...affected by amnesia. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of memory and brain structures involved with anterograde and retrograde amnesia Amnesia is a condition that involves partial or complete loss of memory. The severity of memory loss is determined by which part of the brain was affected. Major brain structures involved with memory are the hippocampus and the temporal lobes. The hippocampus is a structure within the brain and part of the limbic system. This structure significantly contributes to memory, and may be related to processing information and the formation of recent memories. According to Kim and Fanselow (1992), damage to the hippocampus results in the impairment of recent memories, but not remote A study conducted by Kim and Fanselow (1992) found damage to the hippocampus involves the impairment of recent memories, but not remote memories. Additionally, the temporal lobe is responsible for retrieving and storing memories “ In particular, the time course of medial temporal lobe (MTL) involvement in the storage and retrieval of remote memories has not been resolved. The present study examines performance across a range of...
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...INTRODUCTION The purpose of Case Study: Epilepsy is to provide an understanding of the basic principles involved in the drug treatment of epilepsy, including factors to consider in the initiation and assessment of AED therapy. On 29th January 2014 around 2.15 am, there is a patient admitted in ward 7 (Medical) from A&E Department due to epilepsy. Basically, epilepsy is group of related disorders characterized by a tendency for recurrent seizures. Nurses play an important role in managing patients with Epilepsy. From teaching patients about how to modify their risk factors, administering various medications, and providing pre- and post- care to patients undergoing epileptic action, nurses are in an important position to improve the outcomes of patients experiencing it. PATIENT’S DATA AND HISTORY Patient C is a male and Malay, 21 years of age, with a history of seizures since birth. He is otherwise in good health. His current diagnosis is temporal lobe epilepsy. Patient C experiences focal seizures (“complex partial” and focal seizures that evolve bilaterally). He states the he is aware that a seizure is going to occur because he has a very brief “strange sensation”. This sensation is his aura. After the aura, the patient cannot recall any other events until the postictal period. During the postictal period, patient C is fatigued and confused and often experiences headaches. Witnesses have noticed a typical pattern to patient C’s seizures. First, he becomes very quiet and...
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...Lecture 6 70% = lecture 30% = book Medial temporal lobe/medial temporal cortex Divided into two parts = cortex and subcortex Cortex • Perirhinal cortex o Peri means next to or surrounding o Colatoral sulcus = humans. Rinal sulcus = rats • Enorhinal cortex • Parahippocampal cortex o Para = next to. Thus next to hippocampus Subcortical • Hipocampus • Amygdala In textbooks etc. they sometimes use the more general term vs. specific i.e. say medial temporal cortex when they mean perirhinal cortex. Medial diencephalon • Thalamus • Hypothalamus Sense of smell goes to parahippocampal and enorhinal cortex Wilder Penfield To do experiment = only remove a little bit of a tissue. Permanent window = remove bone forever. Or bone flaps, cut 3 sides and crack a hinge so that they can see under. Tissue is already damaged Bone has an arterial structure in it. Arrest response = stopping response = then you know you want to stay away from this area, i.e. when the patient stops talking etc. Stimulating parts of the brain: 1/3 sensory reports 1/3 dejavu like experiences 1/3 actual memories you can stimulate any part of the cortex and evoke a memory. Also makes a difference of where it was Area especially rich for evoking memories was in the temporal lobe This is also where epileptic fits happened in many people. Where neurons fired rapidly and incoherently. Then eventually starts spreading. Locus/loci spontaneously causing epileptic fits Drugs...
