...Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits Individual Assignment – Week 4 Deborah Watson PSY 250 05/26/14 Habits as defined by Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary, is a settled tendency or usual manner of behavior or a behavior pattern acquired by frequent repetition or physiologic exposure that shows itself in regularity or increased facility of performance. In this paper we will analyze one of my habits, how, who, and where it was developed. Also we will discuss if I continue the habit, and have I attempted to break the habit. Using behavioral personality theory and components of social/cognitive theory, I will explain why I have this habit and why the habit was formed. We will also develop a plan applying operant conditioning to change my habit and discuss which theory best explains my personality, behavioral or social/cognitive theory. First we will start by explaining both theories. The social cognitive theory explains that behavior is learned by watching others do things, using the school of thought that since others are doing this behavior, one should also do this behavior to be like their peers, learning that behavior by witnessing the actual act. One example of this would be a sister and brother are playing with a new toy that requires a certain pattern of movement like a Slip N’ Slide. The first sibling runs and slides down the Slip N’ Slide on their stomach. The 2nd sibling observes the act, not wanting to be out done by sibling #1, then...
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...Behavioral and Social Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits Duke Stevens PSY 250 November 2, 2015 Tyler Maxey Behavioral and Social Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits Habits as defined by Merriam-Webster's Dictionary as a settled tendency or usual manner of behavior or a behavior pattern acquired by frequent repetition or physiologic exposure that shows itself in regularity or increased facility of performance. In this paper, I will analyze one of my habits, how, why, and where it was developed. Also, I will discuss the chances of continuing the habit, and attempts to break the habit. Using behavioral personality theory and components of social/cognitive theory, this paper will explain why I have this habit and why the habit was formed. I will also develop a plan applying operant conditioning to change my habit and discuss which theory best explains my personality, behavioral or social/cognitive theory. Social Cognitive Theory The social cognitive theory explains that behavior is learned by watching others do things, using the school of thought that since others are doing this behavior, one should also do this behavior to be like their peers, learning that behavior by witnessing the actual act. One example of this would be a sister and brother are playing with a new toy that requires a certain pattern of movement like a Slip N' Slide. The first sibling runs and slides down the Slip N' Slide on their stomach. The 2nd sibling observes the act, not wanting to be out done by...
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...Running Head: LEARNING THEORIES Research Paper: Learning Theories Name Psychology of Learning Learning Theories From the beginning of life, learning is a natural process and continues through humankind’s lifespan. There seems to be an inherent encoding structure from birth seeking to discover new information that invokes learning which empowers one’s ability to adapt to different patterns of behavior. For years various theories have been introduced to explain how people learn. Learning can and does occur in a variety of methods. People may deem learning as experiences that become embedded into their memory having lasting effects. Others may think of learning as how they acquire new information and their ability to apply memory that has been stored overtime. While learning has often been defined in many ways, the basic element in the learning process is how people acquire knowledge and how it is maintained to produce changes in behavior. Learning is the fundamental nature of human functioning. This reflective paper presents a broad scope of theoretical concepts from Gregory Kimble, B.F. Skinner and Jean Piaget. The central focus of this paper is aspects of Albert Bandura’s observational, social learning and social cognitive theories; Bandura’s contributions to psychology; his critics and my personal response to Bandura’s theories. Introduction Many theories throughout the years...
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...Behavioral and Social Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits A habit is a settled or regular tendency or practice, especially one that is hard to give up (Duhigg, 2012). Many people will have one habit or another. Attempting to turn around a negative behavior can be difficult. If you have not experienced the quit I will use the Behavioral Personality Theory to show how a person can be convinced to start smoking, the social cognitive to show how a person’s society and environment can play a huge role in a person getting started on smoking. Then I will use Operant and Classical conditioning to set up a plan to help someone to quit smoking. Analyze Habit The worst habit for me is smoking cigarettes. The role models for the habit were commercials on television all the time like the Marlboro man and how smooth the cigarettes tasted. Why do you continue this habit? I continue because it is a habit and the dopamine in the brain is lessened when quitting causing withdraws and that for some reason causes me to return to the habit. There have been many attempts to quit. The latest attempt I quit for four months. Behavioral Personality Theory The behavioral theory says that a personality is a result of interaction between a person and their environment (Ajzen, 2005). The behavioral theory is interested in how someone can change habits. By using positive and negative reinforcements changes many behaviors (Ajzen, 2005). When they examine their behavior they can understand through...
