...Treating Ovarian Cancer Tara Potter ITT Technical Institute/ Breckenridge School of Nursing In partial fulfillment of requirements in GE150 Survey of the Sciences/ Dr. Lok February 29, 2016 Treating Ovarian Cancer Cancers of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and primary peritoneum are the fifth leading cause of cancer death in women in the U.S. These cancers are often found at advanced stages. According to my research, they don’t typically cause signs or symptoms in the early stages, also there isn’t very many screening tests for them. The most common type of ovarian cancer is called ovarian epithelial cancer. It begins in the tissue that covers the ovaries. This cancer sometimes begins at the end of the fallopian tube near the ovary and spreads to the ovary. Ovarian cancer can also begin in the peritoneum and spread to the ovary. The stages and treatment are the same for ovarian epithelial, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancers. To my surprise, while researching the genetic link pertaining to ovarian cancer I found that 90% of all ovarian cancer is acquired by chance while 10% is inherited. Research has successfully identified three hereditary factors that predispose women to ovarian cancer: 1. Spontaneous new mutations in the tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 2. Susceptibility to HNPCC also known as Lynch Syndrome II, a hereditary disease that puts individuals at risk for ovarian cancer. 3.Hereditary mutations in the BRCA1 gene or BRCA2 gene. There are three...
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...Skin Cancer Skin cancer is the most diagnosed cancer in this country. The most common type of skin cancer is keratinocyte cancers such as basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas, which come from the main cell type of the epidermis and are most often caused by the effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin. They are generally localized and rarely move to other areas. These cancers are easily identified as sores that won’t go away or crusting patches that grow mostly on sun-exposed parts of the body such as the hands, neck, arms, and face, they can be treated with routine surgical procedures. Malignant melanoma is a potentially serious type of skin cancer due to uncontrolled growth of pigment cells, called melanocytes. Melanomas are most common in white skinned people, but rarely develop in those with dark skin. There are many factors that can affect who deals with this, including inherited genes and genetic defects (gene mutations) that are acquired due to environment factors, such as excessive sun exposure. Gene mutations that are passed down from parent to child can increase the risk of melanoma. Variation in skin, hair, and eye pigmentation between people of different ancestries is one of the most noticeable human characteristics; it is very well known and understood that human skin color, hair color, and eye color is mostly genetic. The MC1R gene provides instructions for making a protein called the melonocartin 1 receptor. This receptor plays an important role...
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...syndrome is a rare type of dwarfism that is caused by a congenital defect. Seckel syndrome is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern and has been linked to genetic mutations on chromosomes 3, 18, and 14. How often Seckel syndrome occurs is not exactly known, but more than 100 cases have been reported in the medical literature. Many children diagnosed with Seckel syndrome are born to parents who are consanguineous, or closely related. This often causes prominent physical malformations, including a very short stature and a bird-like appearance. Serious mental retardation and blood disorders are also present in the majority of Seckel syndrome patients. Helmut Paul George Seckel was a prominent German physician who immigrated to the United States during World War II. In 1960, Seckel was the first physician to describe this disorder. It is also sometimes referred to as microcephalic primordial dwarfism, bird-headed dwarfism, and Virchow-Seckel dwarfism. A variant to this type of dwarfism is also known as Harper's syndrome, which was named after Dr. Rita G. Harper. Seckel syndrome is very rare, and only a handful of infants are diagnosed with it. It is believed to be a genetic disorder. Individuals born with this disorder typically have mutated chromosomes.These mutations can cause several physical mutations. An infant with Seckel syndrome will usually be born with a very low birth weight, due to improper growth prior to birth. Most of these infants will usually only weigh around...
