...In my family, I have my dad, mom, and two of my sisters. My dad phenotype would be tall, brown eye color, straight hair and for his health problem he has high blood pressure. My mom phenotype would be short, brown eye color, straight hair and for her health problem that she has high blood pressure and diabetes. My grandma had diabetes so I think my mom take after her, and I think one of us will have diabetes due to family history. One of my older sister phenotype would be tall, brown eye color, straight hair and no health problem. My middle sister phenotype would be short, brown eye color, straight hair and no health problem. Last is me, my phenotype would be tall, brown eye color, straight hair and no health problem. I’m not sure if I look...
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...Not all phenotypes can be seen. Blood types can only be observed by laboratory techniques. The ability to roll your tongue are phenotype variables. As humans, our shape, size, hair color, eye color, height and so on; are all about phenotype variables. I am able to recognize my family tree of all different phenotype variables, could be passed through genes or caused by environmental factors. Influencing body weight can be directed by genes or by diet, which is the environmental factor. Genotypes are the makeup of the cell where it leads next to the personal expressions, and characteristics; or better known as phenotypes. The blue eyes that are shown in my family tree, more occurring than the brown eyes, is a part of the characteristics. The blonde hair that my grandmother had is the phenotype, or my older brother being left handed is a phenotype. My grandfather’s baby blue eyes would be a trait I would pick out of the three generations. Choosing my grandfather’s blue eyes, I would make a hypothesis using the Punnett square. My grandfather’s parents would have each their own allele, either dominant or recessive. Each square in the Punnett square have a 25 percent chance. If my grandpa’s father had brown eyes, his alleles would be “Bb” for dominant and recessive, or two different alleles. If my grandfather’s mother had blue eyes, the genotypes would be “bb”. Taking those two down, the probability of the offspring would have a 50 percent chance of having brown eyes and blue...
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...Ashley Werner Bio 101 April 11, 2016 Alison Barrett Phenotypes are driven by DNA and are also inherited by the offspring. When you think about DNA what do you think about? DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid and is instructions for cell reproduction, cell functions, and also is development in organisms. In sexual reproduction our DNA is liable for providing phenotypes to the offspring indirectly. It is dependent on the genetic code of DNA, which then transcribes into RNA. The RNA is a messenger for DNA which translates the important data into proteins which then carries out the function it was made to do. It provides the physical traits for the offspring which include eye color, hair color, size, and shape in which they are genotypes. Genotypes interact with our environment and the observations become characteristics of the organism which is defined as phenotypes. Phenotypes produce disorders to their offspring which were carried either dormant or actively in the biological parents. Genotypes can be recessive which makes it hard to pass along to the offspring unlike dominate genes. This week we did a family tree and there are plenty of examples in my family tree. Most of us have brown eyes. My mother ended up with blue eyes which is a recessive trait when my grandmother had brown eyes which are a dominant trait. If I had to apply the scientific method my question would be “how did my mother end up with brown eyes”. My hypothesis would be my grandmother had a genotype...
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...of our faces. * Individuals of a species have similar characteristics but they are rarely identical, the difference between them is called variation. * Genetic variation is a result of subtle differences in our DNA?. * Single nucleotide polymorphisms? (SNPs, pronounced ‘snips’) are the most common type of genetic variation amongst people. * Each single nucleotide polymorphism represents a difference in a single DNA base?, A, C, G or T, in a person’s DNA. On average they occur once in every 300 bases and are often found in the DNA between genes?. * Genetic variation results in different forms, or alleles?, of genes. For example, if we look at eye colour, people with blue eyes have one allele of the gene for eye colour, whereas people with brown eyes will have a different allele of the gene. * Eye colour, skin tone and face shape are all determined by our genes so any variation that occurs will be due to the genesinherited? from our parents. * In contrast, although weight is partly influenced by ourgenetics?, it is strongly influenced by our environment. For example, how much we eat and how often we exercise. * Genetic variation can also explain some differences in disease susceptibility and how people react to drugs?. * Genetic variation is important in evolution?. Evolution relies on genetic variation that is passed down from one generation to the next. Favourable characteristics are ‘selected’ for, survive and are passed on. This is known...
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...11/2/2015 Brian Fox How are Phenotypes driven by DNA Phenotypes are the physical traits of an organism. They are the traits that show up on you and your offspring. Hair color and eye color are examples of phenotypes in humans. To be extremely basic the offspring of two parents is given dominant and recessive traits through a mixture of haploid sex cells between parents. Each cell contains half of the chromosomes from each parent and when combined make the full 46 required for a human. Instead of being a carbon copy of one parent, the child takes a mixture of traits from both parents. So, even more basic making a child is like smashing up part of your DNA and your mates DNA to form one child with a mixture of the two. Choose a family member... For this portion of the paper I will choose my son Spartacus and I will choose the trait of his brown eyes. Spartacus has a brown eyes. I believe that his genotype for the brown eyes is dominant. Ask a question: What is the genotype for my son's trait, a cleft chin? Do research: http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask59 Well, because I am not a geneticist or do not have access to DNA lab I would probably send a sample of his DNA to a lab and have them test it to see his genes. Using a punnet square I can assume that Spartacus has a B from me a b from his grandparent with blue eyes, a G from his mother whom has hazel eyes and another b. Using the chart from the reference you can see that Bb Gb is brown. You can assume he took the...
