...Name: Date: Instructor’s Name: Assignment: SCIE211 Phase 3 Lab Report Title: Sources of CO2 Emissions Purpose The purpose of this lab is to research and state reasons for the trend of carbon dioxide emissions from data provided by the Earth System Research Laboratory over the past 40 years. Introduction Fossil fuels, wood, and living organisms are only some of the things that carbon is found in. The Earth uses CO2 to sustain life using the Carbon Cycle. Plants use the carbon for photosynthesis as the humans release the same through respiration. However, carbon dioxide emissions are traced to be increasing with time among many nations around the world. This increase is said to be as a result of the increase in the use of fuels such as coal due to industrialization (responsible for 40% carbon dioxide emission worldwide). (Kornelis, 2012). Moreover, research shows that these carbon dioxide emissions are likely to increase in the near future with an estimated value of 10% (Kornelis, 2012). Hypothesis The rate of carbon dioxide emissions into the environment are increasing with time. It’s expected that the emissions will be high now and in the future to come. Methods For this lab, a website link (http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/obop/) to an interactive map of the world titled “GMD Observatory Operations” was provided and the following procedures followed. i. I clicked on a starred location on the map and one location opened. ii. To the right of the screen, there...
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...Lab Report 2 – Titration CHEM1903 – Chemistry 1A (SSP) Michael West (305159240) 1. Experiment 2.2 – Titrimetric determination of the molecular mass of an organic acid Method An unknown organic acid was supplied in solid form. The acid was known to be diprotic and had the reference number 19. Using an analytical balance, 1.5397 g of the acid were weighed out, and made up with deionised water into 250 mL of solution. 25 mL of the acid solution was added to a conical flask with phenolphthalein indicator and titrated against standardized 0.0983 M NaOH solution. Three titrations were performed and the results averaged. The molar mass of the acid was then calculated and compared to a list of given possibilities. Results and Calculations The three titres were 26.30 mL, 26.50 mL and 26.30 mL. The mean titre volume was hence 26.37 mL. The number of moles of NaOH was thus moles. Because the acid was diprotic, reaction stoichiometry dictates that there was one mole of acid for every two moles of NaOH. Accordingly, in 25 mL of the acid solution, there were moles of acid. The molar mass of the acid is then g⋅mol-1. This matches most closely with succinic acid, for which the given molar mass was 118.1 g⋅mol-1. Although this represents a 0.6% discrepancy, the error is small enough to identify the acid as succinic acid with a high degree of certainty, given the possibilities listed. 2. Experiment 2.3 – Determination of the carbon dioxide and hydrogencarbonate contents of soda water...
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...light intensity increases, the photosynthetic rate of a plant increases as well. However biochemical reaction, in fact, DO have temperature limits because if the temperatures reach a certain degree and overheat, the enzymes will get damaged and/or lost and inevitably die. Therefore, temperatures must be a tolerable limits in order to increase a photosynthetic rate. Photosynthesis at low temperatures actually take CO2 more efficiently. The rate of photosynthesis is decreased by higher oxygen concentrations. Lower temperatures inhibit Rubisco and forces this enzyme to to work competitively. Rubisco works competitively because is actually binds itself to oxygen rather than binding to carbon dioxide because of the mere attraction. Therefore, in doing so, this activates photorespiration rather than photosynthesis. Photosynthesis in corn is different from photosynthesis in a tomato. Corn is part of CO4. CO4 plants are actually able to capture CO2 into precursor acids. In doing so, CO2 is kept at a constant rate. Increases and decreases in temperature do not affect the rate of CO2. Corn is able to continue efficient energy production which surprisingly allows it to grow no matter what the obstacle may be. This relationship compares with what I have observed for the tomato plant because unlike corn it is unable to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and organic matter as efficient. Tomato plants are heavily effected on increasing temperatures on the rate of photosynthesis. Corn...
