...Autism and Asperger’s Syndrome Michelle Mason South University Autism and Asperger’s Syndrome The comment by Hans Asperger that 'not everything that steps out of line, and thus "abnormal", must necessarily be "inferior", Atwood (2006) truly underlines what Autism and Asperser’s Syndrome is and how it is becoming more and more of a concern in America. This concern of Autism and Asperger’s rises, as more children are being diagnosed everyday. In order to understand the affects of these diseases one must first understand the characteristics and the children that live with Autism. Research on Autism and Asperger’s Syndrome will take the reader into areas that before hand have not been considered by most. Although this disease has been heard of, many have not experienced it in their lives. This paper will explore the emotions of autistic children and parents and the grief of realizing that these children are autistic, how these children learn, the challenges they face and how society views these children through medical and scientific research as well as the author’s personal research and life experiences with this disease. To understand Autism and Asperger’s Syndrome, the reader must first be able to identify and define what it is and what the characteristics are. In the article Autism and Genetic Disorders, Dr. A.L. Reiss (1986) who is head of the Department of Developmental Neuropsychiatry, Kennedy Institute for Handicapped Children, he describes and defines the signs...
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...and Diagnosing of Autism Spectrum Disorder Stephanie R. South University of Cincinnati Abstract This paper explores the symptoms and how to accurately diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism is classified as a psychological condition that starts in adolescence. Psychology classes, specifically an introductory course, briefly cover this condition and its diagnosis. This paper will provide a great knowledge and understanding of diagnosing Autism. There are many symptoms and signs exhibited in children diagnosed with Autism. There is no clear answer for why or how this disorder occurs, making it hard to properly diagnose those afflicted. It is extremely important for the child’s caregiver to be proactive and seek out medical expertise at the onset of behavioral issues in their child. Diagnosing the child at a younger age can ensure proper treatment and interventions for him/her. I have chosen to write my paper on the symptoms and diagnosing of Autism. This disorder is mysterious, but also fascinating. Being a mother, I worry all the time about new and strange afflictions that are attacking our children. To be proactive in our children’s lives, we must be knowledgeable and observant for the early warning signs or symptoms. Throughout the research process of preparing my paper, I have gained a greater comprehension of this disorder and the first indicators that has prepared me to act promptly for the sake of my children. In the last decade, Autism has gained a lot...
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...Secrets of the MMR scare: How the case against the MMR vaccine was fixed February 28, 1998, there was a paper published in the Lancet which would go on to create a worldwide MMR vaccine scare. Authored by Andrew Wakefield, John Walker-Smith, and 11 others from the Royal Free medical school, London. 12 developmentally challenged children were reported on. 11 boys, 1 girl; ages 3-9 They made claims which they adopted as facts __Behavioral symptoms reported by parents in 8 of the 12 children. __Average interval from exposure to 1st behavioral symptoms was 6.3 days (range 1-14). __9 children diagnosed with regressive autism. __ Autistic enterocolitis (unproven bowel disease) November 2000, Wakefield grants an interview to CBS’s 60 minutes; epidemic of autism . He campaigned for boycott of the MMR vaccine in favor of single shots. Concerns for Thimerosal in vaccine also occurring at this time What Got Deer Started: Around the time the Lancet paper was published, a woman in Ireland was compensated for vaccine injury caused to her son. 2003 begins to take a closer look at Wakefield’s claims. Deer’s Findings: The research alleging link between MMR and Autism had been funded from the onset by a group of lawyers. Wakefield was on their payroll for two years prior to the paper being published and before the research began. Wakefield and his cohorts created “the problem” Children enrolled in the study were members of JAB as well as clients...
