...The academic effects of internet usage of MFI 2nd year IT students. Chapter1 Introduction Background of the studies The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve several billion users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW), the infrastructure to support email, and peer-to-peer networks. Most traditional communications media including telephone, music, film, and television are being reshaped or redefined by the Internet, giving birth to new services such as voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and Internet Protocol Television (IPTV). Newspaper, book and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging and web feeds. The Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of human interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and has social networking. Online shopping boomed both for major retail outlets and small artisans and traders. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries. The origins of the Internet reach back to research...
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...• Carol Bartz – leader cognition skills: Leaders must have cognition skills such as problem-solving and knowledge of business to effectively gather, process, and store essential information. Carol Bartz approved that she have a good cognition skills in her career path. There is several evidences support the she is cognition of her business area in different factors. First, she has knowledge and experiences in her business area that support her decision making process. She got that knowledge by working for different companies, when she began her career in information technology with a B.S. in Computer Science from the University of Wisconsin. Then, she held sales positions at 3M and Digital Equipment Corp. Her executive experience included positions as vice president of Worldwide Field Operations at Sun Microsystems, and as chief executive at Autodesk. In addition, she has analytical intelligence and practical, which she showed when she pulled off one of the biggest deals of her career shortly after being appointed as the CEO of Yahoo Inc. She relinquished control of the Yahoo search business in exchange for a decade of revenue-sharing with Microsoft. That decision is an evidence that she analysis insight into the current situation for Yahoo and she deal with it practically without interfere with the emotions. In conclusion, Carol Bartz showed cognition skills by her actions as the CEO of Yahoo which illustrate her knowledge and her insight into people and situations. I think...
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...Task analysis and human-computer interaction: approaches, techniques, and levels of analysis Abe Crystal School of Information and Library Science University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill acrystal@email.unc.edu Beth Ellington School of Information and Library Science University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill elliv@email.unc.edu ABSTRACT In this paper we critically review task analysis models and techniques. These approaches to task analysis are discussed in order to develop a richer picture of human activity, while analyzing their limitations, general weaknesses, and possibilities for improvement. We consider their ability to determine the appropriate set of atomic actions in a task, their effect on workers’ motivational needs, their support of users’ cognitive and sociocultural processes, and their effectiveness in supporting interface design. We note that the major approaches have focused on very different levels of analysis, and call for greater integration of these different levels in task analysis theory. Keywords Task analysis, cognitive modeling, activity theory. INTRODUCTION Practitioners and researchers routinely advocate building user-centered systems which enable people to reach their goals, take account of natural human limitations, and generally are intuitive, efficient and pleasurable to use (Preece, Rogers and Sharp, 2002). Central to the design of such systems is a clear understanding of what users actually want to do: What...
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...I was really interest by Human behavior as a result of intentional voluntary cognition or less controlled automatic cognition. In the past psychologists believed that we engage in either controlled thinking or automatic thinking, but newer studies reveal that we can engage in both to varying degrees. I maintain that this co-occurrence is commonly experienced during activity on the Internet, especially in individuals who are well acquainted with its use. For those who grew up with a computer like me, browsing the Internet has become a second nature, or automatic process, not unlike driving a car or riding a bike. However, unlike the latter activities one must be in conscious control when seeking out information. To complete the analogy, it would be more akin to the automatic process of driving a car while consciously seeking correct directions on a map. If you were to observe an older adult lacking expertise with computers and someone highly familiar with them, both attempting to locate particular type information, you would find the latter to succeed many times faster. Certainly we must question what effect this will have on our ability to manage controlled and automatic thinking. I would postulate that although creating a degree of frustration, it is also generating a challenge which we as a continuously developing animal will be exposed to ever more frequently. Perhaps an outcome of this may be a more developed form of cognitive processing. True, this is partly...