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...that a lemon is sour, so it is acidic. Bases tend to taste bitter. However, when working in laboratory chemists cannot rely on their taste buds to predict the result of the many reactions they encounter. It is important to know the classification and the formula of acids and bases in order to understand how one substance will react with another. In this lab we observed how acids and bases change the color of certain dyes, such as litmus. We also observe the solubility of certain salt compounds. When solids dissolve in water, they dissociate to give the elementary particles from which they are formed. As a result, ionic solids dissociate to give solutions of the positive and negative ions they contain. Experiment Please refer to Report Sheet Calculations Please refer to Report Sheet for pH values of acid bases and salts utilized in the lab experiment Reaction of Salt mixtures FeCl3 + CoCl2 ( FeCl2 + CoCl3 Complete: Fe3+ + 3Cl- + Co2+ + 2Cl- ( Fe2+ + 2Cl- + Co3+ + 3Cl- Net: Fe3+ + Co2+(Fe2+ + Co3+ CoCl2 + Na2CO3 ( CoCO3 + Na2Cl2 Complete: Co2+ + 2Cl- + 2Na+ + (CO3)2- ( CoCO3 + 2NA+ + 2CL- Net: Co2+ + CO3 2- ( CoCO3 CuSO4 + Na2CO3 ( CuCO3 + Na2SO4 ionic: Cu+2 + SO4-2 + Na2+1 + CO3-2 ( CuCO3 + Na2+1 + SO4-2 Net: CO3- + Cu+ ( CuCO3 CuSO4 + Na3PO4 ( Cu3(PO4)2+Na2SO4 Complete:Cu+2 + SO4-2 + 6Na+ PO4(3-)+2 ( Cu3(PO4)2 + Na+ + SO4-2 Net: 3Cu(2+)+2PO4(3-) ( Cu3(PO4)2 Na3PO4(aq)+NiCl2(aq)->Ni3(PO4)2(s)+NaC Complete: Na+ + PO43- + Ni2+ + Cl-...
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...Plant Pigments & Absorption Lab SBI4U Metabolic Processes Lab 1 Kevin Salwach P.1 Rm. 208 De Cat November 5 2013 Lab 1 Pigments & Absorption Introduction Autotrophs, a group of organisms to which plants belong, obtain their own food and energy through ways other than hunting and ingestion. Almost all plants use photosynthesis to obtain their energy. Using the CO2 in the air that surrounds them, plants can create the energy needed to survive. The process is split into two parts; the “light” reactions occur by using light from the sun to activate electrons in the photosystem to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) the main requirement for metabolism. After this has occurred, the “dark” reactions occur where ATP is reduced to coenzymes in several complex cycles, and with the help of CO2, glucose is produced. This is a simplified explanation of course, as the entire photosynthetic process contains many different reactions and cycles. Overall, this is a very effective way of obtaining energy, and allows a whole manner of organisms to thrive almost anywhere on Earth. Purpose The purpose of this lab is conduct three experiments that answer the questions: - Where to plants conduct photosynthesis? - What photosynthetic pigments do they use? - What wavelength of light works best for photosynthesis? Materials -Microscope -Elodea -Microscope slide / cover slip -Spinach leaves -Mortar / pestle -Distilled water -80% acetone -Sand -Filter paper -Coleus...
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...Experiment 8: Redox: Analysis of the Oxidizing Capacity of Bleach PURPOSE In this experiment, you will show how redox reactions can be used to quantitatively determine the amount of oxidizing agent in liquid hypochlorite household bleach. There are two oxidation-reduction reactions for determining the oxidizing capacity of bleach. Initially an excess of iodide ions are added to a bleach solution. The iodide ions are oxidized to iodine after the solution has been acidified. Starch is added to the resulting iodine solution as an indicator. The solution is then titrated with sodium thiosulfate until the color of the solution changes indicating the endpoint of the reaction. Data collected from the titrations will be used to calculate the mass of the sodium hypochlorite in an unknown solution of bleach. Given the original mass of the unknown solution and the calculated mass of the sodium hypochlorite in the unknown solution, the percent by mass of the sodium hypochlorite can be determined. The oxidizing capacity of the unknown bleach is effectively the percent by mass of the sodium hypochlorite in the unknown bleach sample. OJECTIVES 1) Titration of a sample of bleach with thiosulfate. 2) Determining the end point of the titration with starch indicator. 3) To determine oxidizing capacity of bleach by determining the percentage by mass of the bleach that is sodium hypochlorite. 4) Balance and summarize the two redox reactions to determine the overall chemical reaction that...
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...CO2 effects on the climate. A new report from Imperial College London looks at what measures are required to reduce CO2 emissions and limit the extent of man-made climate change. Human activities like shipping, construction and industry are increasing the concentration of CO2 entering the atmosphere, which research has overwhelmingly shown is heating the planet and changing our climate. Many studies, including those by the International Energy Agency, suggest that global CO2 emissions are set to pass 50 Giga-tonnes per year by 2050 if there is no further action by governments to reduce them over the coming years. Now researchers at Imperial have considered what technologies and interventions are required to limit these global CO2 emissions from human activity to 15 Giga-tonnes per year by 2050, a level that many studies show could help to limit global warming to around two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Their report concludes that reaching this target will cost $2 trillion per year by 2050, which is about one per cent of the world's GDP in 2050, and considerably less than this if fossil fuel prices increase with time. – Professor Nilay Shah Report author It will require a broad range of low-carbon technologies to be implemented across several sectors of the economy – power, industry, buildings and transport. Report author, Professor Nilay Shah from the Department of Chemical Engineering at Imperial said: "A fundamental...
