...common theme in the back ground of women with bulimia nervosa. This hypothesis has come under much scrutiny and as a result, has been tested and re-tested time and again. Studies have had findings stating everything from, there is no evidentiary support for this hypothesis, to there is a non-specific correlation and yet other studies claim that childhood sexual abuse is a direct risk factor for bulimia nervosa. More recent articles seem to point toward some type of relationship between bulimia nervosa and childhood sexual abuse. The process of finding this information takes some digging. Many search engines (including Medscape, Proquest, and Google’s scholarly article search) were used. Much of the research in this area seems to have been done approximately ten years ago and therefore was not current enough to be used. These older studies also have a common theme in that they tended to lean toward the opinion that bulimia nervosa and childhood sexual abuse are not directly related. The more current articles on this subject agree more with the school of though that bulimia nervosa is closely related to childhood sexual abuse. According to Pearlstein (2002) “Many older studies involved clinical rather than community samples” (p. 5) which may shed some light on why their results showed little to no correlation with bulimia nervosa and childhood sexual abuse. If there is a relationship between childhood sexual abuse and bulimia nervosa, how does the abuse predispose one to becoming...
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...include anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder that involves recurring episodes of uncontrollable, excessive eating, which is following my compensatory actions to remove the food. For example, someone with bulimia nervosa would deliberately vomit, abuse laxatives, and/or excessively exercise to remove the food from their body. Anorexia nervosa is also an eating disorder, but it is characterized by recurrent food refusal that eventually leads to dangerously low body weight. In the supplemental article on these two eating disorders, the authors explored the extent to which anorexia and bulimia represented culture-bound syndromes, which is defined as a collection...
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...The Gender Differences in Eating Disorders: An Analysis Abstract This paper will provide a critical analysis of the issue of eating disorders in the two genders. It has provided a history of the eating disorders, and how they came to be known. Furthermore, the paper has focused on the issue of eating disorders through an analysis of a number of studies. The studies have focused on providing vital information regarding what influences the different genders to have eating disorders. The females are most likely to suffer from anorexia nervosa, while the males suffer from bulimia. A brief summary of all the key points has also been provided. Thereafter, some important recommendations regarding research in some key areas involving eating disorders has been provided as well. Keywords: Anorexia, Bulimia, Females, Males, Study, Eating Disorders, Gender, Media Introduction Eating disorders have now become part of the current culture people live in. In fact, the eating disorders tend to affect different people regardless of their genders and socioeconomic classes. There is even an overall prevalence that is estimated to be about five percent among the population. Many people have a desire to become thin since it is an issue that is always being highlighted by the media. Some of the popular sources of media that influence individuals to become thin include movies, television shows, and magazines, among others. It is such a pity that the prevailing culture, and specifically the...
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...Analysis of Eating Disorders [Name of the Writer] [Name of the Institution] Analysis of Eating Disorders Introduction Eating disorders are fairly common these days because the subjects are so overly concerned about their shape and size of the body that they tend to sacrifice their health in trying to make themselves look good. Furthermore, the societal requirements and benchmarks of appearances and the needs to be accepted also trigger the negative thoughts that lead to such disorders. This paper talks about the different types of eating disorders. It also mentions the medical and behavioral symptoms that the subjects experience and the medical problems that they may result to suffer as a consequence of the behaviors which result from such disorders. Furthermore, it also talks about the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. It also discusses the efficiency of CBT; the techniques used by it to counter the problems of the subjects and also mention the advantages and disadvantages of using this method of therapy. Eating disorder: With the growing influence of social media and the trends of selfies, people are becoming increasingly concerned about their physical appearances. The body weight has always been a major concern of women but with the increased exposure is a relevant reason for the increased concern. Furthermore, the concept of fast food is also leading to certain habits that may cause eating disorders. The concept where the simple act of eating can lead to become...