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...Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper PSY/340 Cognitive Psychology Dr. 07/14/2014 The cognition process study is an integral part of getting familiar with the human nature. Considering the topic of human nature, the most interesting thing to discover is the way people behave themselves, what is ascribed to the study of behavioral psychology. Nevertheless, the way people behave is fully dependent upon what people learn, what do they read, which information they process, and how does it take place. A human's behavior in different situations is just as set of theoretical and practical knowledge received in the process of cognition. All the questions regarding this topic are put under deep scrutiny by the branch of psychology, which is called the cognitive psychology. This kind of psychological studies is one of the most important, as it examines and researches not only what and who we are, but how do we acquire the features we possess. The 18th century was a harsh time for the development of psychology in the role of a scientific discipline. Towards the end of the 19th century psychology was dominated by an approach known as introspectionism. The basis of introspectionism was to study mental processes via a method of subjective self-examination. (Parkin, 2000, p. 1) In the middle of the 20th century, three general movements arose to inspire and shape a cognitive psychology. First of all, after the introduction...
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...Cognitive Psychology Psych 560 May 20, 2013 Prof. Pitt Cognitive Psychology The brain is one of the major faculties that provide sense to human life. The numerous and various abilities of the human brain are truly amazing. However, although it is a common thought that man may think extraordinarily, human emotions have great influence to how human beings think, and use his brains. It is the reason why any activity facilitated or performed by the brain is called a mental processes or cognition. Cognition refers to the process that involves mental or cognitive ability such as in learning, comprehension, judging, thinking, problem-solving, remembering and recalling (Kendra, 2011). Neisser (2009) defined cognition as the “act of knowing, and cognitive psychology is the study of all human activities related to knowledge”. (Page 1) Cognitive psychology is a part of the larger field of cognitive science and is related to various disciplines in psychology such as neuroscience, linguistics, and philosophy. The main thrust of cognitive psychology is how the people acquire, store and process information. Compared with other dominant approaches in psychology for example, the behaviorism approach which is concerned with the observable behaviors, the cognitive approach focuses on internal mental states. Unlike psychoanalysis which is focused on subjective perceptions, the cognitive psychology...
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...Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper Jennifer Flynn PSY/360 October 27, 2014 Terry Blackmon Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper Cognitive psychology is the study among psychology that discovers the internal mental processes by encompassing learning, memory, problem solving, perception, thought or language (Galotti, 2014). While still relatively new comparatively as a formal branch of psychology, its roots extend back to Descartes who sought a way to explain how the mind worked, proposing the analogy of a “hydraulic system of nerve function” (Willingham, 2007, p. 26) after he observed animated statues in Saint-Germain-en-Laye. It has been the relentless pursuit of not only how did the mind work but also what exactly constituted the mind that eventually led the foundations of cognitive theory. As psychologists examined how mental processes produced behavior, it was evident a different approach would be needed. The school of thought that arises from tactic is called Cognitivism and is also interested in how people mentally represent information processing (Galotti, 2014). According to ScienceDaily (2014), Wilhelm Wundt, the Gestalt psychology of Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Koffka, and Jean Piaget was the foundations in this work. However, they presented the theory or segments that articulate children’s cognitive development and the two styles that cognitive psychologist use to realize, detect, and solve problems. These two approaches are psychophysical...
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...Human Computer Interaction HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION PREPARED BY DHIREN PARMAR 04IT6005 M.Tech I.T. SIT IIT KGP -1- Human Computer Interaction Contents 1. Abstract……………………………………………………………………………...3 2. Introduction………………………………………………………………………….4 3. Cognition…………………………………………………………………………....9 4. User Interaction Design……………………………………………………….....12 5. Interaction Styles………………………………………………………………….15 6. Interaction Devices…………………………………………………………….....18 7. Future of Human Computer Interaction………………………………..……….19 8. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………....19 9. Reference……………………………………………………………………….....20 -2- Human Computer Interaction Abstract Human-computer interaction (HCI) is the study of how people design, implement, and use interactive computer systems and how computers affect individuals, organizations, and society. This encompasses not only ease of use but also new interaction techniques for supporting user tasks, providing better access to information, and creating more powerful forms of communication. It involves input and output devices and the interaction techniques that use them; how information is presented and requested; how the computer’s actions are controlled and monitored; all forms of help, documentation, and training; the tools used to design, build, test, and evaluate user interfaces; and the processes that developers follow when creating Interfaces. HCI in the large is an interdisciplinary area. It is emerging as a specialty concern...