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...Melissa King Biological Anthropology 06 March 2015 Midterm Exam Part I: * A phenotype is an organism's observable trait. The phenotype is determined by the relationship between the two parental alleles. For example. if someone has the genotype "Bb" for brown eyes (B) and blue eyes (b), their phenotype would be brown eyes, because the brown allele dominates over the blue eyes allele. * A gene is a piece of DNA that contains the instructions for a protein. It is a unit that is hereditary from a parent to offspring an is supposed to determine some characteristic of the child. For example, a child could inherit one dominant gene from the father for brown hair and one dominant gene from the mother for brown hair, resulting in the child having brown hair. * Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. Phylogenies are created by using several lines of evidence, including both molecular data and morphology. An example of phylogeny would be like a family tree. A family tree is a diagram of the descending ancestors and who they came from. * A SNP is the most common type of genetic mutation among people. Each SNP represents a mutation is a single DNA building block called a nucleotide. A SNP can occur when a single base is either eliminated from the DNA strand or when it is replaced with a completely different base. For example, one single base from the DNA strand is deleted, this type of mutation causes the pairs to be different leaving an incomplete...
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...Introduction: The experiments of Beadle and Tatum proposed a hypothesis that stated that certain gene traits are related to particular enzymes that are missing. Investigation #19 allowed students to investigate and identify the chemical differences within species of fruit flies, in order, to understand the actions of their genes. The following materials were used to visually see the chemical differences in Drosophila melanogaster mutants: the eyes from the flies, paper chromatography, a good solvent for the paper chromatography to interact with and a UV light source. The seven species of flies used include: wild type, white, cinnabar, brown, cinnabar brown double mutant, sepia and white apricot. The phenotypes of these species varied from a red pigment, brown pigment and a white pigment. When a red pigment and brown pigment are crossed, the resulting color is brick red....
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...Sex chromosomes produce very unique patterns of inheritance in living organisms. In humans, there is an X chromosome and a Y chromosome that determines the sex of the offspring. A male has an X and Y chromosome, whereas a female has two X chromosomes. The sex of an offspring is determined by whether the sperm cell that fertilizes the egg is made up of an X or a Y chromosome; ultimately the male is the determining factor of the sex of the offspring. Even though the Y chromosome determines if the offspring will be male, the X chromosome has genes that control certain human characters; these genes are called sex-linked genes because they are linked to a certain sex. There are approximately 1,098 sex-linked genes that code unusual inheritance patterns other than the female sex trait. Some of these sex-linked genes carry unusual inheritance such as color blindness, Duchenne muscular dystrophy and hemophilia. (O’Neil, 2012). In the case of the recessive mutation that causes hemophilia, a female has to be the carrier of the mutated allele, since she has the X chromosomes only. If the female carrier of the disease mates with a male who has hemophilia (XhY), there would be a one-quarter chance that they would produce a female offspring that has hemophilia (XhXh). Males though are more susceptible to inheriting the hemophilia trait if the mother is a carrier, because the dominant gene (XH) will prevent the disease. (Simon, 2015). Since males can only have an X and a Y chromosome, there...
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...an individual only the “dominant” trait will be observed. For a dihybrid cross these statements still hold true but the law of independent assortment can also be observed. This law states that alleles at different loci on a chromosome that encode for different things separate independently of one another. METHOD Before beginning the experiment it was important to determine the sexes of the flies using a dissecting microscope and then to predict which phenotypes would be expressed. To distinguish between the sexes it was helpful to observe size, shape, and color of the flies, and to also check for the existence of sex combs. Only male flies have sex combs. Female flies are usually somewhat larger than males and the caudal extremity is striped and tends to look sharp and protruding. The caudal extremity of male flies has a solid black tip at the end and is more round and blunt. For the monohybrid cross, male and female flies that were hybrids and had white eyes were crossed with male and female wild type flies that had red eyes. For the dihybrid cross flies that were displayed the...
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...Where did blue eyes com from? Blue eyes is the result evolution. Darwin thought us that mutations that result in a big change in our phenotype is either a benefit for the population and therefore the trait is passed on to offsprings or the mutation has a negative effect on the population and that is a lethal factor. Their is also a third effect of mutation where it is neither positive or negative. Eye colors will fall into that last category as well as mutation like, hair color, baldness, freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a human’s chance of survival. It is only the result of nature that is shuffling the human genome, creating a genetic cocktail of human chromosomes and trying out different changes. Because of the humongous amount of information that our DNA carries, scientist were able to identify that people with blue eyes share the exact same DNA difference that causes their blue eyes. This mutation can be retrace about 6,000 to 10,000 years ago in Europe. This is why we can find that mostly Europeans will have blue eyes. This is due to common ancestors. Professor Hans Eiberg from the Department of cellular and Molecular Medicine said that « Originally, we all had brown eyes ». Approximatively 16 genes will be responsible for eye color in humans; however their is two main genes that are associated with eye color mutation and both of them are localized in Chromosome 15.Those genes also called P protein are involved in the production of melanin...