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...Overview of Bulimia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa (BN) is one of the leading eating disorders worldwide alongside anorexia nervosa and continues to pose a major health threat as sufferers experience psychological and medical symptoms that most often lead to complications (Le Grange & Lock, 2007, p. 4). One of these complications is the tendency of bulimic patients to commit suicide because of aggravating sense of despair and loss of hope. According to Pompili, Girardi, Ruberto & Tatarelli (2006), “suicide in anoxeria nervosa and bulimia nervosa is a major cause of death” (p. 1). Aside from suicide, one of the disturbing realities about bulimia nervosa is how it tends to affect women and adolescents. The usual onset or starting point of bulimia is set at adolescence (Le Grange & Lock, 2007, p. 3) when young adults are starting to form their own self-identity, a process tied to the notion of body image. The seriousness of bulimia nervosa compels one to understand the ‘entire story’ of this eating disorder that includes knowing its history and nature, the etiology, symptoms and prognosis as well as the innovative treatments that have emerged in the recent years that can solve the case and problem that is bulimia nervosa. Bulimia Nervosa: At a Glance Characteristics and symptoms often associated to BN are known to have existed and observed in the ancient times. Emperors Claudius and Vitellius of ancient Rome are found to have exhibited the typical features of bulimia nervosa...
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...Disorders Anorexia nervosa Restricting type anorexia binge-eating/purging type anorexia Bulimia nervosa eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) binge eating disorder (BED) Anorexia nervosa- Refusal to maintain body weight at or above minimally normal weight for age and height (less than 85% of expectable weight). (p. 279) Restricting type anorexia – Anorexia in which the individual loses weight by severely restricting food intake. (p. 280). binge-eating/purging type anorexia- Anorexia in which the individual loses weight by bingeing and purging. Bulimia nervosa- A disorder involving repeated binge eating followed by compensatory measures to avoid weight gain. Purging type bulimia Bulimia in which the individual tries to avoid weight gain from binges by physically removing ingested food from her body, usually through vomiting or the use of laxatives. Non-purging type bulimia- Bulimia in which the individual tries to avoid weight gain from binges by burning off calories, usually through fasting or engaging in excessive exercise. EDNOS- eating behaviors that are disordered but do not meet diagnostic criteria for either anorexia or bulimia nervosa (p. 283). Ex. People who meet the diagnostic criteria for anorexia while maintaining normal weight or other people who repeatedly...
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...Analysis of Newspaper Research Report Sandra Nelson HCS/438 10/24.2011 Dr. Jill Wiseberg Analysis of Newspaper Research Report This paper will give an analysis of statistical study involving the eating disorders of teens. Eating disorders are more widespread in teens than formally thought, and has had a devastating effect on their lives, a study for the Archives of General Psychiatry revealed the widespread disorder and behaviors in 10,123 teenagers between the age of 13and 18. The study disclosed that out of the 10,123, about 0.3% had anorexia, 0.9% developed bulimia, and 1.6% practiced binge eating disorders. Nearly all teen with social impairment have anorexia as an eating disorders and theses impairment affect their social and family relationship (Park, 2011). What statistical procedures are used in the study? The population chosen was teens from 13 to 18 years, the 10,123 were chosen from the National Co-morbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement. This would be a subset of the population, this element was possible chosen based on the particular study, and this is not a representation of the entire population, in this article the researcher used the empirical method for gathering data. The sampling method is difficult to differentiate, is it systematic or convenience sampling? the advantages of systematic is that it can eliminate other source of bias, the disadvantage would be that bias can be introduce where patterns used for samples coincides with patterns...
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...SCI/241 January 31, 2013 Eva Hall It is many of ways to measure the body composition. It should be done at the doctor or at the gym, and the current flow throughout the body called the bioelectric impedance analysis. When people have excessive “fat it can cause fat under the skin (subcutaneous fat) it carries less risk than fat is deposited around the organs in the abdomen. The visceral fat is associated with a higher rate of heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, diabetes, and breast cancer. The obesity epidemic with overweight in the world is people will not exercise. When people think they are hungry they are not. People want to overeat and this is putting more fat on top of the fat that the body has. People are not watching the high-sugar diets they are eating or the high fat foods. They have to stay away from Trans fat and saturated fat food because it is full of high fats, sugars, and carbohydrates. People have to eat the healthy fats to make sure they are not harming the heart or other harmful diseases. People consume a large amount of alcohol; either from a restaurant or having a gathering at home. Anorexia nervosa is when people have a fear of eating because they want to decrease their food intake. Anorexia nervosa is a mental or emotional disorder that has a behavioral component and physical and dietary consequences that can be severe. Anorexia nervosa is around people that have a fear of weight gain and they want to remain thin; they over exercise, so...
