...Rough notes Vaccination statistics in Canada: Descripition of issue (concepts, diagrams, definitions) (1 and 2) Possible options: provide a thorough discussion of options (3 and 4) Analysis of societal, economical, political, and environmental impact of the issue and solutions provided (5) Final recommendation- If we force kids to stay in school up until their 16 then hwy is it wrong to force them to get vaccinated, especially considering the fact that vaccinations are beneficial Slide 1 Should we force students to be immunized in schools? -Many diseases are spread due to contact with an infected person. -Schools are the perfect spreading grounds for infections -Incidence of common childhood illnesses such as polio, measles, tetanus, etc has significantly declined since the advent and use of vaccines. These diseases are unheard of nowadays. Picture of polio in africa eradication Pictures of polio graphs Slide 2 What are vaccines / how do they work? -Vaccine: a substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases, prepared from the causative agent of a disease, its products, or a synthetic substitute, treated to act as an antigen without inducing the disease. -Vaccines are a safe and cost-effective way to maintain public health and prevent diseases. -Discovered by Edward Jenner more than 200 years ago -Several ways of developing a vaccine -Possible options are to: Inactivate the virus, weaken...
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...Current Event Article In the article titled “Costly drug for smallpox questioned” published in the Los Angeles Times on November 13, 2011 the antiviral vaccine for smallpox was looked at. This vaccine was developed by Siga Technologies Inc. as a treatment for people who are diagnosed with smallpox too late to use the current vaccine that the government has stockpiled in case of a bioterrorism attack. The drug is controversial as it is not known if it will work in humans due to testing only being allowed in animals. As there are no current smallpox outbreaks to test on, animals are the only test subjects at this time. Also it comes with a large price tag, around $255.00 a dose, this for 1.7 million doses per the contract to be stockpiled. This high price tag and the governments’ apparent favoritism to Siga has caused outrage by some. The disease which causes pustules and a 30% death rate was eradicated worldwide in 1978. The only strains known to exist are in Russian and US freezers. To date there is no credible evidence that any terrorist group or county has the virus and can attack the US with it. However, the government feels that it is important to have not only our current vaccine stockpile, enough to vaccinate the entire US population, but a backup for those not vaccinated or diagnosed in time. The new drug, ST-246, is said to have $115 million in federal support, not including the contract for manufacture and development, which is estimated to be around $433 million. One...
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...The Effects of Zoonotic Diseases Case Study #13 April 17, 2011 Zoonosis refers to an infectious disease in animals that can be transmitted to people. An animal serves as the natural reservoir for such an infectious agent, ("MedTerms," 2001). Many zoonoses, which is simply the plural meaning of zoonosis, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites can be transmitted to humans by various routes. Some of these routes consist of animal bites, vectors (i.e., insects), and animal-to-human contact (i.e., inhalation of respiratory droplets or skin-to-skin contact), (Bauman 613-14) & ("Infectious Diseases," 2009). Most emerging infections that have occurred world wide are said to be a zoonotic disease. Many of these diseases are fatal or have the potential to be fatal if not treated quickly and properly identified. An example of a zoonosis case that has the potential to arise annually is listed below: Case Study#13 “You work in a small family practice in rural VA. A man in his early 50’s comes in with a complaint of intermittent fever (102-103°F) and headache for the past two weeks. The physician examines him and takes a history. The only clinical finding is a wound about the size of a quarter on his right thumb. Axillary lymph nodes are swollen and tender. The man says he cut himself while skinning a rabbit three days ago. On the basis of these observations the physician prescribes streptomycin and asks the man to call if his symptoms don’t...
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...before pouring them into covered flasks, the cooled solutions were soon teeming with microorganisms. Claimed that microbes developed spontaneously from fluids. Lazzaro Spallanzani suggested that microorganisms from the air probably had entered Needham’s solution after they were boiled. Showed that nutrient fluids heated after being sealed in a flask did not develop microbial growth Rudolf Virchow challenged the case of spontaneous generation with the concept of biogenesis, the claim that living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells. Louis Pasteur showed that microorganisms can be present in nonliving matter- on solid, in liquids, and in the air. (proved that spontaneous generation was false) He demonstrated conclusively that microbial life can be destroyed by heat and that methods can be devised to block the access of airborne microorganisms to nutrient environments (aseptic techniques – techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms ) 1st vaccine – Edward Jenner :1796 – Small box – gave volunteer scraping of cowpox – never got small pox Ignaz Semmelweis Demonstrated that the disease was transmitted by the hands and instruments of attending midwives or physicians that disinfecting the hands and instruments could prevent such transmission. Recorded the number of births and maternal deaths at Vienna...