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...B1 Genes are found in our chromosomes,which parents pass on to offspring in their sex cells in reproduction. Different versions of the same gene are called alleles, and these can determine features like eye colour, and the inheritance of disorders such as cystic fibrosis. DNA the nucleus controls the activities of a cell. The instructions for how an organism develops are found in the nuclei of its cells Chromosomes Chromosomes are structures found in the nucleus of most cells. They consist of long strands of a substance called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA for short. A section of DNA that has the genetic code for making a particular protein is called a gene. The proteins can either be: structural proteins such as the ones found in muscles and hair enzymes, such as proteases and other digestive enzymes Variation Individuals differ in all sorts of ways, even when they are offspring of the same parents. These differences are called variation. Most characteristics, such as height, are determined by several genes working together. They are also influenced by environmental factors. These include: Climate, diet, physical accidents, culture&lifestyle Identical twins Identical twins are genetically the same. They are a good example of the interaction between inheritance and the environment. For example, an identical twin who takes regular exercise will have better muscle tone than one who does not exercise. All of the differences that you see between identical...
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...genotypic ratio of the F2 generation? What is the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation? Mendel crossed parent plants to analyze the position of the flowers. Axial flowers grow along the stem while terminal flowers grow at the tips of the stem. A homozygous dominant axial plant is crossed with a homozygous recessive terminal plant. Diagram the cross resulting in the F1 generation. What is the possibility of obtaining a homozygous plant in this generation? What is the possibility of obtaining a heterozygous plant in this generation? What is the possibility of obtaining a terminal plant in the F2 generation? Show your work. What is the possibility of obtaining an axial plant in the F2 generation? Show your work. In Venetian violets, three phenotypes occur with respect to flower color: a deep violet-almost black (Midnight); a white; a pale lavender. Two pale lavender flowered individuals have been crossed. The F1 from this cross has individuals with pale lavender flowers but also individuals with Midnight flowers and individuals with white flowers. What would the expected phenotypic ratio be in these F1 plants? What are the genotypes for the different flower...
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...Assignment 1: Description of Unknown Mutant Allele Phenotype The unknown mutant gene present in the mutant Drosophila melanogaster causes a change in the wild type phenotypic trait. When we compare the mutant to the wild type, we observe a difference in eye color. We set up multiple comparisons based on sex and maturity. The first setup compares newborns of both wild type and mutant. The wild type displays eyes that are brick red with a faint, black pseudopupil located at the center. The mutant’s eyes also appear red but slightly lighter compared to the wild type. The mutant’s eyes do not have pseudopupils. The second setup compares...
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...Chapter 14 Mendel and the Gene Idea Lecture Outline Overview • Every day we observe heritable variations (such as brown, green, or blue eyes) among individuals in a population. • These traits are transmitted from parents to offspring. • One possible explanation for heredity is a “blending” hypothesis. ° This hypothesis proposes that genetic material contributed by each parent mixes in a manner analogous to the way blue and yellow paints blend to make green. ° With blending inheritance, a freely mating population will eventually give rise to a uniform population of individuals. ° Everyday observations and the results of breeding experiments tell us that heritable traits do not blend to become uniform. • An alternative model, “particulate” inheritance, proposes that parents pass on discrete heritable units, genes, that retain their separate identities in offspring. ° Genes can be sorted and passed on, generation after generation, in undiluted form. • Modern genetics began in an abbey garden, where a monk named Gregor Mendel documented a particulate mechanism of inheritance. A. Gregor Mendel’s Discoveries 1. Mendel brought an experimental and quantitative approach to genetics. • Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity by breeding garden peas in carefully planned experiments. • Mendel grew up on a small farm in what is today the Czech Republic. • In 1843, Mendel entered an Augustinian monastery. • He...
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...the approval of the responsible editor. In such a case, please contact us for futher advice. · If we do not receive your corrections within 48 hours, we will send you a reminder. · The final versions of your article will be published around one week after receipt of your corrected proofs. Jaworek et al. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2012, 7:44 http://www.ojrd.com/content/7/1/44 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 RESEARCH Open Access Molecular genetic studies and delineation of the oculocutaneous albinism phenotype in the Pakistani population Thomas J Jaworek1, Tasleem Kausar2, Shannon M Bell1, Nabeela Tariq2, Muhammad Imran Maqsood2, Asma Sohail2, Muhmmmad Ali2, Furhan Iqbal2, Shafqat Rasool3, Saima Riazuddin1,4,5,6, Rehan S Shaikh2,8* and Zubair M Ahmed1,2,4,5,6,7* 8 Abstract 9 Background: Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is caused by a group of genetically heterogeneous inherited defects that result in the loss of pigmentation in the eyes, skin and hair. Mutations in the TYR,...
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