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China, Ussr and Usa During the Cold War

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Годината 1949 се оказва ключова за динамиката на международните отношения след Втората световна война. През октомври 1949 г., Китайската народна република (КНР) заменя Република Китай (ROC), след като китайските комунисти побеждават в гражданската война.
Между 1946 и 1950 г., ККП се радва на солидна подкрепа от китайския народ в "освободителната война“. До месец май през 1950 идва краят на гражданската война. КМТ е отстранена от континентален Китай, но получава контрола над Тайван.
През месец юни 1949 г., около три месеца преди основаването на КНР, китайският комунистически лидер Мао Цзедун обявява, че Новият Китай ще подкрепи Съветския съюз в международните дела.
На 14 февруари 1950г. Китайските и съветските лидери подписват съветско-китайския Договор за приятелство, съюз и взаимопомощ. Съюзът е основно военно споразумение, което ангажира двете страни да се притекат на помощ един на друг, в случай на сблъсък със Съединените щати.
През първата половина на 50-те години, съветско-китайската връзка е неизменна част от дипломацията на КНР. Въпреки това, през втората половина Мао започва да развива различни теории за това как е трябвало да функционира Китайския комунизъм.
Избухването на Корейската война заключва КНР и САЩ в смъртоносна тригодишна война на Корейския полуостров, от юни 1950 до юли 1953 г.По време на Корейската война, китайско-руският съюз работи сравнително добре – СССР предоставя на Китай икономическа и въздушна подкрепа и боеприпаси. Напрежението в региона се засилва ,поради мерките взети от САЩ спрямо КНР като засилването на щатското ембарго срещу КНР и блокирането на членството й в ООН и т.н.
След смърта на Сталин през 1953 отношенията на двете комунистически сили се усложняват. Мао не е съгласен с отношението на новия съветски лидер Никита Хрушчов - според китайския водач, Хрушчов омаловажава основната марксистко-ленинска теза за неизбежния въоръжен конфликт между капитализма и социализма.
Гневът му е укротен от официалното посещение на Хрушчов в Китай през 1954 г.,при което се отбелязва предаването на военноморската база на Люшун в Китай .
Бомбандировката на КНР над Кимен през 1954 г. е предназначена предимно за да провали договора за сигурност между САЩ и Тайван ,тъй като Пекин е притеснен за разделението между континенталните части. През август 1955 г. посланниците на САЩ и Китай започват преговори ,които продължават през цялата администрацията на Айзенхауер ,но без особен напредък по въпроси като Тайван ,щатското ембарго срещу Китай и културния обмен.
До 1959 разногласията между СССР и КНР спрямо множество въпроси ,довеждат до краха на съюза им.През юли 1960 г., Москва обяваява, че изтегля съветските съветници и техническия си персонал от Китай.
От 1960г. отношенията между китайската държава и американците поемат по нов път - започваат да се преговори между лидерите на двете държави, макар и неофициални.
От основаването си през 1949 г., КНР отдава голям приоритет на отношенията си с Третия свят. Мао заявява ,че една силна коалиция от държави от Третия свят може да бъде от решаващо значение в конфронтациите от Студената война. Първият опит на Китай да добие влияние в Третия свят е направен през април 1955 г. по време на Бандунгската конференция.
Понеже Китай не може да предложи значителна икономическа помощ, нито пък напреднала военна техника, усилията му през 1960 и 1970 г. да оформи Третия свят като трета сила в международната политика срещу двете суперсили до голяма степен не овенчават с успех.
До 1970 г., Мао е осъзнал, че не може да се изправи едновременно срещу Съветския съюз и Съединените американски щати, той решава, че тъй като руснаците са по-голямата заплаха ,поради географската близост им близост до Китай, той трябва да завърже отношения със Съединените щати и да се изправят заедно срещу СССР.
През юли 1971 г. Хенри Кисинджър посещава тайно Пекин и полога основите за посещението на президента Ричард Никсън в Китай, през февруари 1972 г. След редица преговори се поставя началото на връзката между Пекин и Москва.
Падането от власт на Лин Бяо през 1971 г. бележи края на най-радикалната фаза на Културната революция, и от тогава до смъртта на Мао през 1976 г. е имало постепенно завръщане към комунистическата "нормалност" в Китай. Това слага край на състоянието на въоръжен сблъсък със Съветския съюз, но не води до каквото и размразяване в политическите отношения.
След кратка борба за власт след смъртта на Мао през 1976 г., неговото място заема Дън Сяопин. Дън разработва план за бързото икономическо развитие на Китай.Дън слага край на подкрепата на Китай за революционни движения в чужбина и значително намаля подкрепата на Китай към Третия свят. Под ръководството на Дън, комунистическото управление в Китай оцелява след падането на комунизма в Източна Европа и разпадането на Съветския съюз, родината на комунизма.
Когато Михаил Горбачов идва на власт в Съветския съюз през 1985 г., той се опитва да възстанови нормалните отношения с Китай. Все още замразени, отношенията между Съветския съюз и Китай подтикват правителството на Съединените щати ,под управлението на Роналд Рейгън, да гледат на Китай като естествен противовес срещу Съветския съюз. За да се затвърдят подобряващите се отношения, Горбачов посещава Китай през май 1989г. С разпадането на Съветския съюз и краят на управлението на Горбачов приключва и съветско-китайското разделение. Вместо масивна съветската инвазия, китайското правителство тогава е по-загрижено за намесата на САЩ в подкрепа на независимостта на Тайван. По същия начин, отслабналата Русия става все по-загрижена за американските инициативи като разширяването на НАТО и намесата му в бивша Югославия. Съединените щати вече не гледат на Китай само като противовес на Русия ,а като зараждащ се партньор и конкурент.

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