parent, caregiver, or the older child herself) • In general, ask if there is any concern regarding sexual abuse (usually an unvoiced worry) Vaginal Discharge in the Prepubertal Girl Approach to Evaluation • Ask about: duration of illness use of medications hygiene techniques use of hygiene products infections in other household members skin disorders urinary and bowel habits masturbation (genital exploration) types of...
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...have cytoplasmic granules that can be visible under a microscope. Some functions of neutrophils are that they fight bacterial infections, phagocytize bacteria along with damaged tissues, and they travel out of the blood to the site of infection. They become motile and secrete lysosome’s also consist of 50-70% of leukocytes (white blood cells). Eosinophils have lightly colored cytoplasmic granules that appear to be somewhat red. They have 2 lobes (which is also called bilobed) and have a blue colored nucleus that is also easily seen under a microscope....
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...secretes too much fluid after being exposed to bacteria or toxins. Intestinal exudation describes a slow oozing of blood fluids through ulcers or other breaks in the intestine’s tissue layers. This exudation can be mild or very severe. Motility disorders refer to how active the intestine is and its capability of moving contents through. An intestine that is under functioning in its ability to muscularly contract and push the contents out of the canal is most common; this condition is referred to as peristalsis. Conversely, motility can be increased as well, so that the intestine contracts too quickly and fluid which normally is absorbed is lost into the feces. Sometimes dog diarrhea can be from a combination of these causes. Intestinal infections can also cause the intestine to over secrete. They also tend to change the motility of the intestine. Symptoms and Types of Dog Diarrhea * More water in feces than normal * May have an increased volume of feces * Fecal accidents * Vomiting * Blood or mucus in the feces * Straining to defecate * Possible listlessness * Possible anorexia * Depression * Abdominal pain * Fever * Weakness Causes of Dog Diarrhea * Systemic illness * Eating garbage, nonfood material or spoiled food * Changes in diet * Hypersensitive digestive tract * Addison’s disease - less active than normal adrenal glands * Liver disease * Kidney disease * Pancreatic disease *...
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...Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recognizes the month of April as STD Awareness Month. This annual observance is in place to raise awareness of STDs and to emphasize the importance of prevention, testing, and treating. There are three types of STDs: parasitic, bacterial, and viral. The most common STDs are Chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, trichomoniasis, human papilloma virus, herpes, hepatitis B, and HIV/AIDS. While many STDs are treatable and curable, some are not and carry life-long, even life-threatening consequences. Chlamydia is the most common curable STD. It is caused by a bacterium that infects the urethra in men and women and the cervix in women. Chlamydia is transmitted during vaginal, oral, or anal sexual contact with an infected partner. It can also be transmitted from mother to child during delivery. Chlamydia is probably the most common STD because symptoms may not be present for weeks, months, or even years after exposure. The most frequent symptoms are pain during intercourse and discharge from the penis or vagina. If left untreated, Chlamydia can damage a woman’s reproductive organs and lead to infertility. Gonorrhea, also known as “the clap,” is a common bacterial STD that often does not cause symptoms. Symptoms that may be present include burning when urinating, white, yellow, or green discharge from the penis,...
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...SCHISTOSOMIASIS a) What is Schistosomiasis? Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by parasitic worms. It is also known as bilharzia and the causal parasite lives in the freshwater snail (CDC). b) What is the etiologic agent of Schistosomiasis? Is it a bacterium, virus, fungus, protozoan, or helminth? How is it transmitted? The etiologic agent for Schistosomiasis is helminth which is caused by blood trematodes. The mode of transmission is from infected water by the freshwater snail which is used for bathing or swimming. c) What are the signs and symptoms of Schistosomiasis? The first symptom is itchy and or dry skin. And if not treated, many more symptoms may arise which includes fever, chills, cough, and muscle aches. d) In what areas of the world does Schistosomiasis occur? How common is it? The most affected areas for this disease is the places with unhealthy sanitation. It is widely affecting most parts of the world. Africa is the most affected area where poor sanitation occurs mostly, and also south American. e) How is Schistosomiasis diagnosed? Schistosomiasis could be diagnosed by examining a stool sample electronically in order to find the parasite eggs. Having said that, blood test might the most proficient way of finding the eggs as the small eggs might not be detected. f) How can you prevent Schistosomiasis? As there is no vaccine available in preventing this disease, what we can do is to avoid swimming or wading in freshwater when not in...
