...sequence of qualitatively different stages. It views development as bi-directional. The Mechanistic (passive) view suggests development is a passive predictable response to stimuli. 2. Is development continuous or does it occur in stages? Continuity or Discontinuity. The organismic approach emphasizes qualitative changes (discontinuous), while the mechanistic approach emphasizes quantitative changes (continuous). What is a theory? Definitions: A theory is a systematic formulation of principles explaining behaviour. It is a coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organize, describe, explain and predict data (p.22). Five broad theoretical perspectives: (p. 24/25) 1. Psychoanalytic 2. Learning 3. Cognitive 4. Contextual 5. Evolutionary/Sociobiological 1. Psychoanalytic theory The psychoanalytic perspective views development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behaviour. Freud’s psychosexual theory (p.23-25) Freud believed that people are born with biological drives that must be controlled to make it possible to live in society. He proposed three hypothetical parts of one’s personality – the id, the ego and the super ego. He proposed 5 maturationally based stages of psychosexual development. Oral (birth -18 months) Anal (18months – 3 years) Phallic (3 years – 6 years) Latency (6 years – puberty) Genital (puberty – adulthood)...
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...lOMoARcPSD Summary - lecture notes Education: The Psychological Context (Macquarie University) EXAM: Part A: Kohlberg Piaget Humanism David Geary Part B: Humanism, Behaviourism, Constructivism Vygotsky Personal Perspectives & Intelligence Piaget & Problem solving Special needs students Gender o Male vs Female o Cognition & Behavioural differences Direct instruction & Discovery Learning Teaching Students with Additional Learning Needs Special Children Have special needs and require assistance at some stage in our schooling The notion of ‘fairness’ is not giving our students the same, but rather giving them what they need to learn and succeed. A look at the importance of resilience o Resilience is the ability to rebound, develop and thrive in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, hardship or even significant sources of stress. o How does resilience develop? Who are we talking about when we discuss children with special needs? o Those students with learning needs that are so diverse they need individual consideration and support. o A continuum of support in the classroom. Definition of Disability Social Model o socially created problem o not an attribute of an individual, but rather a complex collection of conditions o management of the problem requires social attention o collective responsibility of society at large o human rights issue of major concern o in the educational setting we ask...
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...generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over established doctrine or faith (fideism). * Cognitivist – believe that learning is a change in individuals' mental structures enabling them to show changes in behaviour. It is based on the thought process behind the behaviour. * Behaviourist – believe that learning takes place when knowledge is separated into smaller bits. Students are rewarded for successful answers. Instruction focuses on conditioning the learner's behaviour. Learning involves repetition and association and is highly mechanical. Behaviourist leaning teachers focus on a new behavioural pattern being repeated until it becomes automatic. * Learning Theories * Behaviourism – The primary tenet of behaviorism, as expressed in the writings of John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner, and others, is that psychology should concern itself with the observable behavior of people and animals, not with unobservable events that take place in their minds. The behaviorist school of thought maintains that behaviors as such can be described...
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...to begin with is nature vs nurture; some individuals believe that we are products of our environment while others regards us while others believe that we are products of our genetics. John Locke believes that when we are born we are a “tabula rasa” a blank slate which means that he supports the idea that we are products of our environment and also supports behaviourism. Another debate is continuity v discontinuity, some individuals have created continuity theories and others have created discontinuity theories. Continuity theorists believe that the development of an individual is constantly continuous while discontinuous theorists believe that there are specific periods where individuals develop. For example Freud’s psychosexual stages are a discontinuous theory. There is also an issue of nomothetic vs idiographic; some theorists adopt a nomothetic approach while others adopt an idiographic approach. Individuals that adopt a nomothetic approach create theories based on what we share with others, and find general laws that can be applied to large groups of people, for example behaviourism is a nomothetic approach. On the other hand the idiographic approach goes into large detail for the individual to investigate why we are unique, for example Freud’s theory is an idiographic approach. There are six principle psychological perspectives which are applied to the understanding which includes; behaviourism, social learning, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive and developmental. These...