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...Topical Reference List: Inclusion of Autism Spectrum Disorder Students Lindsey Liermann Liberty University Abstract This paper includes a reference list of literature relating to components of successful inclusion for students with Autism Spectrum Disorder. In general, the literature seems to indicate what practices are effective for successfully including ASD students with typical peers, as well as, if inclusion is right for all ASD students. The literature includes evidence that the different components support students’ progress in general education settings. More empirical data needs to be collected to see if different components work for all students with Autism Spectrum Disorder while with typical peers. Keywords: students with ASD, inclusion, typical peers, successful strategies, perceptions of inclusion, support, and modification for students. Topical Reference List: Inclusion of Autism Spectrum Disorder Students Until recently, the common practice was to pull children with Autism or other disabilities out of regular education classrooms for majority of the day or even have them completely segregated. It seemed more efficient to provide specialized instruction in separate classrooms where children with Autism could received individualized attention without having to alter the mainstream curriculum that typical peers received. But, different practices were proposed in the 1980’s for greater efforts to “include”...
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...A review paper published in the Canadian Medical Association Journal provides a summary of the current understanding of ASD and suggests a comprehensive set of guidelines on best practices for detection, diagnosis and treatment for children with autism based on the currently available evidence randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or systematic reviews. - See more at: "We have come to understand ASD as a remarkably heterogeneous constellation of conditions that covary with other disabilities and disorders (e.g., intellectual disability, epilepsy, ADHD, anxiety disorders) and various medical problems," writes Dr. Stephen Scherer, senior scientist and director of The Centre for Applied Genomics at The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids) and director of the McLaughlin Centre at the University of Toronto, with coauthors. "Recent discoveries of underlying genomic factors have shown great complexity and implicate various networks of causal factors." ASD, which includes a variety of traits that range from mild to severe, is estimated to affect about 1% of the population, although it is under-recognized in the developing world. The review, by specialists in pediatrics, psychiatry, epidemiology, neurology and genetics from across Canada, outlines the current understanding of ASD and best practices for pediatricians, family doctors and specialist clinics, and identifies resources for clinicians. Topics include: What causes autism? The causes are thought to be multi-factorial: genetic...
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...Literature Review on Autism Literature Review on Autistic Spectrum Disorder Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has become a widespread and familiar disorder in the 21st century. ASD is defined as an impairment of cognitional and emotional functioning. People with ASD will have difficulty interacting socially with their peers, and many struggle with developmental delays such as speech. Autistic children will often be less responsive to their caregivers than children without the disorder. In the research article by Tong &Brereton two important areas of difficulty for children with ASD is the ability to speak clearly, and the lack of skills needed to play and have an imagination (2010). Children with autism are very matter of fact, and rarely understand any metaphors. They may also be ritualistic and have compulsive behaviors. The cause and effect of ASD is still unknown, many researchers believe there are biological and genetic factors that play a role (Tong, Brereton, 2010). Since ASD as a behavioral disorder, can autism be cured? Will children who are diagnosed with the disorder live with the same delays and rituals as they did as a child? After reviewing many journals, I have failed to find any evidence of cures; I have however come across different therapy’s in there preliminary phases. Music and dog therapy are being used across the country. Gold, Wingram and Elefant explain in their article that music helps people who are non-verbal interact without the use of words...
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...Autism is a genetic disorder, that might be predisposed to changes in the parent’s genes. The more often the genes change, the greater the risk for the child to develop autism ("What Causes Autism?," 2012). According to many studies conducted by the CDC, environmental risk during pregnancy can increase the chances of autism (Grabrucker, 2013). The exposure of pesticides and valproic acid during pregnancy can increase the chances of autism as well as psychiatric medication taken by the mother during pregnancy (Grabrucker, 2013). Furthermore, other factors like having a zinc deficiency, maternal diabetes, prenatal and perinatal stress, toxins and viral infections contracted during pregnancy could influence the probabilities of a child developing autism (Grabrucker, 2013). These factors might contribute to autism, but scientists explain that “research suggests that autism develops from a combination of genetic and nongenetic, or environmental, influences” ("What Causes Autism?," 2012). Therefore, autism is determined by the parent’s genes and harmful environmental exposure before and after pregnancy. This important information should be disclosed to parents every time children go in to a clinic for well-check exams. Parents are worried and are taking matter into their own hands, often times...