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...Section 2 AFFECT AND COGNITION AND MARKETING STRATEGY Chapter 3. Introduction to Affect and Cognition Chapter 4. Consumers’ Product Knowledge and Involvement Chapter 5. Attention and Comprehension Chapter 6. Attitudes and Intentions Chapter 7. Consumer Decision Making Chapter 3 INTRODUCTION TO AFFECT AND COGNITION Authors' Overview of the Chapter This is the introductory chapter on consumers' affect and cognition, and it provides a foundation for the rest of this section. Students need to understand the basic concepts presented here in order to apply them throughout the course. We begin the chapter by briefly reviewing the four elements in our basic model, the Wheel of Consumer Analysis. Then we discuss in some detail two broad, internal aspects of consumers' responses--affect and cognition. We describe affect and cognition in terms of two psychological systems that sense, interpret, and respond to information in the environment. The affective and cognitive systems can be thought of as essentially independent, yet highly interrelated modes of psychological response. Affect. Affect concerns people's feelings and emotional reactions. We identify four types of affective responses--emotions, strong feelings, moods, and evaluations--that vary in intensity and level of arousal (see Exhibit 3.2, p. 42). We emphasize that the affective system is largely...
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...11/21/2012 | Submitted to: Mrs. Maria Hutchinson Submitted by: Roger Polanco Introduction to Counseling and Guidance Research On Cognitive and Behavioral Approaches Similarities and differences In psychology many approaches have been discovered and some are still currently in use. There are two approaches, which I feel have much similarities but also differences. I will be explaining the cognitive and behavioral approach. Cognition literally means, “Knowing”. In other words, psychologists from this approach study cognition, which is A ‘the mental act or process by which knowledge is acquired.’ They focus on the way human’s process information, looking at how we treat information that comes in to the person (stimuli) and how this treatment leads to responses. In other words, they are interested in the variables that mediate between stimulus/input and response/output. The main areas of study in cognitive psychology are: perception, attention, memory and language. The essence of the behavioral approach is the statement that all behavior is learned and that when we are born we are like a blank slate. Experience and interactions with the environment make us what we are. We become what we become as a result of forming stimulus-response units of behavior in reaction to the environment. This perspective has been called environmental determinism because it suggests that the environments in which we exist determine us. The second statement is that all behavior can be explained...
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...Between Perception and Behavior, or How to Win a Game of Trivial Pursuit Ap Dijksterhuis and Ad van Knippenberg University of Nijmegen The authors tested and confirmed the hypothesis that priming a stereotype or trait leads to complex overt behavior in line with this activated stereotype or trait. Specifically, 4 experiments established that priming the stereotype of professors or the trait intelligent enhanced participants' performance on a scale measuring general knowledge. Also, priming the stereotype of soccer hooligans or the trait stupid reduced participants' performance on a general knowledge scale. Results of the experiments revealed (a) that prolonged priming leads to more pronounced behavioral effects and (b) that there is no sign of decay of the effects for at least 15 min. The authors explain their results by claiming that perception has a direct and pervasive impact on overt behavior (cf. J. A. Bargh, M. Chen, & L. Burrows, 1996). Implications for human social behavior are discussed. behavior in line with the activated constructs (see also Carver, Ganellen, Froming, & Chambers, 1983; Neuberg, 1988). For example, priming participants with the stereotype of the elderly made participants walk more slowly than participants who were not primed (Bargh, Chen, & Burrows, 1996, Experiment 2). In our view, the notion that behavior is under direct perceptual control is of central importance for the understanding of human behavior. After all, upon meeting someone...
