1. When Christopher Columbus reached the New World in 1492, he found

a. cultures so primitive that Spain thought the area could not be developed. b. hundreds of cultures with nearly 400 different languages. c. one large, common native culture with basically one language. d. only barren landscape without humans.

2. Spain and Portugal were among the first European nations that

e. abandoned the feudal system and adopted democracy. f. accepted the authority of a single hereditary monarch for the entire country. g. adopted an established religion that everyone must honor. h. converted their monetary system to the euro.

3. When Christopher Columbus sailed westward seeking Asia, his goal was to

i. carry the Gospel to unsaved peoples throughout the world. j. find new lands for Spain to conquer and exploit. k. locate an all-water route to Lilliputia. l. reestablish trade routes interrupted by the bubonic plague.

4. Traders sought new trading opportunities primarily to have access to

m. better medicines to help Europeans conquer the Black Death. n. expanded power and influence in case of the need for additional crusades. o. luxuries such as sugar and spices demanded by the elite. p. staple foods to sustain Europe’s large peasant population.

5. At the time of Christopher Columbus’s first voyage, most Europeans

q. acknowledged that the world was round but did not understand its dimensions. r. believed the Earth was flat and that those who ventured too far to sea would fall off its edge. s. doubted that the vast amount of money the voyage cost would ever be returned. t. knew enough geography to support Columbus’s belief that he could reach the West by sailing eastward.

6. Before Christopher Columbus sailed from Spain in 1492, he

u. asked for permission and financial assistance from several monarchs before Isabel and Fernando agreed to support him. v. bought insurance from the bankers in Barcelona so he could repay Isabel and Fernando in case he failed to find anything. w. made sure his sailors were well trained and prepared for the voyage. x. obtained the blessing of Pope Benedict for his safety and that of all travelers on the voyage.

7. Had Columbus’s voyage acquired wealth for Spain, he was supposed to keep what amount?

y. 50 percent z. 75 percent {. 10 percent

|. 25 percent

8. Columbus and other early explorers typically described the New World as

}. an earthly paradise. ~. hardly worth the time, effort, and expense of getting there. . having little value because it remained undeveloped. . a place to send unproductive people to get them out of Europe.

9. Under Spanish authority, an encomienda was a . legal code devised by Fernando to provide order for Spanish colonists in their new surroundings. . long struggle to eliminate the Muslim threat to Spain. . management plan for land seized from Native Americans to enable the New World to produce wealth for the Crown. . purging and punishing of non-Christians living in Spain.

10. In 1513 the Spanish Crown issued the Requerimiento, which

a. divided Spain’s claims in the New World among those who had conquered it. b. formally enslaved Indians living in territory claimed by Spain in the New World. c. promised Indians who accepted Christianity and the authority of Spain that they would be left in peace. d. required priests in Spanish colonies to be approved by the Inquisition.

1. What was the status of most slaves when Europeans traded for them in Africa? a. captives of war b. criminals c. religious outcasts d. volunteers 2. Time that Africans spent aboard ship en route to enslavement in America was called e. hell on earth. f. middle passage. g. purgatory. h. the good old days. 3. English men and women from the lowest ranks of society who agreed to work in exchange for passage money to the colonies were known as i. contract labor. j. indentured servants. k. undocumented workers. l. wage slaves. 4. Perhaps 90 percent of those who migrated to the Chesapeake region in the 17th century came as m. company employees. n. freeholders under English common law. o. indentured servants. p. slaves. 5. The experience of the average indentured servant in the Chesapeake area was q. much better than the lives of servants in England. r. no different from the experiences of free laborers. s. often brutal, with too much work and too little food.