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...Literature Review: Vaccines vs Autism Emily Willingham and Laura Helft/posted 09.05.2014/NOVA www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/autism-vaccine-myth.html In the late 90’s the vaccine Measles, Mumps, and Rubella know as (MMR) was said to have a link to Autism in children. In my literature review I compared two articles both from the relation to Vaccines and Autism from the late 90’s until the present time. The assertion that vaccines could be linked to Autism burst onto the international stage with the 1998 publication of a paper in the British journal “The Lancet”. (Willingham, E.; Helft, L.et.al.) The other article I reviewed has somewhat of a different outlook. The 1998 publication of a study suggesting an association between (MMR) vaccine and Autism, 13 studies in five countries showed no such link, no data supported any causal connection between the (MMR) vaccine and Autism. (Thompson, J.et.al). I will describe the problem, if the vaccine MMR is the cause of Autism in infant children. Is this vaccine the cause of infant babies developing Autism? Here is what the problem was thought to be in the vaccine MMR. According to the article “The Autism/Vaccine Myth” the vaccine MMR is not responsible for Autism. The myth behind this assumption is first the ingredients used in the vaccine MMR and then the febrile seizures that the parents were concerned about. According to the U.S. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, most febrile seizure happen when a child is sick rather than...
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...Running head: COMPLETING THE PUZZLE Completing the Puzzle of Autism Spectrum Disorder Abstract Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) most commonly known as Autism is a neurological disorder that affects the normal brain function. It is a disorder characterized by deficits in three major areas of behavior-social, communicative and the display of repetitive or restricted behaviors. This research paper will provide a review of people with autism spectrum disorders, including the symptoms, diagnosis criteria, and possible causes. In addition, it will describe with how it has impacted the society, families and themselves. Completing the Puzzle of Autism Spectrum Disorder Can you imagine trying to understand what your parents or peers are saying but you don’t really know what the words mean? Sometimes this can make a child very upset and frustrated just because they can’t come up with the right words to express his or her feelings or thoughts. These kids with special needs try to live their lives by learning to handle stuff that are challenging and annoying for them. People with autism can make a significant contribution to society, as well as to their families. However, having autism is generally difficult for the person themselves and their family, it also involves great financial sacrifice. What is Autism Spectrum Disorder? Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) most commonly known as “Autism” is a neurological disorder that has an effect on normal...
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...Autism is classified as a spectrum disorder. There are different degrees in the way it affects children who are diagnosed. However, every autistic child experiences symptoms, challenges, and unique abilities. One major challenge most of the children encounter are difficulties with controlling their behaviors. It is common for children with autism to irrationally react to a stimuli or situation that would not cause a typical functioning child to react. This is due to a dysfunction in their sensory processing system. There have been many studies conducted focusing on the sensory problems autistic children face. It is clear that many children who are diagnosed react much different to certain stimuli than other children. Tomchek and Dunn (2007)...
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...Annotated Bibliography BSHS/312 September 7, 2014 Annotated Bibliography Daniel, M.A., J. T., & Wood, Ph.D., J. J. (2013, November-December). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children with Autism: Review and Considerations for Future Research. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 34(9), 702-715. This article describes the techniques and results of cognitive behavioral therapy for children with autism. Cognitive behavioral therapy is commonly used for children with an autism spectrum disorder. The therapy addresses the child’s anxiety, disruptive behavior, and core autism symptoms. Evidence suggests that cognitive behavioral therapy is possibly efficacious for anxiety and autism symptoms. Garfinkel, M.D., P. E., Kline, M.D., S. A., & Stancer, Ph.D., M.D., H. C. (1973, December). Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa Using Operant Conditioning Techniques. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 157(6), 428-433. This article describes using operant conditioning techniques of female patients with anorexia nervosa. Each patient had a certain criteria that had to be met in order to be a part of the study. Patients were observed for a full week and goals were set for daily and weekly weight gain. Patients were rewarded with certain privileges if goals were met but if a goal was not met than no reward was given. Graham, M. A., Sauerheber, J. D., & Britzman, M. J. (2013, April) Choice Theory and Family Counseling A Pragmatic, Culturally Sensitive Approach...