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...PROCEDURE: See the pre-lab report on page 15 of my laboratory notebook for an outline of the general procedure. The unknown acid number was 6553, and the concentration of NaOH used in the experiment was .09912 M. Also, three drops of phenolphthalein indicator were added to the initial titration and the titration curve. EXPERIMENTAL DATA: Initial Titration: * Volume of NaOH added at the endpoint was 29.8 mL Titration Curve: * Volume of NaOH added at the endpoint was 29.0 mL CALCULATED RESULTS: Acid concentration from first titration was .118M Ka from initial pH was 1.08x10^-5 Acid concentration from titration curve was .115M Titration | Volume of NaOH (mL) | pH | (base)/(acid) | pKa | Ka | 1/4 | 7.25 | 4.1 | 1/3 | 4.577 | 2.65x10^-5 | 1/2 | 14.5 | 4.6 | 1 | 4.6 | 2.55x10^-5 | 3/4 | 21.8 | 5.19 | 3 | 4.713 | 1.94x10^-5 | Average: | | | | 4.663 | 2.18x10^-15 | DISCUSSION: The purpose of the experiment was to titrate a weak acid of unknown concentration with a strong base, NaOH, and then utilizing an initial titration and titration curve to determine that acid concentration and Ka. After performing the initial titration of the acid concentration, we calculated it to be 0.118 M, with a Ka of 1.08x10^-5. On the other hand, when we performed the titration curve, it calculated an acid concentration of 0.115 M and a Ka of 2.18x10^-5. The results I obtained seemed reasonable since the acid concentration we acquired from both...
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...Pharmaceutical Laboratories in Malaysia. Four laboratories were selected as investigation sites. The Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system of the laboratories must be designed for providing good indoor air quality (IAQ) to the workers in the laboratory and keeping the expensive equipment in good condition. For the investigations, a number of measurement equipments were used to obtain the IAQ data of the laboratories (i.e. dry bulb temperature, air humidity, air flow velocity, carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, etc.). Some random subjective assessments on the workers in the laboratories were made to acquire information on the workers such as their thermal comfort rating, activity level and their clothing con-ditions. In this study, air temperature for Laboratories 1, 3 and 4, are 22.38, 20.53 and 19.50 LC, respectively, slightly below the ASH-RAE recommended air temperature. Besides, the total volatile organic compound (TVOC) for Laboratories 2 and 3 shows high TVOC concentration in the wash room and chemical room, which are 22.8 and 6.5 ppm, respectively. The study in terms of thermal satisfaction indicates an average performance of the air-conditioning system exists in the Pharmaceutical Laboratories. 2012 The Gulf Organisation for Research and Development. Production and hosting by...
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...natural trend there is not much we can do about it.” However, there is now hard evidence, which shows that the warming is not only real, it’s accelerating. The warming is altering the climate’s most basic chacteristics like rainfall, days of sunshine, and nighttime temperatures. These changes are damaging the environment and agricultural production, threatening wild species into extinction, and putting at risk human lifestyle, health, and cities near the sea. It starts with the warming. In the Artic, reports of heat waves and droughts seem far away. Over the last 100 years, the world has seen a 1 degree Fahrenheit rise in its average temperature (2). However, in Alaska and Canada, winter temperatures have increased by as much as 5-7 degrees Fahrenheit in the past 50 years (2). Global warming is already having a noticeable impact on the Artic. In November 2004 the Artic Climate Impact Assessment’s report on “Impact of a Warming Arctic (2004) was released (2). The ACIA report determined that greenhouse gases had driven climate change. Changes are being experienced particularly intensely in the Arctic; Arctic average temperature has risen at almost twice the rate as the rest of the...
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...compounds, and their reactions are very important. Perhaps the most important reaction is the one in which an acid and base are combined, resulting in the formation of water (in aqueous solution) and a salt; this reaction is called neutralization. A buffer solution is a solution that contains both an acid and a salt containing the conjugate base anion in sufficient concentrations so as to maintain a relatively constant pH when either acid or base is added. In this experiment you will prepare a buffer solution and observe its behavior when mixed both with an acid and a base. You will also compare the behavior with that of solutions containing only the acid. Theory In his theory of ionization in the 1880’s, Svante Arrhenius defined acids are substances which form H+ and bases as substances which form OH- in water. He further defined a salt as a substance other than an acid or base which forms ions in aqueous solution. Such substances are thus capable of producing an electric current and are called electrolytes. The amount of electricity produced is directly proportional to the concentration of ions in solution. With regard to electrolytes we have learned previously that strong acids and strong bases ionize completely, and are therefore strong electrolytes because they produce a large electric current. Soluble salts are the other type of strong electrolytes. We also learned that weak acids and weak bases ionize only partially in solution, producing...
