...make claims and explain the importance of the relationship of moral wrongness and the appropriate content of the criminal law. He explains how harm is central to the justification of criminalization as conduct may be wrong in virtue of it being harmful and the characteristic of the conduct provides reason to criminalize it but that view does leave open places of exception. Tadros uses the example that it may be wrong to write racist books in private but because it doesn’t cause harm to anyone it cannot be criminalized. Tadros suggests that the mere fact that the conduct is wrong provides us with no reason at all to criminalize it. Tadros takes his essay to explain and reflect on the following three principals: 1) The Wrongness Justification 2) The Strong Wrongness Constraint and 3) The Weak Wrongness Constraint. The Wrongness Justification is always a reason in favor of criminalization of some conduct that the conduct is wrong. The strong wrongness constraint is permissible to criminalize some conduct only if that conduct is wrong independently of its being criminalized. The weak wrongness constraint is permissible to criminalize some conduct only if that conduct is wrong either independently of its being criminalized or as a result of its being criminalized. The Wrongness Justification is false if there are some things that are wrong that there is no reason to criminalize. Philosophers Duff and Marshall view that there is a good reason to criminalize all things publically wrong...
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... 3.1. History 4 3.2. Function 5 4. The Efficient Market Hypothesis 5 4.1. Strong From 6 4.2. Semi-strong form 6 4.3. Weak form 7 4.4. Random Walk Hypothesis 8 5. Empirical evidence 9 5.1. Joint Hypothesis Problem 10 5.2. Capital Asset Pricing Model 11 5.3. Empirical evidence on investor overreaction 12 6. Comparisons to international stock markets 13 7. Conclusion 15 9. Bibliography 16 1. Abstract The JSE is a securities exchange based in South Africa and is considered to be the largest on the African continent. More than 400 stocks are traded on the JSE and as a result, it is important that investors are aware of the relevant information regarding stocks, which would enable investors to make sound investments. The Efficient Market Hypothesis is used to ascertain whether certain stocks and their respective prices in a particular market reflect all necessary information, which would illustrate an efficient market (Fama, 1970). Carrado and Jordan (2000) supports the aforementioned statement by affirming that markets are efficient in terms of sources of specific information, on condition that information is not exploited to earn above average returns. Furthermore, Fama (1965) explained the efficiency of markets and their stock prices by analyzing the three forms of market efficiency, namely; the weak, strong and semi-strong forms of efficiency. However, it must be mentioned that ascertaining the form of efficiency used by the JSE is...
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...represents a concept of Social Darwinism because the boys were separated into groups based on their fit and unfit personalities in society. Social Darwinism states that the strong and more fit should flourish in society while the weak and unfit should be allowed to die. In the novel, there are two groups formed, the weak and the strong. The two groups in the novel represent Social Darwinism. Herbert Spencer, the father of Social Darwinism, believed that it was “natural, normal, and proper for the strong to thrive at the expense of the weak,” as stated in the article. This meant that the strong and more fit were able to do anything that would help them flourish in society. The weak were usually left to die. Usually the weak have nothing to do in order for them to advance in society so they were the ones that were always hurt first. This can be related to the novel because in the novel, there are two groups, the strong and more fit and the weak and unfit. The group that is strong and more fit into society are the hunters, Jack’s group. Because they were stronger and more fit, they know what they are doing in society. As the stronger group flourishes, the weaker group becomes more unfit and tend to die or get injured. In the novel, the weaker group, Ralph’s group lose some boys due to the lack of strength they have. For being strong, no one dies from the stronger group but some die from the weaker due to unfitness into society....
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... 22 September 2015 Rough Draft How the differences between strong ties and weak ties influence how a meme is transferred? Every day different people and groups are transferring memes onto others and so forth. As a matter of fact, these memes are transferred in the world through many different ways and through different relationships such as strong-tie and weak-tie relationships. Even though memes are passed on and on again through these ties, it is done through a different process in these ties between people. This is shown by connecting Malcolm Gladwell’s, author of Small Change: Why the Revolution Will Not Be Tweeted, reading and Susan Blackmore’s, author of Strange Creatures, reading. Weak-ties influences how a meme is transferred by sending information to a more collective group rather than individually. “Our acquaintances-not our friends- are our greatest source of new ideas and information” (Gladwell 137). The word “acquaintances” in this quotation implies that it is better for someone to ask an acquaintance for help or information in order to get what they want. This quotation is an example of how information is easily passed on through people who barely know each other. A weak tie relationship such as acquaintances shows how memes are transferred. If looked even closer, if many people, online, give out information others would join in on the process and thus the cycle of ideas being passed onto others. Susan Blackmore the author of Strange Creatures wrote an essay...