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...Sexually Transmitted Infections Caused by Chlamydia, Hepatitis B, Scabies Victoria Momma Mp4b Biology Mrs. Lamers 13 – 10 – 10 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are diseases or infections, which have a high chance of being transmitted via sexual contact and sexual behaviour. These diseases are often caused by pathogen such as bacteria, viruses and parasites. Unfortunately, in 2010 sexually transmitted diseases have become very common. This is undoubtedly because increasingly more people are having enjoyable, but sometimes risky, sex lives- often with several sex partners. Chlamydia is a type of bacterial disease. It is caused by the Chlamydia trachomatis, a bacterium only found in the human body. Hepatitis B is an example of a viral infection and is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). If caught, the infection can usually be fought off naturally by the immune system. However, if this fails the liver becomes infected. The liver, being an essential organ, becomes inflamed and cannot carry out its functions correctly. Scabies is a form of a parasitic disease. It is caused by mites who burrow into the skin. These mites are smaller than half a millimetre and cannot be seen to the naked eye. They can however, be seen under a magnifying glass or microscope (figure 1). Chlamydia is usually caught when contacted sexually, including as little as sharing bed sheets or clothing. This is much like all other...
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...Bacterial Dysentery Dysentery is the result of inflammation and swelling within the intestinal walls, which causes food and water to be improperly absorbed, leading to diarrhea. Bacterial dysentery is caused by bacteria infecting the intestines, leading to localized tissue damage and inflammation. In general, bacterial dysentery is not life-threatening, although serious complications can develop. Causes Bacterial dysentery is most commonly caused by the consumption of contaminated food or water, according to the Mayo Clinic. The most common types of bacteria that can cause dysentery are salmonella, E. coli, shigella and campylobacter. Bacterial dysentery is especially common among people traveling to underdeveloped nations; in these cases it is often termed "traveler's diarrhea." Contamination Sources Food can become contaminated as a result of poor hygiene during food preparation, which can in bacteria spreading from unwashed hands or utensils into the food. Food can also get contaminated by being prepared with water from an untreated well other water source. Foods containing mayonnaise or undercooked eggs or meats can also contain bacteria, especially if they are allowed to remain at room temperature for extended periods, which encourages bacteria to form. Symptoms Bacterial dysentery causes patients to develop diarrhea. Sufferers may also develop cramps and abdominal pain. Other common gastrointestinal symptoms include nausea and vomiting. Some types of bacterial...
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...had a miscarriage is “what did I do wrong?” Clinical studies show that there are many causes and effects that result in miscarriage. Miscarriage is very common and there is not usually much you can do to prevent it. In my opinion, if women had more knowledge on the controllable causes of miscarriage, the uncontrollable causes of miscarriage, and the likelihood of it happening again, it would help them cope with grief and depression after experiencing miscarriage. Knowledge of controllable causes is important when preparing for a healthy pregnancy. There are many things within a woman’s control and can easily be avoided. Common controllable risk factors include obesity, previous fertility treatments, the woman’s age over 35, an active infection in pregnancy, smoking during pregnancy, consuming alcohol on a daily basis, cocaine or amphetamine use during pregnancy, and malnutrition or severe anorexia (Young and Zavatto, 2008). Stressful life events and working night shift have been shown to be environmental factors that may induce miscarriage. Sleeping less than 8 hours a day and standing for more than 3 hours a day are also shown to be controllable risk factors in miscarriage (Samaraweera and Abeysena, 2010). Exposure to various teratogenic agents such as high dose radiation, chemical, second hand smoke, and moderate to heave caffeine consumption can cause vascular compromise and embryonic damage (Gilbert, 2007). That is just a list of some of the precautionary measures that can...
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...Microbiology Overview Interpretation of preliminary microbiology data Gram-positive cocci Aerobic In clusters ● Coagulase (+): Staphylococcus aureus ● Coagulase (-): Staphylococcus lugdunensis and other coagulasenegative staphylococci In pairs/chains ● Optochin sensitive: Streptococcus pneumoniae ● Alpha-hemolytic: Viridans group Streptococcus, Enterococcus ● Beta-hemolytic: ○ Group A Strep (Streptococcus pyogenes) ○ Group B Strep (Streptococcus agalactiae) ○ Group C, D, G Strep Anaerobic: Peptostreptococcus spp. and many others Gram-positive rods Aerobic ● Large: Bacillus spp ● Cocco-bacillus: Listeria monocytogenes, Lactobacillus spp ● Small, pleomorphic: Corynebacterium spp ● Branching filaments: Nocardia spp, Streptomyces spp Gram-negative cocci Aerobic ● Diplococcus: Neisseria meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae, Moraxella catarrhalis ● Cocco-bacillus: Haemophilus influenzae, Acinetobacter Anaerobic: Veillonella spp. Gram-negative rods Aerobic Lactose fermenting (Lactose positive): ● Enterobacter spp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp ● Citrobacter spp*, Serratia spp* Non lactose-fermenting (Lactose negative): ● Oxidase (-): Acinetobacter spp, Burkholderia spp, E. coli, Proteus spp, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Serratia spp*, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ● Oxidase (+): P. aeruginosa, Aeromonas spp. Anaerobic ● Large: Clostridium spp Anaerobic: Bacteroides spp, Fusobacterium spp, Prevotella spp. ● Small, pleomorphic: P. acnes, Actinomyces spp *Serratia and Citrobacter spp...