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...Essay Describe and evaluate the behaviourist approach in psychology (10 marks) When psychologists look at behaviourism in the environment they look at the nature vs nurture argument where they argued that nurture for a child is more important that the nature of the child. Psychology approaches the fact that behaviour is more learnt from the environment than it is just born it to you. For example, you learnt that you have to get dressed every morning and not go out the house with nothing on as it is illegal. That is not born into you; you have to be taught it. However depending on the environment you are brought up in, psychologists say, depends on what you learnt and how you behave. The more you learn the less likely you are to commit a crime and the more likely you are to teach your own children that they should behave in life. The case study for The Batista Boys is an example of how nurture for children can be more powerful than nature. All 18 boys in the family had a condition where they were born appearing to be female. All of them were raised as females and it wasn’t until they hit puberty than the whole family knew any different. The boys all were raised as girls and they acted feminine until they found out the truth. This case study could prove that nature can be overruled by nature and that it is a lot more powerful than it seems. Psychologists, such as Pavlov, believe that animals can learn from classical conditioning in the environment. Pavlov classically conditioned...
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...Introduction to Psychology PSYC 2510.06 A Prof. Richard Lalonde with Dr. Heather Jordan Welcome – Bienvenue à Glendon Intro to Psych – Textbook • Please report any errors in this 4th ed to me via e‐ mail Introduction to Psychology • Textbook – the cool stuff – https://login.nelsonbrain.com/course/MTPQ‐ 8LJP‐505M Breken Finnie or David Groth? • Moodle – http://www.glendon.yorku.ca/eclass/ • Course syllabus What Moodle will be used for? • Posting class notes in pdf format (after class) • Dr. Jordan’s Practice Questions & Study Skills • Class announcements (infrequently) • Checking your scores on exams • Some links of interest 1 Course Evaluation • Four non‐cumulative exams – 20% (lowest mark) & 30% (highest mark) by term Weekly lectures • Selected topic from textbook • Additional, related material and concepts – demos, videos, discussions, … • 2 bonus points for research participation • no opportunities for extra assignments • Exam questions: from textbook & lectures including info from lectures not found in the text, as well as material covered in the text but not covered in lectures • If you miss a class, borrow notes from a classmate Course Objectives • To gain a working knowledge of the scope of the discipline of Psychology and a foundation for future studies within the field. • Required course for students who intend to pursue additional courses in Psychology. • Students must pass the course with a grade of ...
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...Albert Bandura – Social Learning Theory Social Learning Theory is also called observational learning. This learning is proving that learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction, even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct Albert Bandura says that people learn from 3 different strategies and they are; Observation, Imitation and modelling; a saying for this is ‘monkey see, monkey do’ because ‘children see’ and ‘children do’. This saying explains everything in 4 simple words. Bandura’s social learning theory explains human behaviour in cognitive, behavioural and environmental influences. Everyone and everything around us has an impact on how we all behave. Bandura particularly focused on how aggression progresses in children. Bandura says that childrens behaviour is influenced and learned by observing whats going on around them in the environment that they are in. Children also observe the way people behave around others and are influenced by them in good ways and bad ways, this is shown by the bobo doll experiment. Children are especially influenced by the role models in this society, at first they will observe everything they do such as their behaviour and further down the line they will start to copy what they do and reinact it themselves. Sometimes this could be a good thing sometime this could be a bad thing. He also looks at how we are affected by the rewards and punishments...
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...MKT2CBE Consumer Behaviour Week 2 Chapter 2, Value and the Consumer Behaviour Value Framework Learning Outcome 1: Describe the consumer value framework, including its basic components CVF: Identifies variables that influence the consumer both internal and external whilst also looking at the process of turning a need into a want into the acquisition of a product; then having the product do something for them (creating value) be it hedonic or utilitarian. Internal Influences: Learning, Perception, Memory, Attitude, Categorisation (cool, uncool) Personality of Consumer: Motivation, Personal Values, Lifestyle, Emotional Expressiveness (Assignment) Consumption Process: Needs, Wants, Exchange, Costs/Benefits, Reactions Value: Utilitarian/Hedonic Relationship Quality External Influences Situational Influencers Affect: feelings Consumer research: defining, establishing and testing individual differences in order to divide market External Influences: interpersonal, social environment (workmates/housemates/family) Situational Influences: time of day Learning Outcome 2: Define consumer value and compare and contrast two key types of value Value: What you get – What you give up eg. 7/11 convenience of opening 24/7 allows the company to introduce a higher premium Utilitarian: utility aspect (product, functionally, does something for you) Hedonic: facebook updates on your phone Learning Outcome 3: Apply the concepts of marketing strategy and...