t. usually pleasant if the servantʼs master was a Christian. 6. What is true of the first Africans who reached Virginia in 1619? u. They were brought by Spanish traders from Cuba. v. They were indentured servants, not slaves. w. It is not clear whether they were indentured servants or slaves. x. They sought sanctuary from religious persecution. 7. Economically, it made more sense to contract for indentured servants than to purchase slaves because y. indentured servants spoke English, slaves did not. z. indentured servants were more easily caught if they escaped. {. insurance rates on indentured servants were lower. |. life expectancy rates for both were low. 8. Primary factors dictating how quickly English colonists adopted African slavery included }. geography, as only southern colonists owned slaves, and how long the colony had been in existence. ~. government policy and the attitude of the clergy. . the need for plantation laborers and availability of slaves at a good price. . the size of families and distance from slave markets. 9. African slavery, because it was based on race, was . beneficial to Africans. . beneficial to slaves because it allowed some parental rights for the welfare of their children. . perpetual. . profitable because so few Africans were available for enslavement. 10. Under slave codes prevailing in colonial America a. ownership was hereditary and passed from mother to child. b. slave fathers and mothers were equally responsible for rearing their children. c. slave fathers were responsible for the support of their children. d. slaves were protected from violence by owners or other slaves.

1. Most English settlers believed

a. in religious toleration for everyone, including Indians. b. that Indians were incapable of conversion to the English way of life. c. that North America belonged to England, and they would not rest until all Indians, Spaniards, and French were eliminated. d. that Spaniards and Frenchmen were better at understanding Indians.

2. The Swiss Protestant Reformer John Calvin

e. advocated a benevolent theology that offered salvation to everyone. f. believed God ordained who would be saved even before they were born. g. encouraged Henry VIII to abandon the Church of England. h. nailed a copy of his disagreements with the pope on the door of the cathedral in Geneva.

3. The survival of the Plymouth colony was made possible by

i. assistance from friendly Indians. j. careful planning by company officials. k. the leadership of Miles Standish and Jonathan Winthrop. l. mild winters and summers and the absence of malaria.

4. New England towns were usually governed by

m. adult male property owners at a town meeting. n. officials appointed by the English government. o. representatives elected by the people. p. stockholders of the Massachusetts Bay Company.

5. When Indians sold land to New England settlers, they

q. looked forward to helping in developing the area. r. moved on to acquire additional land themselves. s. usually thought they were only giving permission to share the land. t. were happy to receive compensation for a commodity on which they placed little value.

6. The Pequot War was the result of all of the following except

u. conflicts between Europeans about who would govern the Connecticut River valley. v. conflicts among native Americans about who would trade with the Europeans. w. the unregulated and aggressive expansion on to Pequot land by Puritan settlers. x. the Narragansetts who first promised aid to the Pequots but were paid by the Puritans to remain neutral in the war.

7. What was the primary impetus behind the Massachusetts (New England) settlements?

y. blocking the French z. commerce {. getting rid of excess population in England |. religion 8. The Pequot War ended with a treaty of

}. Boston ~. Hartford . Connecticut . Washington

9. One of the bloodiest battles of the Pequot War ended with a one-sided victory in which the Indian to English casualties stood in a ratio of

. 700 to 2
b. 20,000 to 100 c. 5 to 1 d. Not many died so it couldn’t be quantified

10. As a result of the war, the Pequot Nation

a. was forced to move to Oklahoma (trail of tears) b. settled in Canada

c. was dissolved and forbidden to exist d. was expelled to Washington

1. Prior to George Whitefield’s itinerant preaching,

a. few questioned the authority of the Church of England. b. ministers mainly addressed only their own congregations. c. Quakers were accepted warmly in every English colony. d. tent revivalism was condemned by Catholics.

2. Colonists accumulated most of their wealth from

e. shipping and agriculture. f. the fur trade. g. timber and ship construction. h. working as commission agents in the slave trade.

3. Most colonial men whose wives died

i. lived in communities to save living expenses. j. remained unmarried until they could afford another family. k. remarried quickly to have someone to care for the household and children. l. returned to their families or moved in with their in-laws.

4. The Great Awakening in the 1740s was a m. medical breakthrough in the care of encephalitis. n. realization that Parliament took unfair advantage of colonial commerce. o. revival movement with an emotional appeal. p. triumph of reason over emotion.

5. Those who founded the Plymouth colony in 1620 were the only colonists who should be called

q. Anabaptists. r. Nonconformists. s. Pilgrims. t. Puritans.