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...run in families and identical twins who share the same genes are more likely to both have autism than are fraternal. So, genes are involved but isn’t easy to nail down what is going on genetically with autism. Autism and its entire spectrum of disorders is actually pretty common 1 in 166 people have it. Another way to explain a lot of these results is if autism weren’t in some of these folks trees to begin with. In some families autism just appears out of nowhere. Mount Sinai school of medicine in New York City, for example is offering a new blood test that examines 30 different genes for mutations known to be associated or autism or developmental delays. Some autism related genetic disorders also carry a high risk of cancer, siezures, heart diseases or other health problems, so knowing about them allows families and physians to be vigiliant for such issues. If a genetic mutation is found, researchers can also test the parents’ DNA to see if the problem was inherited or if it occurred spontaneously, in which case the risk of having another child with autism is no greater in the general population. Another possible outcome: The test could find abnormalities in those 30 genes- or find no “Variations of the unknown significance” Researchers at the University of Melbourne, Australia, have developed a test that looks for 237 genetic markers called single nucleotide-polymorphisims, some are thought to raise the risk of autism with more than 70% accuracy in people of central...
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...Unit II: Genetics Brief Overview Reading: Chapters 3, 4, 9-12, 14 (Note: you have reviewed much of this already) The earth is teeming with living things. We can easily see some of the larger organisms—trees, grass, flowers, weeds, cats, fish, squirrels, dogs, insects, spiders, snails, mushrooms, lichens. Other organisms are everywhere, in the air, in water, soil and on our skin, but are too small to see with the naked eye—bacteria, viruses, protists (single celled eukaryotes such as amoebae), and tiny plants and animals. Life is remarkable in its complexity and diversity, and yet it all boils down to a very simple idea—the instructions for making all this life are written in nucleic acids, usually DNA. Most organisms have a set of DNA that contains the instructions for making that creature. This DNA contains four “letters” in which these instructions are written—A, T, G, and C. The only difference between the code for a dog and the code for a geranium is in the order of those letters in the code. If you took the DNA from a human and rearranged the letters in the right way, you could produce an oak tree—arrange them slightly differently and you would have a bumble bee—arrange them again and you would have the instructions for making a bacterium. Acting through more than two billion years, the process of evolution has taken one basic idea—a molecular code that uses four letters—and used it over and over, in millions of combinations to produce a dazzling array of life forms...
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...PERSONALIZED MEDICINE The term "personalized medicine" reflects the growth of scientific understanding and medical tools that can help individualize care at a new level. Such tools can help match treatments to individual genetic variations, or differentiate between types and subtypes of diseases. A new patient has been diagnoses with a certain type lung cancer and because of genetic technology doctors now can hone with precision and with certainty when treating the patient. There will be no more lets try chemotherapy, no more we have a experimental drug we could try. Doctors can with certainty say this is how we are going to cure you because of genetic technology. In gene testing scientists scan a patient's DNA sample for mutated sequences. DNA can be obtained from any tissue to include blood. Gene testing can range from hundreds to thousands of dollars depending on the size of the genes and any mutations detected. One of the most serious limitations of these susceptibility tests is the difficulty in interpreting a positive result because some people who carry a disease-associated mutation never develop the disease. A limitation of all medical testing is the possibility for laboratory errors. These might be due to sample misidentification, contamination of the chemicals used for testing, or other factors. The risks for discrimination and social stigmatization could outweigh the benefits of testing. While the FDA oversees the trials and final approval for certain medicines...
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...‘free will’ viewpoint. Genetic factors and disorders. Each cell in the body contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. One chromosome from each pair is inherited from your mother and one is inherited from your father. The chromosomes contain the genes you inherit from your parents. There may be different forms of the same gene. These different forms are called alleles. There are different genes that determine your eye colour and your hair colour. The different forms of genes are caused by mutations in the DNA code. Genetic disorders are depending on certain factors these are; what genes you inherit of your parents, whether the gene for that condition is dominant or recessive and their environment, including any treatment they may receive. An example of a genetic disorder is Sickle Cell Anaemia; Sickle cell anaemia is a disease where your body produces abnormally shaped red blood cells. The cells are shaped like a crescent or sickle used to cut wheat. Sickle cell anaemia is caused by a genetic mutation that affects normal development of red blood cells. Symptoms of sickle cell anaemia can have a significant impact on quality of life. Potential complications can be life-threatening. Biological Biological influences before birth, this includes the thing that the mother of the child does while she is pregnant...