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...this approach is that the environment is the one that contributes to the different behaviors of individuals. Behaviorists assume that one can understand other people’s behaviors through observing. The behavioral approach contrasts with the cognitive or social approach. The cognitive approach focuses on the way one can explain the disorders and behaviors through the cognitive processes. It explores the internal mental processes and the way people perceive, memorize, believe and solve problems. Cognitive is psychology that is relative to human behaviors that focuses on the way people think and such thought processes that affect their way of behaviors (Philosophy 2014). All human beings have behavioral habits. Some of the most talked about behavioral habits are smoking, drinking and/or drug abuse. Fortunately, for me, I don’t possess any of these negative behavioral habits. One of my behavioral habits, which I find can be a negative behavior, is shopping. My desire to go shopping is usually sparked by an uncontrollable urge. I believe my behavioral habit to go shopping was brought on by childhood experiences. As a child, I grew up poor and had to endure relentless teasing from other children because I wore old clothes and hand-me-downs from my older siblings. As I became an adult and a wage earner, I also found myself becoming a compulsive shopper. I would buy a lot of name-brand clothes items, shoes, handbags, etc. It didn’t matter to me that my wages could not support the...
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...Introduction Behavioral approach is based on the concept of explaining one’s behaviors through observation. The idea behind this approach is that the environment is the one that contributes to the different behaviors of individuals. Behaviorists assume that one can understand other people’s behaviors through observing. It can be observed in terms of responses to particular stimuli. The behavioral approach contrasts with the cognitive or social approach. The cognitive approach focuses on the way one can explain the disorders and behaviors through the cognitive processes. It explores the internal mental processes and the way people perceive, memorize, believe and solve problems. Cognitive is psychology that is relative to human behaviors that focuses on the way people think and such thought process that affect their way of behaviors. Discussion One of my habits is smoking, and I developed this habit due to influence from my peer group at the college. The role models for the smoking habit were some of my friends who used to smoke cigarettes. When I joined the college, I used not to smoke. However, when I joined a group of friends who used to drink and smoke, I found myself smoking too, and it became a daily habit. Some of the people who influenced me to adopt this habit are my roommates. This is because they used to smoke daily when we have left the lecture room going to sleep. They encourage me and I started smoking slowly, but it became a habit. From the National Institute on...
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...The Role of Heredity and Environment in Learning Theory The role of heredity and environment in the learning theory is one with varying views. Each view relies strongly on the developmental process of children. Urie Bronfenbrenner posits that a child’s environment plays the biggest role in the child’s development and learning experience (Ormrod, 2014). While Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky believe that a child’s cognitive development is most important to the learning experience (Ormrod, 2014). The purpose of this essay is to explore each of these theories and how they apply to my personal knowledge and understanding of the learning experience. I will begin with an overview of each theory and then move to how aspects of each apply to personal experiences and beliefs. Ultimately coming to the conclusion that no single theory fully represents my understanding of learning. While each theory as many strengths, one cannot have a fully developed understanding of the learning process without aspects of all three theories. According to Ormrod (2014), Bronfenbrenner’s theory of development relies strongly on the “multiple layers of environmental influence” (p. 21). At the most basic level is the child’s family, next is the child’s neighborhood and community, and finally the child’s state and country (Ormrod, 2014). Bronfenbrenner believed that the child’s culture played a significate role in effecting the child’s development in every layer. Furthermore, these layers interact with...