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...Vaccinations protect from nasty diseases, but the antiimmunisation voice is getting louder. Introduction Whilst some, or all of us, hate getting needles jabbed in us, it is sometimes necessary so we don’t get sick, or worse, die. There are terrible diseases i.e. Rubella, Polio, Whooping Cough, out there which we try to avoid. Vaccinations may help prevent getting them. Though we get immunised, we still need to be careful in making a well informed decision on behalf of this we love and care about. It is still possible to contract the disease we were vaccinated against, as in the case of chicken pox, where a person can come down with a slight case of it. We will look at the pros and cons of the immunisation debate and understand the benefit of proper decision making when deciding to get immunised. Body It is thought that vaccinations can help stop, and even get rid of, nasty diseases. It is reported that “Polio, for example, was eliminated in the United States by 1979 after widespread vaccination efforts” - as quoted from historyofvaccines.org. But while some people vaccinate their children, others do not. (Research from the National Health Performance Authority has found 77,000 Australian children are not fully immunised. As reported by Amy Simmons for ABC News. April 2013) In numerous parts of the world, it is thought that people need vaccines to stop the spread of disease. While some countries aren’t plagued with deadly diseases, there are some countries that...
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...Although such propagation mechanisms were long thought to be exclusively associated with prion diseases, recent studies have provided convincing evidence that a ‘prion-like’ self-propagating mechanism may apply to a wider range of proteins that are associated with neurodegenerative diseases, including misfolded Aβ, tau and α-synuclein, mutant huntingtin with polyglutamine repeats (which is characteristic of Huntington disease), mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and phosphorylated TDP43 (BOX...
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...Unvaccinated Children: Should they be allowed public schools? Deborah Toodle Stephen Webber English 215 18 August 2013 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to identify the problem that will be addressed with my proposed solution. It will describe the history and overview of the issue both medically and publicly as well as the current status of public and political opinion. Three problems will be identified in the course of this paper as well as support to show the true application of these problems. Finally a solution is proposed and discussed after a summarization of the problems. Unvaccinated Children: Should we allow them in public schools? Every day one of a parents greatest worries is the health of their child. As they get older and venture out of the house and out of a parents sight more often, children are exposed to an even greater risk of illness. The culmination of this is the day a parent puts a child on a school bus and sends them off for the first time. One of the biggest fears of the modern day parent is the health risks of sending a child to public schools. While they claim to be safer in the modern world, the exposure of children to one another in a confined place for days on end still continually results in easily contracted illnesses. Children are constantly reported as having flu’s or colds that can be traced back to an entire classroom of sick children. So why should they be exposed to extra illnesses and even sometimes...
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...BIOL 3332 Spring 2016 Unit 1/Exam 1 Review (Chapters 1, 3, 6, and part of 4) A. Chapter 1 Microbial Life: Origin & Discovery a. Impact of microbiology on our lives i. Ecology, public health, biotechnology, knowledge of cell biology and genetics b. Defining what a microbe is: * a microbe is a living organism that requires a microscope to be seen c. Where did microbes come from? Evolutionary origins, fossil evidence; prokaryotic cells eukaryotic cells * bacteria is the oldest known life form. Oldest datable geographical evidence was 3.8 bya * eukayotic cells arose from divergent prokaryotic lines. Endosymbioses came from mitochondria and chloroplasts. Unicellular types came from simple multicellular forms metazoans; significance of cyanobacterial ancestors * presence of cyanobacteria-like chains of cells in stomatolite fossils represent growth of cyanobacteria * cyanobacteria photosynthesize like plants; they use H2O to synthesize O2. d. Microbial taxonomy & phylogeny (3 domains: Archaea, Bacteria, & Eukarya ) * the 3 domains (bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes) evolved from a common cell * Archaea and bacteria include prokaryotes * Eukarya includes algae, plants, fungi, animals, and protists eukaryotes * Monera includes all 3 domains i. Taxonomic groupings: microbes in the different kingdoms of those domains ii. Similarities & differences: eukaryotic & prokaryotic cells; genomes iii. Metagenomics e....