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...concept of it, but implementing all but the most simple of changes is still beyond us. I see many options in this field. From modifying our cells to resist diseases and cancer, to merging our DNA with the DNA of animals. The way I see things unfolding, keeping in mind how society is like today, only the people who make a decent amount of money can afford to get their DNA modified the way they want. Diseases will never go away due to new unforeseen possibilities. Athletes will have modified their DNA to add the strength ratio of a chimp or gorilla to be better at sports. With the rate at how long it takes the majority of the people to accept a new way of life (look at gay rights for example), buy the time the masses can change their DNA, they would have many rules and regulations up and running to make sure people can’t abuse the new found power. In fact by that time there will be failsafe’s added so a criminal can’t go on a warpath and kill thousands of innocent people. Businesses will use it to their advantage as well. If you need a security guard for the night shift, why not give him night vision on top of anything else that would be needed. We could finally explore the planet in its entirety due to being able to adapt to any place on it. Even with all the possible good, the down side to this is possible mutations. We could be no longer considered human. We could even go as far as losing society in general and actually revert to a more basic way of living. Or even both. You could...
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...Role of genetics in development Will I have a blue or brown eyed child? Will he be tall or short? Will she have my chin or nose? What do all these questions have in common? They are all questions where genetics play a role. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes; they are small thread-like structures in the nucleus of the cells. Half, or 23, of the 46 chromosomes come from the mother and the other half their father (Mandal, n.d.). From eye color to hair color genetics plays a role in a person’s biological makeup. But studies have also show that genetics play a role in illnesses and disease that can affect both physical and mental health. Genetics play a role in determining the physical makeup of a child, the psychological or mental makeup of a child and also certain abnormalities such as Tay-Sachs disease. The role of genetics can predetermine many different characteristics of a human being. Genetics play a role in development of physical traits. Genes are passed down from the mother and the father but before we can get there, let’s start at the beginning. A sperm and an egg each have one copy of the gene to make up an individual. When the sperm fertilizes the egg, two copies of each gene are present and the new life begins. Each egg and sperm cells contain 23 chromosomes. When they are joined together a fertilized egg will be formed with 46 chromosomes but sometime the egg or sperm will not divide correctly. Sometimes when the egg and sperm unite they will have...
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...Before we begin to discuss the issues related to genetic diversity, we have to know exactly what genetic diversity is all about. It is a " term used to describe genetic differences among members of a population", according to Concepts in Biology 12th Edition written by Eldon Enger. There are several topics we can discuss when speaking about genetic diversity such as mutation, sexual reproduction, migration and population size. Let's start with Mutation. Mutation brought recent information into a population by transformaing alleles that already exist. Sometimes you will find that a mutation will introduce a new allele into the gene pool of a species. Many other times, a mutation can also introduce an allele that was not present in a regional population, although it is produced in other populations of the species. For example, if a dog is a carrier of a disease causing allele, the dog can transmit this disease to a human if bitten. Initially, it may just be a few dogs that are troublesome. Over time, mutations occur that enables a significant number of dogs to be carriers. This would now be considered a major issue for humans. On another hand, you have sexual reproduction that does not originate new alleles. Sexual Reproduction incline new genetic ingredients when the genetic report from two individuals combines with one another during the process of fertilization, creating a one of a kind individual. But, this doesn't alter the incidence of alleles within...