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...Efficacy of ABA intervention research: Can you trust it? Isaac Lynn Abstract Autism interventions are loudly proclaimed to be effective, yet evidence-based research is often non-existent. In the absence of quality research, interventions such as the most widely utilized in autism, ABA, is touted to be absolutely effective and possibly the only answer for gains to be made in changing autism. Unfortunately, this may diminish the ability of the individual with autism to change in a positive manner. Additionally, immense monetary bills compound the problem. Caregivers may even bankrupt themselves trying to save their child or family member paying high premiums for ABA services that may or may not actually effectively change or manage behaviors of individuals with autism. This paper will discuss whether or not ABA research actually proves the effectiveness of ABA interventions. ABA interventions are defined as “those in which the principles of learning theory are applied in a systematic and measurable manner to increase, reduce, maintain and/or generalize target behaviors” (Education, 2007). ABA includes methodology such as reinforcement of target behaviors, shaping and chaining new behaviors, fading inappropriate behaviors, response and stimulus prompting, discrimination training, programming new behaviors, ideas and attitudes...
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...Anxiety in Autism Spectrum Disorder Aimee Kang Abnormal Psychology Research Paper #1 July 12, 2015 To the average person, it is usually very difficult to distinguish those who are diagnosed with autism. They usually ask -- Why is he talking to himself? Why is he acting so awkward? There are no obvious features that differentiate those with autism from those without autism. This is why it could usually be difficult for an average person to understand and recognize a person with autism and this can sometimes lead to excessive bullying by those who do not have much knowledge about the disorder. Autism spectrum disorder tends to be more prevalent than other conditions. This disorder is believed to be the fastest growing disorder in the US with a rate of 1 in 68 American children diagnosed, according to CDC. As the importance of understanding this disorder has become critical, research in this area has also been growing significantly. This research can be critical not only in finding the cause and therapies to better assist those on the but also understanding the point of view of those undergoing this disorder. Autism has a wide range of different types as we can see it in the DSM-5, which was published on May 2013. DSM-5 combined many subtypes together. As of now, there are no medical tests that can diagnose this disorder so it is only diagnosed through the evaluation of a professional psychologist. They seek for symptoms to diagnose autism and these symptoms usually...
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...|Reflection | | | |Following on from your placement, please reflect on the time you spent in the area using a reflective model e.g. Gibbs Model below.| |Please take into consideration your planned outcomes and the development of your role as a Trainee Assistant Practitioner. | |Remember the main focus of your role is to work towards improving patient care | | | |Description – What happened? | |Feeling – What were you thinking and feeling? | |Evaluation – What was good and bad about the event? | |Analysis – What sense can you make of the situation? | |Conclusion – What else could you have done? | |Action Plan – If...
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...Literature Review on Autism Wilfredo Garcia Table of Contents Abstract 3 Autism 4 Videogames and young people with Developmental disorders 10 Funding of Applied Behavior Analysis 11 Executive function in individuals with sub threshold Autism traits 12 Conclusion 14 References 15 Abstract The increasing number of individuals with Learning Disabilities (LD) and psychiatric disorders presents a key challenge to their assessment and treatment in mental health services. Children and young people with LD are more likely to experience mental health than the general population (Allington-Smith, 2006). There is a close relationship between autism spectrum disorder and learning disability. Epidemiological studies suggest that autism is more frequent in people with LD, nearly 40% of people with LD also have autism on the other hand, and nearly 70% of people with autism also have LD (La Mafa, 2004). The strong association between autism and LD (Bradley, 2004) also associates an increased risk of mental health problems. It is suggested that adults with LD and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may experience symptoms of anxiety at a greater level than the general population; however, this requires more conclusive evidence in relation to the prevalence of anxiety disorders in adults with LD and autism. ...
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