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...explanations of anorexia nervosa Outline and description of theories | Research evidence and commentary | IntroductionThe DSM-IV Rev identifies three categories of eating disorder: * Anorexia nervosa 1. AN -restricting type – refusal to eat 2. AN- binge eating/purging type – episodes of binge eating followed by removal of food from the body by vomiting, laxatives, or enemas.Both of these are associated with significant weight loss and the other symptoms of AN. * Bulimia nervosa – episodes of binging followed by removal of food from the body by vomiting, laxatives, or enemas (no significant weight loss). * Eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS)The four major symptoms of anorexia nervosa are: * The body weight is 85% or less of normal weight for age and height * Distorted perception of body weight/shape, and/or denial that the weight loss is severe * Intense fear of becoming fat * Loss of three consecutive menstrual cycles in women (amenorrhoea)Anorexia nervosa (AN) and Bulimia nervosa (BN) have much in common, particularly a dissatisfaction with body weight and/or shape. AN affects approx 0.3 % of males and 0.9% of females. BN is more common (0.5% of males and 1.5% of females).AN often develops over time into BN although the reverse is less common (Polivy and Herman, 2002).Both conditions affect young women far more than any other group (90% of cases are female) and are extremely resistant to treatment. 30 – 40 % show no improvement after five years...
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...Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders Paper Photographic memories stick in people’s minds. Emotions and reactions that cannot be erased and are burned into the memory in one’s mind can have detrimental effects as well as saving someone’s sanity. Neurodevelopmental disorders are biological brain disorders that are responsible for early onset brain dysfunctions. The disorders can be genetic or acquired from trauma, heredity, the environment, or illness. This paper will discuss the behavioral criteria for two different disorders, along with the incidence rates, causes, and two treatment options for each disorder. The two different disorders that will be talked about in this paper will be autism and eating disorders. Autism What is autism? Autism is not considered by many a “serious” disorder; this disorder starts in infancy, and may be characterized by different factors: impaired language and communication, repetitive disorder and abnormal social development. The diagnosis of autism is based on “observed behavior” and educational and psychological testing. When trying to determine whether a child is autistic or not there are a number of signs that parents and observers can watch for. Children that have poor eye contact, little interest in other people, and do not respond to their name are considered to be autistic. Other signs involve the child having trouble with their speech. Autism begins in early brain development and obvious sign may occur between 2 and 3 years...
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...Approach We chose this approach because it is effective in analyzing eating disorders and because it offers a simple and easy to follow guide for addressing an extremely complicated topic. It also allows readers to easily understand the various elements of eating disorders and why this is a social issue. Analysis Anorexia and eating disorders are regarded as extremely undesirable in our society that bring with it all kinds of social stigmas. The occurrence of Anorexia and other eating disorders like Bulimia are increasing and effecting a wider segment of the population than ever before and at alarming rates. It is ruining lives before they start and can effect careers, relationships and the futures of it victims, and in a certain percentage of these people even death. The productivity of the people affected including their families suffers as well costing society a great deal in terms of lost productivity and social resources. This issue affects teen girls, women and men, in fact surprisingly one case in three of Anorexia Nervosa is a male “according to Dr. Blake Woodside, director of the program for eating disorders at Toronto General Hospital. For Bulimia, it is about one in four.” (Kirkey, 2013) It is also becoming more common among women in their 30’s, 40’s, 50’s, even their 60’s. (Agrell, 2009) It is harmful to the person who is suffering from the mental illness both physically and psychologically as well as the people who love them because they are left feeling...