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...many to reflect a brain disorder. Researchers made a giant leap in logic: Because brain injury can lead to hyperactivity, they believed that all hyperactivity was caused by brain injury. We now know this is not true. In fact, hyperactivity is also associated with giftedness, but obviously we cannot say that all hyperactive children are gifted any more than we can say all hyperactive children have suffered brain injury. More recent studies have shown that ADD is largely genetic. That is, it runs in families. This has lead some ADD researchers, notably Russell Barkley, to assume that our population is experiencing large scale random genetic mutations, a rather ridiculous notion for anyone familiar with population genetics. Anytime more than one percent of the population carries a gene, geneticists rule out random mutations under...
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...Hook Introduction to Alzheimer What is Alzheimer? Who have an Alzheimer? There are two main types of Alzheimer namely, early-onset Alzheimer and late-onset Alzheimer. Early-onset Alzheimer What is it? Who have it? What are the factors that influence this types of disease? What are the symptoms, signs of this disease? How can a doctor treat this disease? Late-onset Alzheimer In United Kingdom, 800000 people have a dementia, and the most common dementia is Alzheimer Dementia is a set of symptoms which comprises of “loss of memory, mood changes, problems with community and reasoning”. 60000 people in United Kingdom die per year attributed to dementia. One third of aged people over 95 years old have dementia. Two third of dementia patients are women (Alzheimer’s society, 2014.a). http://alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=341 Alois Alzheimer, a German neurologist, first described Alzheimer as a physical disease affecting the brain. People with Alzheimer have a scarcity of certain vitals chemicals, which of these involve in the transmission of messages inside the brain. During the course of Alzheimer’s, protein called plaques and tangles develop inside the structure of the brain, leading to the death of brain cells. Alzheimer’s is a progressive disease, which means gradually more parts of the brain are damaged. As a result, the symptoms and impacts from Alzheimer ‘s are likely to become more severe over time...
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...According to the company in the period 1901, when company was founded, the production of the artificial sweetener saccharine that was sold to Coca cola, this time Monsanto was well known as a Chemical company. They supplied the U.S. Army (Agent orange) which military sprayed over Vietnam and then it lead to genetic mutations in Vietnam event after 40 years. In 1981, they determined that the biotechnology would be the company new strategic focus. Then in 1994, they introduced their first products, and then sold soybean, cotton, and canola seeds. So other herbicides killed good plants that consider as not ethical at all. After production of insecticide DDC make a debate about safety in food, that it can be cause of some dangerous illness. Ethical issue was that it could lead to changes in natural ecosystem and distorted natural balance, but also provoke mutations after long time as it was in Vietnam. It’s a big risk for the future generation. In 2000, the company began Pharmacy Corporation and focused on agriculture after two years. Nowadays we can see ethical issue, how the company that specializes in using of dangerous substances as dioxin has caused many mutations. Can now began agricultural and rid the planet of hunger? It...
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...A mutation is a change in DNA, which is the instructions for how to create the organism, and the mutation is when the DNA differs from what it was supposed to be when it replicated itself. The letters A, T, G, and C represent the bases adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine; in addition, the order the bases are in make up the instructions of the genetic code. The instructions of DNA are matched with amino acids the cells use to create proteins. The molecular basis of DNA mutations is a change in the DNA’s bases, happening either spontaneously or being caused by mutagens, which can lead to effects that help, harm, or have no effect the organism. DNA mutations happen either naturally or are caused by mutagens, which are something in the environment...
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...dominant trait, what percentage of these offspring should be expected to express the mutation (have curly wings)? B. 50% of the offspring are expected to have the curly wing mutation. 2. What percentage will have the normal (wildtype) wings? C. 50% of the offspring will have normal wildtype wings. 3. Organisms are called carriers of a gene if they do not express it themselves but they can pass it on to their offspring. Is it possible for a fly to be a carrier of the Curly gene? B. No • Ebony x Wildtype “+” the wildtype (normal gene) and “e” the ebony (mutant gene) 1. Given that ebony is a recessive trait, what percentage of these...
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