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...The concept state has been explained or received numerous definitions based on the understanding of some political scholars as well as the definition giving to it by any other academic discipline base on how they understand it. Their definitions seek to distinguish the concept state from nation and how it elaborate on its similarities and differences. According to Max Weber, a state is the organisation that maintains a monopoly of violence over a territory. Also, Dr. Bossman defines the state as a clearly defined area with its own government that exercises authority over its population. Moreover Patrick O’Neil, explains a state as an institution that seek to yield the majority of force within a territory, establishing order and deterring challenges from inside and out. Generally, a state may be defined as a geographically well-defined area with a boundary, territory and a government with power to exercise authority over its members called citizens. On the other hand, the word nation is defined from the Latin word natus which means birth. The word nation can also mean a group that a person is born into and have linkage [ethnos] or ethnicity. According to Thomas Magstadt and Peter Scihotten, the term nation refers to people who share a common value including any or all of following; geographical location, history, racial and ethnic characteristics, religion, language, culture and beliefs and common political ideas. According to Ernest Baker, a nation is a body...
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...article is arguing against it. While both articles give some good arguments, the first article is definitely the stronger of the two. I myself am against gay marriage, but both of these articles pose good points, but also some flaws. The first article I read was from USA Today arguing that the problem with not allowing gay marriage is that it’s not equal treatment. They start out the article with giving a premise saying that traditionalist only see marriage in religious terms and that they say by common definition, marriage involves a man and woman. I think this argument is weak because the premise isn’t really supporting the conclusion, its just saying that a certain group of people thinks that way. After this they propose the premise saying that judges look at marriage as far from a religious matter and that the state gives married couples privileged treatment under law. I think this premise is weak because it doesn’t really explain how they homosexuals are treated unequal, it’s just saying what privileges married couples get. Next he goes on to give the premise that homosexual couples, even some together 20-30 years, don’t have the rights that other married couples do because of their sex. He backs this up by giving the example saying that in a monogamous marriage, if one of the spouses dies, the house and other property go to the other spouse along with Social Security and other benefits. Also, if there is no will, the law protects the spouse’s right to inherit, but homosexual...
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...State Sovereignty and Regional * Institutionalism in the Asia Pacific Shaun Narine Working Paper No. 41, March 2005 * A revised version of the paper is scheduled to be published in The Pacific Review later this year. Recent Titles in the Working Paper Series No. 28 The Revolution in Military Affairs and Its Impact on Canada: The Challenge and the Consequences, by Andrew Richter, March 1999. No. 29 Law, Knowledge and National Interests in Trade Disputes: The Case of Softwood Lumber, by George Hoberg and Paul Howe, June 1999. No. 30 Geopolitical Change and Contemporary Security Studies: Contextualizing the Human Security Agenda, by Simon Dalby, April 2000. No. 31 Beyond the Linguistic Analogy: Norm and Action in International Politics, by Kai Alderson, May 2000. No. 32 The Changing Nature of International Institutions: The Case of Territoriality, by Kalevi J. Holsti, November 2000. No. 33 South Asian Nukes and Dilemmas of International Nonproliferation Regimes, by Haider K. Nizamani, December 2000. No. 34 Tipping the Balance: Theatre Missile Defence and the Evolving Security Relations in Northeast Asia, by Marc Lanteigne, January 2001. No. 35 Between War and Peace: Religion, Politics, and Human Rights in Early Cold War Canada, 1945-1950, by George Egerton, February 2001. No. 36 From Avignon to Schleswig and Beyond: Sovereignty and Referendums, by Jean Laponce, June 2001. No. 37 Advancing Disarmament in the Face of Great Power Reluctance: The Canadian Constitution...
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...As the United States was being established , Alexander Hamilton played a major role in forming the new country. Hamilton helped shape the economy as well as was one of the main advocates fighting for the ratification of the Constitution and a stronger central government. Before the British surrender, Hamilton was involved leading some of the artillery in some battles of the Revolution and was eventually appointed to George Washington’s staff. After earning the trust of Washington, Hamilton was involved in the development the young country. While there were many founders, such as Thomas Jefferson, that did not desire a strong federal government, Hamilton fights for a strong central government and as the Gilder Lehrman website says,“Hamilton...
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...Introduction Is there an obligation in part of MNCs to be morally upright in the eyes of the world? How wide do moral obligations extend within the global context? MNCs are entities within states that have a large capability in the eyes of the moral law to aid, protect and serve the public. However, in the search for profit, many MNCs will do only as much as they have to in order to be morally upstanding and financially sound. According to some philosophers, including Marx, the public must be protected from and by all organizations in their respective capacity; this includes the state and MNCs that, more often than not, have more power than the states in which they operate. Take, for instance, an MNC in El Salvador, profiting from the affordability of the production process, profiting from the lack of limitations within this one ‘weak-state’ and profiting from the sales accomplished overseas. The state of El Salvador is much weaker than an MNC such as Nike; in this example then, the MNC has the obligation to better the conditions of the state, not deprive it, aid or neglect its social responsibility to uphold ethics while practicing enterprising. This essay questions the reasoning behind Donaldson in Rights and Kinds of Obligations, arguing that O’Neill has a more fair system of distributing the right aid for the protection of all rights. The main question then is: what is the moral obligation of MNCs in the global context after having reviewed both Donaldson and O’Neill’s articles...