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...night Opponent processing: Red/green: (L-M): differences between those 2 cones/ if miss L, then can’t tell red from green Blue/yellow: (s-s+m/2) Explicit: conscious Episodic/semantic Implicit: skill memory LTP: stronger synaptic connection Long term: grow more receptors on post synapse anatomical Short term: amount of neurons Turing machine Single vs double dissociation Single: one manipulation Double: two manipulations Visual angle Grandmother cell a lot of cells respond for Halle Berry Do not respond only to Halle Berry Math: impossibly large number of neurons Only 100 images do not necessarily show that those cells only respond to one concept Size constancy: If no depth cue/ with out size constancy; then same visual angle same proximal size and same perceived size. s Alternative: different difficulties of those 2 tasks Mediate by separate part of brain regions Color constancy Binding: different percepts What is intelligence? (Cartesian) Dualism, identity theory, functionalism The Turing test (and objections to it) Aunt Bertha machine Linear vs. exponential scaling Dualism: mind is nonphysical substance Identity theory: same mind state means the same brain state Problem of strict...
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...Psych 100, Notes Sept. 6, 2012 History and Perspectives * Definitions of Psychology * The science of mental life (William James, 1890) * “The study of human or animal behaviour” (Webster’s Dictionary 1988) * “The scientific study of behavior and mind” “The scientific study of behaviour and its causes” (Passer & Smith) * Roots of the Word * Psyche – Greek for soul * Logos – Greek for the study of a subject * Related Fields * Philosophy * Rene Decartes (1595-1650) Dualism (interactionism) * Body is physical entity * Mind is nonphysical entity * Mind and body are separate, distinct entities involved in the production of behaviour * Pineal gland (Used for mind and body to communicate) * Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) * Materialism – position that since nothing exists other than matter and energy the concept of soul is meaningless * Form of monism * Empiricism (Position that all human knowledge and thought are derived from sensory experience * Branch of Biology concerned with the scientific study of how living organisms function (Muller, Helmholtz, Fechner) * Birth of Psychology * Wilhelm Wundt * Established first independent psychology lab at university of Leipzig 1879 (birth of psychology) * Established first psychology journal 1881 * Studied consciousness (one’s awareness...
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...Introduction The world health organisation defines health as being a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1948). In terms of education this can broken down even more with the general aim being to develop students aesthetically, creatively, critically, culturally, emotionally, intellectually, morally, physically, politically, socially and spiritually (DES and NCCA, 2003). According to the Education Act (1998) schools should promote the social and personal development of students and provide health education for them. This led to the development of a new subject called social, personal and health education (SPHE) which was introduced in the year 2000. The general aim of SPHE is to holistically develop students through a multi-dimensional view of society and an acknowledgment of the complexity and strength of the relationship between the individual and their local, national and global communities (DES and NCCA, 2003). For this to happen a school climate which encourages open communication, where conflict is handled constructively, and which promotes high standards in all its endeavours is needed, thus, an environment in which the core principles of SPHE thrive is created (SPHE.ie, 2011). Unfortunately SPHE is a subject that poses many challenges also to schools and this essay through research in the area and reference to personal experience as a teacher and student will help to investigate these challenges...
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...TAELLN702A – Analyse and Apply Adult Numeracy Teaching Practices Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 1 Analyse & apply conceptual frameworks and theories underpinning numeracy teaching 4 1.1 Do the learning theories that underpin literacy teaching have any relevance to the teaching of numeracy? Discuss this question by identifying the similarities and the differences involved 4 1.2 In the realm of numeracy there are a number of frameworks that pertain to the teaching of numeracy to adults. Select two and discuss their relevance to numeracy teaching 7 1.3 It is clear that several adult learning principles apply equally to the teaching of numeracy and to the teaching of literacy. Review the adult learning principles and identify any that apply specifically to the teaching of numeracy. Select a skill from each of levels 1-3 of numeracy in the ACSF and explain how you would apply a relevant adult learning principle to the teaching of each numeracy skill. 7 1.4 Learning numeracy can occur in a number of contexts. Identify three or more contexts or types of provision in which numeracy learning for vocational education and training contexts, can take place and identify which levels of numeracy from the ACSF would be applicable. 10 2 Research literacy requirements of those participating in numeracy provision 12 2.1 Adult learners have a diversity of skills and backgrounds. From your experience identify examples of learner diversity and how it impacted...