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...teach viewers the positive and negative consequences of behaving aggressively. Research on the role of observational learning from media in antisocial behaviour has shown: ‐ Bandura et al (1986): Children aged 3‐5 were shown films of a model behaving aggressively towards a “bobo doll”. The doll was hit, thrown, sat on and punched in the nose 3 times during the film. The children were then lead to laboratory containing toys (including the bobo doll), and were observed during free play. 88% of the children imitated the behaviour seen in the film‐ significantly more than a control group of children who did not see the film. ‐ Bobo dolls do not retaliate when hit. This raises questions as to how much this study tells us about the effect of media influences on antisocial behaviour towards other human beings. ‐ Smith et al (2004): The children’s behave would be better defined as “rough and tumble play” rather than aggression. ‐ Some have labelled Bandura’s study as artificial, as it was designed to study behaviours that children would not usually display. ‐ Johnston et al (1977): Children who behaved aggressively after observing an adult model were identified as more violent in general by their teachers and peers. ‐ Children in the study showed signs of demand characteristics. Noble (1975) quoted one child as saying “look,...
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...Francis Rauscher, Gordon Shaw, and Katherine Ky (1993) wanted to see what the relationship between music cognitions and cognitions related to abstract operations were. They performed an experiment in which students were given three sets of standard IQ spatial reasoning tasks. After each task they either listened to 10mins of Mozart’s Sonata for two pianos in D major, K488, 10mins of a relaxation tape, or 10mins of silence. Performance was improved for the tasks immediately after the music condition compared to the other two conditions. 36 college students participated in all three listening conditions. Immediately following each listening condition the student’s special reasoning skills were tested using the Standard-Binet-Intelligence scale. (Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky, 1993). What they found was the students performed better on the tasks immediately after the music condition. For each listening condition they took the mean standard age score (SAS). The SAS for music was 57.56, the SAS for relaxation was 54.61, and the SAS for silence was 54.00. In order to determine the impact of the scores they translated them into spatial IQ scores of 119,111, and 110. This showed the music condition IQ scores were 8-9 points above the other two conditions scores. A one-factor listening condition repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) performed on SAS revealed that subjects performed better on abstract spatial reasoning tests after listening to Mozart than after listening to either relaxation...
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...PhD Thesis 1998 Social, environmental and ethical factors in engineering design theory: a post-positivist approach Terence Love Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering University of Western Australia Social, environmental and ethical factors in engineering design theory: a post-positivist approach Terence Love B.A. (Hons) Engineering This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The University of Western Australia. Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering 1998 Abstract This research investigated how social, environmental and ethical factors can be better included in theories of engineering design. The research focused on designing as an essentially human activity via consideration of the epistemological and ontological issues involved in constructing coherent design theory. The research investigations led to a clearer understanding of the roles of ontology, epistemology and methodology in design research and this clarification enabled the construction of a post-positivist approach to engineering design theory that better includes social, environmental and ethical factors alongside the existing products of scientific engineering design research. Other contributions to knowledge that emerged from the research process and which underpin the conclusions include; clarification of the terminology and basic...
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...Language Essay Ryan Butler Psychology 360 August 29, 2011 Professor Newlin LANGUAGE Have you ever wondered how we speak? How about why our communication is considered a language and other animal’s communication is not considered language? A wide range of beliefs exist on what defines language. Thus, by exploring the definition of language and lexicon, evaluating language’s key features, the four levels of language structure and processing, and the role of language in Cognitive Psychology, an understanding of what language is becomes clear. Let us begin by defining language and a term named lexicon. LANGUAGE AND LEXICON DEFINITION One big question, when the subject of language comes up, is exactly what language is. What constitutes something as a language? By explaining one definition of a language, and a term associated with language, called a lexicon, a definition of language transpires. Thus, the Willingham (2007) text mentions four certain characteristics communication must possess to, officially, be considered a language. One of these characteristics is that language must be communicative, and thus be communication between individuals in some form or another. Secondly, the symbols standing for words must be arbitrary, and thus have no reason for representing a word. Third, a language must be structured, and not arbitrary. For example, if I say a dog was walking on a sidewalk I cannot say a sidewalk was walking on a dog. etc. Fourth, a language must be...
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