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...Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits Simona Lewis PSY/250 October 22, 2013 Leska Meeler Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits It is through observational learning that I truly learned a bad habit or behavior, but it was through observation that I learned how to smoke cigarettes. However, observation learning is a “convincing” force; rather it is good or bad behavior or habit which was learned by an individual. In-spite-of, the individual has the right to act-upon certain behavior. There are several theories that can explain the behavior and the habits that I have learned. Analyze on of your habits. The habit that I will be analyzing is “smoking cigarettes.” How did you develop this habit? I developed this smoking habit by watching other people smoking cigarettes, and I thought that it is an expressive and popular habit to be learned. Were there role models for this habit? Yes, there were role models for the habit or behavior that I learned. Which people influenced the adoption of this habit? The people who influenced me for the smoking cigarettes, is my parents, friends, and coworkers. Why do I continue it? I continue this habit (smoking cigarettes) because smoking cigarettes calms my nerves, whenever I am in deep thoughts about something, hanging out with families or friends, and going to nightclubs. Has there been a time when you have attempted...
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...Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits 1. Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits Chris Stahl University of Phoenix Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits 2. Habits form in all of us in every aspect of our lives in everything we do. The cognitive portion in the way we view our habits as good or bad will influence us to either change our habits or hold onto them for a lifetime. Habits are not concrete and are dropped and adopted overtime, a continuous learning process. A habit is something that we no longer think about because it is such a regularity almost becoming involuntary behavior. A person may not even realize that they are doing something the same over and over because it is second nature. Sometimes habits can carry over into other things we may not intent, like a person that wakes up early Monday through Friday for work. On Saturday and Sunday the habit will carry over forcing them to wake up and start their day. It may be difficult to remember where and why a certain habit has been adopted unless you really focused on finding its origin. The common belief is that we simply adopt our parent’s habits (development, 2010). Sometimes when confronted with one of our strange habits we may deny them right away because we are not conscious to the fact that we are actually doing them. One of my big habits is being a neat freak; I have maintained this habit since I was...
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...One of my habits is smoking, and I developed this habit due to influence from my peer many years ago. The role models for the smoking habit were some of my friends who used to smoke cigarettes. When I joined a group of friends who used to smoke, I found myself smoking too, and it is now became a daily habit. They encouraged me and I started smoking slowly, but it became a habit. From the National Institute on Drug Abuse (2006), a habit is acquired behavior pattern being developed through constant repetition. Therefore, I kept smoking every day, and the smoking behavior became automatic. I now continue smoking because I am addicted to it. This is because smoking has caused some changes in my body and the way I act to them thus continuing to smoke. The changes in the ways I act have now developed over time, and these changes have become my smoking habit. For example, when I am stressed, I use cigarettes as an outlet for my frustrations. I am used to a smoking environment where my friends keep on smoking thus making me continue smoking. There has been a time I attempted to break this habit, to no avail. Kleinman and Messina-Kleinman (2000) argue that ignorance is one of the causes that contribute to persistent smoking. The government has tried to raise awareness on smoking, but the tobacco companies have increased advertisement of tobacco. Thus, it is difficult for people to break the habit of smoking. Moreover, tobacco has nicotine that makes one addicted thus making it hard for...
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...Social Cognitive Theory Brynn Hill Liberty University EDUC 205-B02 Abstract This paper discusses the development of the Social Cognitive Theory and how it can be applied to education. When applied, this theory can help students stay motivated and focused in class. It can also help gifted learners reach their full potential in a diverse classroom. The Social Cognitive Theory was developed by Albert Bandura in the 1960s. This theory “stresses the idea that much human learning occurs in a social environment.” (Schunk 2012). For instance, if a basketball player wants to be able to improve his free-throw shot, he could do this by observing a coach, or other basketball expert, and imitate his or her free-throw shot. Initially, these principles were applied to social skills, but now can be “applied to the learning of cognitive, motor, social, and self-regulations skills.” (Schunk 2012). Through time, this theory was able to help give teachers the strategies to motivate and help their students reach their full potential. There are three basic conjectures when it comes to learning and behavior in this theory. The first is the idea of triadic reciprocality. This is the idea “that personal, behavioral, and environmental factors influence one another in a bidirectional, reciprocal fashion.” (Benzon, Denler & Wolters 2014). This means that a personals cognitive perspective is influenced by three different factors: behavioral, contextual and cognitive. The second conjecture...