6. The founding of the Church of England during the reign of Henry VIII was related to

u. a dispute between the king and the pope over a divorce. v. England’s distant location from Rome. w. rivalry among English nobles. x. the king’s desire to expand his influence in Europe.

7. The Swiss Protestant Reformer John Calvin

y. advocated a benevolent theology that offered salvation to everyone. z. believed God ordained who would be saved even before they were born. {. encouraged Henry VIII to abandon the Church of England. |. nailed a copy of his disagreements with the pope on the door of the cathedral in Geneva.

8. Puritans wanted to

}. eliminate aspects of Roman Catholicism from the Church of England. ~. increase the sale of wholesome foods and fabrics. . preserve chastity until marriage. . prevent the sale of selected items on Sunday.

9. The founding of the Great Awakening could also be attributed to

. loose behavior of the younger generations whose frolicking shocked the God-fearing elders. . Roman-Catholic influence. . Pope’s demands of new taxes in American Colonies. . the king’s desire to expand his influence in New England.

10. Some of the appeal of the early 1740s evangelization could also be attributed to

a. Revival of the Blessed Mary figure and the sacrament of confession among New Englanders. b. Roman-Catholic influence. c. Church of England influence. d. The uplifting message of hope that one can change his destiny (salvation) rather than to seek God’s signs of predestination (possibly salvation).

1. Ben Franklin was the child of his father (including his first marriage).

a. seventh. b. 8th. c. 17th. d. 15th.

2. Ben Franklin’s father grew up in .

e. Boston while dealing with shipping and agriculture. f. Philadelphia and working in the fur trade. g. New York and employed at timber and ship construction. h. England while working as a dyer.

3. One of the first brilliant ideas that borne wealth to Ben Franklin was his

i. reading manual for the public of Philadelphia. j. fishing and shooting manual. k. his first publication titled Poor Richard’s Almanac. l. naturalist encyclopedia printed at his brother’s printing business .

4. Country that initially assisted and aided Ben Franklin’s scientific experiments the most was

m. England and Scotland. n. The Netherlands. o. Canada. p. France.

5. One of the famous experiments performed live for the public was one involving

q. prisoners.

r. a kite and a key. s. a company of soldiers in a foreign European country. t. Pigeons.

6. Ben Franklin assisted in the capacity of the ‘communications’ officer to the English in this 1750s conflict

u. French and Indian War. v. Revolutionary War. w. Anglo-Dutch War. x. Anglo-American War.

7. Although the article points to the Indian and French origination of the word “Yankee, ” most likely the origin involves

y. Polish and Irish mispronunciation of the name, which stuck in our language. z. New Amsterdam circumstance and origin of the word that mimicked common Dutch names of Jan and Keys. {. uneducated New Yorkers who couldn’t figure out a good nickname for themselves. |. early NYC street game bearing the same name.

8. Ben Franklin was born in

}. London, England. ~. Boston, MA. . New York. . Philadelphia.

9. When one considers Ben Franklin’s life and personality it is important to remember

. that he was a stubborn old man. . die-hard Roman-Catholic. . too American in England, and too British in America. . a Boston fan.

10. Most importantly, and due to Franklin’s achievements it is quite natural to call him

a. a rebel. b. a Puritan workaholic. c. a man of the Enlightenment. d. a true English gentleman who devoted himself to England and never once thought of acting against a king.

1. The aim of the article titled The Navigation Acts revisited by Larry Sawers is to show

a. that England was always in charge. b. that taxation burden levied by the English on American colonies was unjust. c. that taxation worked and needed to be imposed by the British in America.

d. that the Navigation Acts imposed a substantial burdens on key actors of the Revolutionary War.

2. Larry Sawer’s thesis establishes an argument of as the main culprit of the American Revolution.

e. economics. f. patriotism. g. independence and political struggle. h. political jurisdiction.