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...Spring 2011, Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, IN 46323, USA Using CFD to Study Air Quality in Urban Microenvironments Varun Khare Purdue University Calumet Hammond, IN, USA | Abstract The project is concentrated on the study of the plume height coming out of buildings, such as restaurants and cooling towers around the office buildings, in an urban microenvironment, along with the placement of air intakes and exhausts on buildings which can significantly affect the overall indoor air quality. Earlier studies on the effects of building air intakes have been limited to relatively simple situations, unable to treat the complex envelope of most buildings and building groups. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a tool that assists in modeling the airflow and dispersion of pollutants among complex urban geometries on the scale of a section of a building’s exterior up to several city blocks. This tool allows more accurate predictions of impacts over a range of meteorological scenarios and alternative building designs and placements relative to roadways and other pollutant sources. The steps in a CFD application are presented including geometry and mesh creation, simulation of meteorological conditions, handling of pollutant sources, and post-processing visualization. INTRODUCTION Design and placement of a building’s outside air intake is a very important building...
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...Glucose), the amount of carbon dioxide created (bubbles) will then increase because sugar needed for respiration to occur. But, I think Maltose + Yeast will produce more bubbles than other two types of sugar because maltose is the largest sugar in all types of sugar which I am going to do on. Glucose will come into a second place and the least will be Lactose. VARIABLES * INDEPENDENT VARIABLE The independent is type of sugar. I will change it by putting different types of sugar into the water which the yeast would be placed in. * DEPENTDENT VARIABLE The dependent is the amount of bubbles collected from the over a certain amount of time. Rate = CO2/Time * CONTROL VARIABLE 1. Amount of yeast(5 grams) 2. Temperature (50C) 3. Amount of time (1 minute) 4. Amount of sugar (100ml) 5. Concentration (5%) MATERIALS: -Yeast (5 grams) -Sugar (Maltose, Lactose and Glucose 100ml each) -Hot water (50C) -Water bath -Beaker (2) -Delivery Tube -Tissue -Stopwatch -Thermometer PROCEDURE 1. Prepare all materials that need in the experiment 2. Fill the yeast into small 3 beakers (5grams each) after that put warm water into the small beakers (3/4) and then mix it together. 3. Fill the sugar (Maltose, Glucose, and Lactose) into different beakers 100ml each. 4. After prepared the yeast solution and sugar already, mix them...
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...Stoichiometry ________________________________________ Stoichiometry is simply the math behind chemistry. Given enough information, one can use stoichiometry to calculate masses, moles, and percents within a chemical equation. ________________________________________ ________________________________________ What is a Chemical Equation? In chemistry, we use symbols to represent the various chemicals. Success in chemistry depends upon developing a strong familiarity with these basic symbols. For example, the symbol "C"represents an atom of carbon, and "H" represents an atom of hydrogen. To represent a molecule of table salt, sodium chloride, we would use the notation "NaCl", where "Na" represents sodium and "Cl" represents chlorine. We call chlorine "chloride" in this case because of its connection to sodium. You should have reviewed naming schemes, or nomenclature, in earlier readings. A chemical equation is an expression of a chemical process. For example: AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) ---> AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq) In this equation, AgNO3 is mixed with NaCl. The equation shows that the reactants (AgNO3 and NaCl) react through some process (--->) to form the products (AgCl and NaNO3). Since they undergo a chemical process, they are changed fundamentally. Often chemical equations are written showing the state that each substance is in. The (s) sign means that the compound is a solid. The (l) sign means the substance is a liquid. The (aq) sign stands for aqueous in water and means...
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...Yeast Culture Lab BIO/315 April 22, 2014 Annissa Furr Yeast Lab Yeast, is a microscopic one celled organism that belongs to the group of organisms that is called fungi. They are single celled organisms that have a scientific name of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast can have many purposes but the main purpose of yeast is to help the fermentation process. Yeast is a living organism known as a fungus and it gets its energy source from sugar. Yeast can also be used in creating certain medical intentions that heal wounds and reduce inflammation because of the large amount of hormones and enzymes. In reference to yeast reproduction depends on the type of species because they can be either asexual by mitosis or sexual by budding. Consumption talked about the use and rate of use of a primary consumer that needs photosynthesis in order to create energy from CO2. Death is in reference to a population and refers to the toll of death in a population. Hypothesis This labs main objective is to test cultures referring to yeast. The hypothesis is that the yeast will grow in all the environments that it is placed in but it will thrive in the environment that has sugar that is because yeast uses sugar as an energy sources naturally which will make the yeast generate more. The yeast could be identical in all the environments but most likely the situation will be that the yeast grows rapidly in the sugar. This hypothesis needs to be tested and in order to do that their...
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