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...body CORTICAL HOMUNCULUS (Sensory & Motor) - picture representation of the anatomical divisions of primary motor & primary somatosensory cortex - “distortion” not based on size of body part greater representation = greater sensitivity - areas have to do with motor neurons DORSAL ANTERIOR -------(< ‘ )-------POSTERIOR (ROSTRAL) (CAUDAL) VENTRAL LATERAL -------- < : )8( MEDIAL )~ -------- LATERAL METHODS OF LOCALIZATION - assign specific functions to particular places in the cerebral cortex - LESION STUDIES: any pathologic or traumatic discontinuity of brain tissue - SURGERY: Wada Test (anesthetize one hem), Tumor Removal, Split Brain - INFERENCE STUDIES (talk while balancing broom) - FUNCTIONAL IMAGING - PET (positron emission tomography): track blood flow associated w/ brain activity; used to assess physiology, including glucose & oxygen metabolism, and presence of specific neurotransmitters - SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography): measure blood; takes 2 days to eliminate radioactive tracer - MRI: visual imaging; most detailed brain structures; good spatial resolution & images in short time periods - MEG: 3D magnetic field can be calculated; expensive, not readily available for clinical applications DOUBLE DISSOCIATION - if you damage A, you lose X but not Y - if you damage...
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...* Continuous with the Subarachnoid Space * Contain Choroid Plexes which produce CSF * Important landmarks for location of structures * Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitors * Impanted and help monitor, because if too high pt stop breathing and die. Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres * 5 types of lobes and two of each type. Each hemisphere divided into 5. Correspond to the bones of the skull (close enough) * Frontal Lobes * Parietal Lobes * Occipital Lobes * Temporal Lobes * Insula Lobes * This lobe is hiding behind the temporal lobe. In folded inside, about the size of a walnut. * Outer Cortex is the outer 2-3 mm * Gyrate are the raised bumps are and sulcis are the grooves between * Cortex is all wadded up into smaller volume Frontal Lobe Functions * Personality * Asses in traumatic brain injury, or if you see change in behavior – aggressive etc * Analysis * Executive * Make decisions. * Voluntary Motor * Frontal Eye Fields (Tracking) – eyes are able to follow. * Speech (Broca’s) – EXPRESSIVE! - the delivery system of language. If they cant say it, that’s a frontal lobe problem. Parietal Lobe Functions * Somatosensory * Spatial analysis (Orientation) * Two different perspective and tell whether they’re...
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...retain her LTM like her childhood and family. However, those memories which were the most recent before the accident were likely to be lost due to the effect known as Ribot Law (Parkin, 2000). Amnesia is mostly caused by traumatic head injury during car accidents where the brain is impaired. Lucy suffered anterograde amnesia when she was involved in an accident. In the case study of K.C (Rosenbaum et al., 2005), he had severe memory loss after he was involved in a motorcycle accident. His brain was severely damaged due to large lesions in the hippocampal regions which resulted in an acute loss of memory. There are also medical causes of amnesia. Consumption of benzodiazepines to treat anxiety can cause anterograde amnesia to occur (Mejo, 1992). A possible explanation is that memories are not converted into long term storage and thus are not consolidated by the hippocampus. The hippocampus is an important part of the brain which is involved in memory consolidation. Scoville and Miller (1957) did a case study of a man named H.M who had seizures since young. Scoville removed the part of the temporal lobe where the hippocampus was located during an operation. After the operation, H.M...
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...Psych 100, Notes Sept. 6, 2012 History and Perspectives * Definitions of Psychology * The science of mental life (William James, 1890) * “The study of human or animal behaviour” (Webster’s Dictionary 1988) * “The scientific study of behavior and mind” “The scientific study of behaviour and its causes” (Passer & Smith) * Roots of the Word * Psyche – Greek for soul * Logos – Greek for the study of a subject * Related Fields * Philosophy * Rene Decartes (1595-1650) Dualism (interactionism) * Body is physical entity * Mind is nonphysical entity * Mind and body are separate, distinct entities involved in the production of behaviour * Pineal gland (Used for mind and body to communicate) * Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) * Materialism – position that since nothing exists other than matter and energy the concept of soul is meaningless * Form of monism * Empiricism (Position that all human knowledge and thought are derived from sensory experience * Branch of Biology concerned with the scientific study of how living organisms function (Muller, Helmholtz, Fechner) * Birth of Psychology * Wilhelm Wundt * Established first independent psychology lab at university of Leipzig 1879 (birth of psychology) * Established first psychology journal 1881 * Studied consciousness (one’s awareness...