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...behavior that leads to altered consumption or absorption of food in the body system, in a great way impairing the physical health or psychological and social functioning of the person. Eating disorders are more often than not long-term problems, which can cause great suffering for victims and their families (Eating Disorder Symptoms, Types and Treatment Methods, Para 1). Analysis The writer has chosen this topic because as the statistics across the world have proven obesity has almost turned out to be a national disaster. The thesis of this report is that having an eating disorder puts your body into a high extent of harm. Solutions to the issue will be availed at the conclusion of the report. The writer has chosen this topic because the scope of this enquiry will extend from 2006 to 2011 is discussing the problem, and from 3,000 BC to 2011 AD in the expression of solutions. Source of information will be journals, books and reports by health organizations including the World Health Organization (WHO). There are generally two recognized types of eating disorders: Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and Bulimia Nervosa (BN). In Anorexia Nervosa, This name of this disorder literally means "loss of appetite." But In reality, the person has not in...
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...Disorders Autism Autism it is a serious disorder that begins in infancy and is characterized by abnormal social development, impaired language and communication, and repetitive behavior. The diagnosis of autism is based on “observed behavior and educational and psychological testing (Autism Speaks).” When trying to determine whether a child is autistic or not there are a number of signs that parents and observers can watch for. Children that have poor eye contact, little interest in other people, and do not respond to their name are considered to be autistic. Other signs involve the child having trouble with their speech. This could mean no babbling or no speech at all by 16 months. If a child does not gesture or point at things as in showing you something their interested in or possibly want by a certain age then they may also be considered autistic. Autism begins in early brain development and obvious sign may occur between 2 and 3 years of age. Genetics seems to be the most responsible for autism. “Many genes on several chromosomes have been implicated; in some cases genes related to neural communication appear to have been copied to many times or left out during meiosis (Carol K. Singleman, Elizabeth A. Rider).” Meiosis is the process of a reproductive cell in the mother’s ovaries or in the father’s testes that contains 46 chromosomes splitting into two 46 chromosome cells. Once this division process is complete then those two chromosomes split again to form a total...
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...Contributing Factors to Various Eating Disorders Introduction The proposed topic discussed throughout this research will be eating disorders, specifically on the contributions to various eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, athletica nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating. Through much research, it is shown there are larger causes to these eating disorders. It is no longer a psychological factor (brain chemical misbalance). There are greater forces that influence eating disorders such as the mass media, family, stress (sense of identity), community (peers/school), and negative body image (which links to mass media). It is important to know these contributions to eating disorders because, the more one knows about the various factors for an eating disorder, the easier it will become to treat these disorders (help one suffering with an eating disorder cope and become healthier.) Throughout the 21st century, eating disorders have become more common among North American teens. With a higher percentage rate of eating disorders in the 21st century, (Sneddon, 1999, p.35) it shows it is an area that should have greater focus. Not only does it have a negative impact on the individual who is battling it, it has a negative impact on society; an impact that could destroy our society – mentally if we (as a community/society) do not help or treat this in the way it should be. An eating disorder can tear apart someone’s morals, eat at their brain – which means with it becoming more...
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...Body image is an individual’s perception of his or her own body in terms of sexual attractiveness. Human society has emphasized on beauty of the human body for a long time. However, an individual’s perception of their own body may differ from society’s standards, thus, causing body dissatisfaction. As a response to body dissatisfaction, every year, millions of people in the world succumb to potentially life threatening eating disorders. Eating disorders are a group of conditions characterized by abnormal eating habits that may involve excessive or insufficient food consumption, thus, affecting an individual’s physical and psychological health. Some common types of eating disorders include bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, binge eating, and obesity. This paper has explored six published articles that conducted research on various factors contributing to body dissatisfaction and eating disorders. The articles have examined the influence of society and media, gender and ethnic differences, development of depression, and some protective measures for body dissatisfaction and the development of eating disorders. In today’s society, both men and women are pressured to obtain an unrealistic body size and shape. This has plagued even children...
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