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...Health & Clinical Psychology Healthy Living Stress Dysfunctional Behaviour Disorders [pic] [pic] [pic] Contents • Objectives for the Health and Clinical Psychology module 6 • What is Health Psychology? Careers in Health Psychology 7 • Unit G543: Health and Clinical Psychology 8 • Exemplar exam paper 9 PART A – INFORMATION TO HELP EVALUATE STUDIES • Evaluation sheet for the theories/studies of Health Psychology 10 • Guide for answering part A & part B exam questions 11 PART B – HEALTHY LIVING • Introduction to Healthy Living 14 • Theories of Health Belief 17 • Compliance with a Medical Regime for Asthma (Becker 1978) 18 • Internal versus External Locus of Control (Rotter 1966) 21 • Analysis of Self-Efficacy Theory of Behavioural Change (Bandura and Adams 1977) 23 • Summary of the health belief theories 26 • Comprehension questions for theories of health belief 27 • Part A exam question 28 • Part B exam question 29 • Evaluation sheet of health belief theories/studies 30 Introduction to Health Promotion 31 • Theories of Health Promotion • Chip pan fire prevention (Cowpe 1983) 32 • Legislation-Bicycle helmet laws and educational campaigns (Dannenberg et al. 1993) 34 • Effects of Fear arousal (Janis & Feshbeck 1953) 37 • Summary of the health...
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...1.0 INTRODUCTION Learning to talk is one of the most visible and important achievements of early childhood. All things being normal, in a matter of months, and without explicit teaching, toddlers move from hesitant single words to fluent sentences and from a small vocabulary to one that is growing by six new words a day. Language development is a complex subject with varying views.This debate reflects fundamentally different beliefs about human development and is not likely to be resolved. There is however considerable agreement that the course of language development reflects the interplay of factors in at least five domains.Educators and policy-makers have often ignored schoolchildren, whose language seems to be lagging behind development in other areas, arguing that such children are “just a bit late” in talking. However language development is a vital issue which has implications on the performance of a child at school. Because of this, this essay analyses factors that affect language development. 2.0 DEFINITION OF TERMS 2.1 LANGUAGE Skinner, who was a behaviourist, defined language as the observed and produced speech that occurs in the interaction of speaker and listener. 2.2LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT According to the internet site, www.healthofchildren.com/L/Language-Development, Language development is the process by which children come to understand and communicate language during early childhood. 3. 0 3.1 EXPOSURE TO THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT Owens R. (2001), quoted Beistein...
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...PSYB4 Past Paper Questions Listed below are all of the available past paper questions for the Debates section of your PSYB4 examination. The specimen paper below is representative of what your actual paper will look like (2 x 4 mark questions and 1 x 12 mark essay question. Older papers (June 2006-June 2009) used to have Psychology and Science as a separate section so there are a lot of past paper questions on this particular debate. Now they are combined and you would be asked a mixture of questions from across different debates. Print off the copy of this document without the answers and use this to mark them and give yourselves targets for improvement. Specimen Paper Outline what is meant by hypothesis testing and explain the role of hypothesis testing in scientific research. (4 marks) [AO3 = 4] Up to 2 marks for definition/outline of what is meant by hypothesis testing, eg a hypothesis is a testable, predictive statement/proposition specifying the relationships between events or variables. Two further marks for explanation of the role of hypothesis testing in research, eg theories need to be tested by empirical studies, hypothesis testing allows researchers to refute or support a theory, the degree of support determines confidence in a theory. Credit references to the null hypothesis and falsification of a theory 0 8 Explain what is meant by the nature-nurture debate in psychology. (4 marks) [AOl = 2, AO2 = 2] AOl One mark for outlining the term nature;...
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