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...with success for a number of other conditions such as pain control and Alzheimer’s disease. Due to the high incidence of relapse and treatment failure of current therapies, it is vitally important that medical science looks further into the modulation of the other neurotransmitters involved. Aim: To report one case that illustrates a novel presentation of treatment resistant schizophrenia, that through extensive investigation produced a diagnosis of anti-NMDA antibody encephalitis. Clinical details and outcome: The patient had experienced extensive treatment for schizophrenia over at least 5 documented years at a number of institutions & hospitals with varying degrees of success. The patient’s presentation to TPCH resulted in the detection of Anti-NMDA antibodies leading to the diagnosis. Treatments used included immunomodulators and antipsychotics. Conclusions: After a prolonged admission, the patient was discharged back to her family substantially improved and is receiving maintenance immunoglobulin doses every 3 months. The antipsychotic medications have been weaned over a prolonged period to ensure no relapse of symptoms. Abstract Word count: 206 Case report word count: 1601 INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder that has a worldwide prevalence of 1% and doesn’t vary significantly between geographical regions1. The disorder is characterised by...
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...inferiority complex Horney—rejected penis envy idea Carl Jung—collective unconscious Assessment Projective tests Rorschach TAT - Thematic Apperception Test Draw-a-person Sentence completion Evaluation: * Repression often not shown (vivid memory often results after trauma) * Terror management theory Social-cognitive Reciprocal determinism—interplay of Personal factors/internal cognition Behavior Environment Personal control (Julian Rotter) External locus of control Internal locus of control *Without internal locus, learned helplessness results Explanatory style (Martin Seligman) Optimistic Unstable, specific, external Pessimistic Stable, global, internal Bandura Personality influenced by observational learning, outside influences (Bobo doll study) Self-efficacy (belief in ability to do things that lead to positive outcomes) Humanism Maslow—self-actualization Hierarchy of needs * Safety—security—love—selfesteem—self-actualization Carl Rogers—person-centered Genuineness Unconditional positive regard Empathy Trait theory Greeks—4 humors (choleric, sanguine, melancholic, phlegmatic) Allport (student of Freud) Eysenck—unstable/stable; introverted/extroverted Costa & McCrae (Big 5) OCEAN (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism) Assessment MMPI (used factor analysis, empirically derived) Cattell’s 16PF Person-situation controversy Walter...
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...immediately preceding the present. The amnesia frequently depicted in fiction is a very rare retrograde variety known as dissociative fugue, where one’s identity and all memories prior to the pivotal event are compromised. In contrast, anterograde amnesia does not deprive the sufferer of their identity, their past, or their skills; it merely prevents new memories from forming. As a consequence one’s final memories are frozen in perpetuity, often accompanied by a constant sensation that one has just awoken from an “unconscious” state which filled the intervening time. Henry’s handicap is the unintended result of experimental brain surgery performed in 1953. In his late teens the highly intelligent student began to experience frequent grand mal seizures, characterized by loss of consciousness, muscle spasms, and rigidity. The frequency of...
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...later than others and may refer to themselves by name instead of “I” or “me”. They are also more likely to repeat words and reverse pronoun. Autistic individuals display many forms of restrictive behaviors, some of which include ritualistic behavior, compulsive behavior, resistance to change, etc. Autism varies widely in its severity and symptoms. Scientists aren’t certain as to what causes autism. There are both environmental and genetic theories. Studies have shown several genes associated with autism, strongly suggesting some families may have a predisposition to autism. In families with one autistic child, the risk of having another child with the disorder is greater than for the general population, at about one in 20 (5%). Scientists are looking for a gene that might be responsible for this increase in susceptibility. In some cases, relatives of an autistic child show deficits in social and communicative skills as well as repetitive behavior. These syndrome is six time more likely to occur in men than in women. Other studies show that children with autism have abnormal levels of serotonin in several regions of their brain. This suggests that...