3. The Navigation Acts reserved that all commerce between the colonies and the mother country had to be enumerated (landed) first in British ports. This was also part of the greater commercial and colonial mechanism known as

i. colonization. j. mercantilism. k. neocolonialism. l. free capitalism.

4. Progressive School’s argument on the relationship between Britain and her American colonies

m. was that of pure exploitation. n. was that of balance and justice. o. was that of political pride, liberty, and drive towards American independence. p. was that of commerce.

5. Neo-Whigs’ argument focuses more on the

q. struggles/benefits of commerce. r. unfair taxation system. s. on ideals of liberty and political independence. t. whigs and other new hair products.

6. A great majority of American colonists (living in the British North American colonies) wanted

u. independence. v. decisive end of taxation and war as a result. w. neither war nor independence. x. restored New Amsterdam as means of peaceful arbitration with the British Crown.

7. Without the Navigation Acts the colonial traders (Americans) would

y. struggle in the world commerce. z. dominate Atlantic trade of commodities and raw materials. {. rival Dutch and French commercial interests. |. do just as before since these Acts neither impeded nor advanced their commercial odds.

8. Tobacco trade was dominated and controlled by

}. Spanish traders in North America. ~. Virginians. . New Yorkers. . English and Scottish merchants.

9. A great example of the Navigation Acts’ defiance by the American colonials was

. buying goods, luxuries, and food from the French. . buying commodities from the Dutch. . manufacturing their own hats, clothes, and substitute products. . refusing to pay taxes to the French.

10. A clear violation (double standard) of the mercantile rules included in the Navigational Acts and created by England herself resulted

a. in an explosion of home brewers in places like Boston, Philadelphia, and New York. b. in Boston Tea Party. c. increased trade with Australia. d. Indian Wars over navigation issues on Mississippi River and Boston Harbor. 1. The aim of the article titled The American Revolution as a Colonial War for Independence by Thomas Barrow is to show

a. that England was always in charge. b. that taxation burden levied by the English on American colonies was unjust. c. that taxation worked and needed to be imposed by the British in America. d. that perhaps the American Revolution was not as revolutionary as most think.

2. Thomas Barrow’s thesis establishes a definition of as the main argument testing of his notion of the American Revolution.

e. revolution as radical change. f. revolution as patriotism. g. revolution as independence and political struggle. h. revolution as the communist revolt.

3. The definition of the revolution used by Barrow reserved that all true revolutions occurred in countries like

i. France and Russia. j. The United States and Canada. k. Germany and Britain. l. Mexico and England.

4. Thomas Hutchinson’s (Tory) argument and opinion of American independence

m. was that of pure excitement and no other way. n. was that of balance and justice built already in American institutions. o. was that of American immaturity to stand alone as an independent nation. p. was that of American commerce and its wealth once American stands independent.

5. John Adam’s (Whig) argument focused more on the

q. American experiment and pureness of its ideals and leaders. r. unfair taxation system. s. on commerce and American domination, less politics. t. on his whigs and proper court looks.

6. John Adams and Thomas Hutchinson

u. were the exceptions in the colonial society along with their discussions concerning independence. v. were both decisive to end taxation and go to war if necessary. w. were exemplifying the differences among colonial society before the revolution. x. failed to use common sense and their common factor.

7. According to the article American colonial society

y. was unified in struggle for independence. z. was homogeneous and politically alike to form a catalyst of a new independent society. {. was heterogeneous with problems of unity. |. was privileged and educated to take its independence stand.

8. Mercantilism and its connections provided the colonies with

}. enough money and supplies to fight the English. ~. British ideology and philosophy of freedom creating Colonial self-determination. . fresh recruits who will turn invaluable later in war. . English and Scottish merchant ideas on how to succeed.

9. Because of the nature of colonial society, James Madison in his essay #10 explored the idea that the democratic approach to citizens may

. harm the minority. . harm the majority. . benefit all. . benefit the English so what is the point of democracy.

10. Two political parties that evolved from the early political debates among American statesmen were

a. Republicans and Democrats. b. Tory and Whig party. c. Progressives and Neo-Whigs. d. Federalists and Anti-Federalists.