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...eugenics movement. Eugenics is the science of improving mankind by discouraging those with weak genes from having children and encouraging those deemed superior. This discouragement overall was not intended as a punishment for the weak, but it was designed to alleviate them the hardship of having to bring up children which they couldn’t support. ("Eugenics: Did the Eugenics Movement Benefit the United States?" 19). Eugenics started with Sir Francis Galton; he was a scientist in the U.K. studying hereditary patterns in people when he developed the early ideas of eugenics and the word itself. The movement started in 1904 (with Galton’s coining of the word) and became popular rapidly due to the fleeting imperial ideas that...
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...This view states that weak leadership is the one main reason why Chartism failed during years 1838-48, however I will prove it was not only down to one thing reason of why O’Connor, Lovett and Attwood, the Chartists did not succeed in bringing all of the six points to the people – such as economic and political reasons. Source 4 is a letter written by William Lovett so therefore will be biased towards his own views against Feargus O’Connor and the fact he undermines his college though argument just shows the lack of respect they had for each other, proving there was weak leadership. “His constant appeals to the selfishness and vanity of man […] a spirit of hate, intolerance and brute feeling” It agrees with the view that the failure was down to weak leadership as it proposes the idea that not all leaders were united and therefore was the failure, I know from my own knowledge that Lovett himself resigned due to outrage from O’Connor’s behaviour. Source 5 also says that “the vast number of arrests, prosecutions and imprisonments” this suggests that the leadership was again weak due to division of views, physical force and moral force – if people were getting arrested etc. then the leaders must not have been good ones in the first place. Source 6 says “failure can be explained by the divergence of these attitudes once the Chartist message had proved ineffective and untrue” which again like the other two sources shows the division of views from each leader which meant they...
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...Analyzing and Deciphering James Scott’s Concept of “Weapons Of The Weak” There is an array of divergent groups, collectives and associations around the globe that consistently proceed to spread their opinions and display their presence in the largest scale possible. Among these factions include, social movements, social non-movements and civil society organizations. These groups have historically been successful in overcoming their oppressors and doing what is in their nature to complete the necessary tasks in order to have their voice heard by those they wish to protest to. Examples of mainstream social movements include Black Lives Matter, Animal Rights Movements, Klu Klux Klan, etc (Moore, 1992: 133). However, although social movements have been successful before, the very dependence of their success, lays in certain specific aspects surrounding these social movements. These conditions include the status of the society these movements are operating in, the condition of the relationship between the government and the citizens of these movements, and also it depends on the rights and laws that exist within the society. For example, in wealthier societies, citizens have the right and freedom to protest and are confident in indulging in contentious politics because their laws and rights causes them to feel that they hold a sense of protection from the government. However in other more poverty-stricken states, where citizens cannot afford to protest in contentious politics and...
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...Arms Trafficking between the United States and Mexico: The Drug Trafficking Nexus Transnational Crime and Globalization By: Katrina T. Mason May 2, 2008 The United States is quite known for their proactive stances on the “War on Drugs”, “War on Terror”, and “War in Iraq”. Some view them as the international police and others view them as the international fiend, but it is in no doubt that the United States takes a very active stance in fighting what they believe is evil and wrong within the world. This is increasingly true for the evils that occur within its own borders such as the continued drug epidemic, domestic violence, child abuse, poverty, gangs, and prostitution (with the exception of Nevada). Unfortunately though, the United States’ stance on legal activities crossing from their own governance into neighboring states where the activity is illegal is not held with the same level of concern or dedication. A primary example of this double standard can be seen on the Mexican-United States border. This is not in reference to the debris from the giant wall being built on the Mexican border falling to the southern side, the young Americans fleeing across the borders to intoxicate themselves, or even the revolution of McDonalds springing up in towns throughout Mexico; but instead to the small arms and light weapons trafficking continually flowing down from the border states into Mexico causing alarming murder rates, economical...
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...our ecosystems. Sharks are being exterminated due to fishing, brutal shark finning, and mitigation strategies. Due to the high demand for oceanic whitetip shark fins, the United States and Brazil co-sponsored Colombia's proposal to add oceanic whitetip sharks to Appendix II of the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Which means sharks get protection from the government. Why are sharks important you ask? First, sharks play an important role in ecosystems as one of the top predators in the oceans. Next, sharks also keep vital habitats healthy being at the top of the food chain. Also sharks keep food webs or food chains in balance due to...
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...United States function after the Revolutionary War but it failed horribly. The Articles were designed weak on purpose, in hope that it would lead to each state being able to govern themselves. What actually happened, was the central government didn't have enough power to do anything, including enforcing laws, and collecting taxes. The Articles of Confederation were a failure because it didn't give any power to congress. During the earlier stages of the Articles of Confederation, they were a complete success. During the earlier time of the Articles, the government was designed how it needed to be. America had won the war against Britain and America was beginning its life as a new country. Also achieved under the Articles were many things such as negotiating the treaty of Paris, provided...
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