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...1. The sudden unexpected occurrence of a disease in a given population: a. Outbreak b. Zoonotic c. Endemic d. Sporadic 2. A causative agent of peptic ulcer a. Escherichia coli b. Bordetella pertusis c. Shigella dysenteriae d. Helicobacter pylori 3. The “four o’clock habit” promoted by the Department of health is designed to prevent the spread of: a. Dengue fever b. Tuberculosis c. Malnutrition d.malaria 4. The first drug available for HIV: a. ZDU b. RMP c. TMP d. CMC 5. An immediate hypersensitivity reaction following exposure of a sensitized individual to the appropriate antigen: a. Hay fever b. Anaphylaxis c. Asthma d. Desensitation 6. A thin proteinaceous appendage necessary for bacterial conjugation: a. Cilium b. Trichome c. Flagellum d. Pilus 7. The use of nitrite as preservative for food is discouraged because: a. It can discolour the meat b. It can react with amines to form carcinogenic nitrosamines c. It decomposed to nitric acid which can react with heme pigments d. It is not readily available 8. The disinfectant of choice for municipal water supply: a. Lysol b. Chlorine c. Ozone d. Reverse osmosis 9. An object that is able to harbour and transmit microorganisms: a. Mite b. Fomite c. Arthropod d. Vector 10. Administration of a toxoid cenfers: a. Naturally acquired active immunity b. Naturally acquired passive immunity c. Artificially acquired active immunity d. Artificially...
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...assessment and also in giving me the ongoing encouragement and assistance. Once again I say thank you. WATER BOURNE DISEASES HOOKWORM Hookworm is an intestinal parasite of humans. The larvae and adult worms live in the small intestine can cause intestinal disease. The two main species of hookworm infecting humans are Anclostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. Hookworm eggs are passed in the faeces of an infected person. If an infected person defecates outside (near bushes, in a garden, or field) or if the faeces from an infected person are used as fertilizer, eggs are deposited on soil. They can then mature and hatch, releasing larvae (immature worms). The larvae mature into a form that can penetrate the skin of humans. Hookworm infection is transmitted primarily by walking barefoot on contaminated soil. One kind of hookworm (Anclostoma duodenale) can also be transmitted through the ingestion of larvae. Itching and a localized rash are often...
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...Guest Editorial Leading specialists review current developments in pediatrics. Immunization: An Update Tina Q. Tan, MD S ince 1796, when Edward Jenner first inoculated 8-year-old James Phipps with cowpox to protect him against a related virus, smallpox, a multitude of effective vaccines have been developed and licensed to protect against a growing number of viral and bacterial diseases. The development and use of vaccines has been heralded as the number one greatest public health achievement of the 20th century, and is one that has had significant global impact. The wide-spread use of vaccines in the population has resulted in the eradication of smallpox; elimination of polio in the Americas and many other areas of the world; and control of the transmission and spread of diseases such as tetanus, diphtheria, measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, Haemophilus influenzae type b, pneumococcal disease, and a host of other infectious diseases. Through the global initiatives of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI), many of the current childhood vaccines that are readily available in the US are now being made available to children in resource-poor countries and are having a major impact on infant and childhood morbidity and mortality. This special issue on immunization contains articles that highlight the importance of vaccination across the life span; discusses the complex process by which vaccines are developed...
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...Meningitis is one of the fastest spreading diseases as it is an infection on the lining and fluid around the brain and spinal column. The cause of this disease may be bacterial, viral, fungal or parasitic. The most often of these is viral meningitis, which causes hearing loss. The hearing loss caused by meningitis is the body’s reaction to the disease during the inflammation process, depending on the type of meningitis involved as well as the age of the patient. Children diagnosed with pneumococcal meningitis are at a very high risk of becoming deaf because of the rate at which this disease affects the body. With pneumococcal meningitis, a child can become deaf within days of first contracting the...
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...For example, when a person was born in economically poor family and malnourished, malnutrition cause many health and developmental problems including growth retardation, increased risk of infectious disease, premature death, delayed mental development, and poor school performance( Maurer & Smith, 2009). 3. A communicable disease chain include agent(pathogen), reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of re-entry, and susceptible host. A communicable disease are spread by a chain of events that is all interconnected. Pathogens are viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal. Methods of transmission include mucus, blood, breath, saliva and sexual contact. Contaminated surfaces, such as doorknobs, counter tops and playground equipment, provide a medium for passing disease from one human to another(Anderson, 2011) 4. All health caregivers including nurses have a responsibility to break the chain in any steps so that infections may not occur or spread. In every flu season, nurses can ensure community population to get annual flu immunization. Nurse also should teach and demonstrate " good hand washing" to community adults and children before eating , before and after preparing food, after toileting and changing diapers to prevent communicable diseases such as gastroenteritis, strep throat, pink eye, rotavirus, etc (Anderson,...
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