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...interesting topic to discuss with anyone. There are so many theories that people have on human development and it always makes for interesting conversations. In this paper, I will put focus on the psychoanalytic theory, the stages of psychosocial development theory, and the stages of faith theory. I will focus on the three theories because I feel that they are extremely interesting to the growth and development of humans. To be more specific, I want to focus on exactly what the theories are and how they are important and/or related to the human growth and development. As well, I want to focus on at least on theorist who is known specifically for the theory I focus on. I also want to identify the aspects of the life span from that theory’s perspective. Last, but definitely not least, I want to discuss in detail how the heredity and the environment have influence on human development. By the end of the paper, you as the reader, should have a better understanding of the three theories of my choosing and how human development works. Psychoanalytical Theory The first theory related to human growth and development that I want to focus on is the psychoanalytical theory. With this specific theory, the personality organization and the development of the personality dynamics is he focus. Probably the most influential theorist of the psychoanalytical theory is Sigmund Freud. He first laid out the psychoanalytical theory in the nineteenth century but there have been a plethora of...
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...Habits through Social and Cognitive Approaches | | Cheryl D Singleton | 4/2/2012 | University of Phoenix – Michele L. Claybrook-Lucas – PSY/250 | Introduction “Human beings are habit-bound,” yet not all of them are beneficial to our well-being (Smith 2012). A bad habit would be the best description for my habit of procrastinating. Despite years of notorious procrastination, I still can’t seem to break the habit. Procrastination: My Bad Habit Procrastinating has tormented me and my social life for years, almost as long as I can remember. I refuse to let it control my career choices any longer; this is an area, where I strive to have some control. So at the being of March, I made a promise to myself, when faced with a task I don’t want to do or being too think about putting it off until later, I developed a series of questions to ask myself, what are the benefits, for getting completing this particular task now? How will completing this task benefit my future life? According to Meek (2007), somewhere between 15-20% of Americans are notorious procrastinators. For me, I know I have been procrastinating on pretty much everything in my adult life. For example, I have put off returning to college for last 3 years. I seem to just not have the motivation or fire to complete something unless I have no other choice but to do it. Due to my career choice and advancement chances, I need a degree and a license, so returning and completing my degree is a must. Could this...
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...During my career as a practitioner in the substance abuse area of behavioral health, where Cognitive Behavior Therapy is the primary approach to treatment. It is imperative for the practitioner to comprehend and institute the concepts regarding to CBT approach to addictions treatment. When I was first provided and granted with the opportunity to facilitating groups, Existential Therapy applications was the primary approach that was being applied, where I truly wasn’t prepared to facilitate groups base on my lack of acknowledged with applying the applications of any theory. It was only after given the prospects of developing addictions’ program for inpatient adolescents unit, I strongly suggested to the director that it was imperative for...
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...any person. In this paper I have been asked to analyze one of my habits. I have many habits, some of the habits I have are somewhat unhelpful and some are not so. Some habits would shock people nothing illegal of course and some would make people laugh. The one habit that I have and that I’ve decided to formally discuss and what caused me to initiate this habit, and that is my habit of smoking cigars (Black and mild). It all started when I was 14 years old. I was with one of my cousins who did smoke, and being the aroused by the smell I asked if I can have one. At first he kind of hesitated to give me one, but I keep pushing him to let me try and he gave in and from that moment I’ve been hooked. Over the years it’s become a habit that I’ve tried to overcome and let go but it has not been an easy road to accomplish. Regarding me having any role models that would influence me, I’ve seen numerous family members smoke around me but they have never tried to ever offer me any and at that time never really considered trying cigars. The excuse I’ve used to continue smoking is that I have too much stress when dealing with my personal issues in life and that smoking is the only thing that can calm me down when needed. The only time I’ve actually stopped smoking was when I found out I was losing stamina and still I smoked for the first 6 years after my fourteenth birthday until I told myself that I cannot continue to harm my lungs anymore, plus that taste was...
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