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...Cancer Center, Houston, Tex. 4 Department of Pathology, Neuropathology Unit, The University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif. 2 1 Corresponding author: Tarik Tihan, MD, UCSF, Department of Pathology, Neuropathology Unit, M 551, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0102 (E-mail: tarik.tihan@ucsf.edu) The 4th edition of the WHO Classification of Tumours of the Nervous System (WHO 2007) introduces changes that reflect both the recognition of new brain tumour types and a better understanding of neoplastic behavior. Three new tumours, angiocentric glioma (AG), pilomyxoid astrocytoma (PMA), and pituicytoma are added to the section on gliomas. AG is a slowly growing cerebral tumour that typically presents with seizures in children and young adults. It is characterized by monomorphous, bipolar tumour cells with a striking perivascular growth pattern. Although the ‘cell of origin’ of AG is not clear, ultrastructural evidence points to an ependymal derivation. Typically, AG can be cured by total resection, and is designated WHO grade I. PMA is a solid, circumscribed tumour occurring mainly in the hypothalamic region of young children. It is composed of a...
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...The author will be conducting a survey with a psychologist who studied at McGill University, and now works for the Lester B. Pearson School Board, where there is a sizably large amount of faculty and staff (N= 1000-5000). The instrument used will be an interview. The study is stratified, because the interviewee attended McGill University and the size of the sample is relatively small, one (n=1) psychologist. The scientific power of the study is explanatory and the type of data sought is a mix of opinion and knowledge. The interviewee will answer questions and explain their reasoning for the relevance of the toponym. These answers will be based on their own opinion and their prior knowledge of the subject from what they have learnt about Dr. Penfield. The type of data collected is both qualitative and quantitative because the person’s opinion cannot be quantitative, but their level of knowledge is. The type of interview that will be held will be informal and conversational. The questions that will be asked in the survey will be open questions and are not at a difficulty level that will put...
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...Investigate Coprolalia Disorder Name: Linda Ellison. Course Name and Number: PSY 303, PSK1327A Instructor: Renina Deeminter Date: COPROLALIA DISORDER, SYMPTOMS AND RELATED COMORBID CONDITIONS. Coprolalia disorder is a condition that is characterized by loud vociferous swearing, or the utterance of words that are obscene, derogatory or socially inappropriate, which is done involuntarily by an afflicted patient. It is primarily a compulsive psychological disorder, although it may manifest itself physically in involuntary motor movements e.g. jerking gestures, arm flailing, groaning and grunting, shouting obscenities etc (Mink, 2008, p. 211). This is a publication that extensively covers the recent advances in neurology; it covers Tourette’s syndrome and Coprolalia in extension. It expounds on the Coprolalia disorder, its symptoms, causes, manifestations and its relation with its comorbid disorders. Coprolalia disorder is a symptom of other malaises like Tourette’s syndrome or schizophrenia and has links with other medical disorders or conditions. The word Coprolalia stems from two Greek words, ‘kopros’, which means feces, and ‘lalien’, which means to talk. Therefore, Coprolalia is characterized by the profuse and uncontrolled usage of foul or obscene language punctuated by words related to feces. Coprolalia occurs solely or as a manifestation of several other associated comorbid conditions such as ADHD (Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder),...
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...Brain imaging techniques Introduction to brain imaging techniques and other methods A number of techniques are available to investigate the question of how and where in the brain particular perceptual and cognitive processes occur. Tasks or tests can be devised that place varying levels of demand on the cognitive, sensory or motor capacities of the participant being tested. Performance of these tasks is then correlated with physiological measurements, and on the basis of these results, we may go on to ascribe functions to areas of the brain. Whilst there is a growing fascination with imaging techniques in the popular media (e.g. ‘This is your brain on politics’), it’s important to bear in mind that each technique has limitations that often don’t get picked up on by newspaper editors who themselves have little-to-no experience using them. The most often overlooked limitation is the issue of ‘reverse inference’ – just because cognition X (e.g. using one’s memory) is associated with brain activation Y (e.g. activation in the prefrontal cortex), that doesn’t mean that if a participant displays activation Y, they are necessary engaging in cognition X. Below we highlight some key neuropsychological and neuroscientific techniques, and a few of their limitations. There are also a number of great blogs that deal with issues relating to neuroscience, particularly in the popular press (e.g. Bad Science, The Neurocritic, [citation needed]). Testing brain damaged subjects (Neuropsychology) ...
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