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...Section A: Basic Microbiology 1 SCOPE AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN MICROBIOLOGY “Science contributes to our culture in many ways, as a creative intellectual activity in its own right, as a light which has served to illuminate man’s place in the uni-verse, and as the source of understanding of man’s own nature” —John F. Kennedy (1917–63) The President of America The bacterium Escherichia coli INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE MICROBIOLOGY is a specialized area of biology (Gr. bios-life+ logos-to study) that concerns with the study of microbes ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification. Microorganisms are microscopic (Gr. mikros-small+ scopein-to see) and independently living cells that, like humans, live in communities. Microorganisms include a large and diverse group of microscopic organisms that exist as single cell or cell clusters (e.g., bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, protozoa and helminths) and the viruses, which are microscopic but not cellular. While bacteria and archaea are classed as prokaryotes (Gr. pro-before+ karyon-nucleus) the fungi, algae, protozoa and helminths are eukaryotes (Gr. eu-true or good+ karyon-nucleus). Microorganisms are present everywhere on earth, which includes humans, animals, plants and other living creatures, soil,water and atmosphere. Microorganisms are relevant to all of our lives in a multitude of ways. Sometimes, the influence of microorganisms on human life is beneficial, whereas at other times, it is detrimental. For example...
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...Overview of Bioterrorism This course has been awarded two (2.0) contact hours. This course expires on November 12, 2014. Copyright © 2008 by RN.com. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction and distribution of these materials are prohibited without the express written authorization of RN.com. First Published: Updated: November 12, 2008 Nov 12, 2011 IMPORTANT INFORMATION RN.com strives to keeps its content fair and unbiased. The author has no conflicts of interest to disclose. The planners of the educational activity have no conflicts of interest to disclose. (Conflict of Interest Definition: Circumstances create a conflict of interest when an individual has an opportunity to affect Education content about products or services of a commercial interest with which he/she has a financial relationship.) There is no commercial support being used for this course. Participants are advised that the accredited status of RN.com does not imply endorsement by the provider or ANCC of any products/therapeutics mentioned in this course. The information in the course is for educational purposes only. There is no “off label” usage of drugs or products discussed in this course. Acknowledgements RN.com acknowledges the valuable contributions of… Material protected by Copyright …The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (www.cdc.gov), the key government agency responsible for disseminating knowledge about various biological agents. …U.S. Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases...
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...NINTH EDITION Burton’s MICROBIOLOGY FOR THE HEALTH SCIENCES Paul G. Engelkirk, PhD, MT(ASCP), SM(AAM) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Janet Duben-Engelkirk, EdD, MT(ASCP) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biotechnology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Acquisitions Editor: David B. Troy Product Manager: John Larkin Managing Editor: Laura S. Horowitz, Hearthside Publishing Services Marketing Manager: Allison Powell Designer: Steve Druding Compositor: Maryland Composition/Absolute Service Inc. Ninth Edition Copyright © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 1996 Lippincott-Raven, © 1992, 1988, 1983, 1979 JB Lippincott Co. 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in the People’s Republic of China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees...
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...“Biology and Medicine,” but I think a more accurate wording would be “Medi- cine and Other Phases of Biology,” for to my mind Medicine is a branch of Biology. Webster’s Dictionary defines medicine as the science and art dealing with the prevention, cure, or alleviation of disease. Biology is the science of life, Disease might well be defined as life out of balance, and is in a strict sense a biological process. Whether it be an attack by microorganisms, or improper functioning of glands, or congenital misformation or maladjustment, or injury by poison or bullets, disease processes are in the last analysis nothing more than cells, tissues, or organs that have suffered injury and so not only fail to perform their normal functions but in most cases interfere with the normal functions of other parts, more often than not of the entire body. Of the two great divisions of medicine dealing respectively with treatment and with prevention, the former is much the older. It is far easier to observe the effects of treatment on a person suffering from a malady than it is t o understand why someone else escaped it. Some knowledge of curative or alleviative medicine was possessed by our cave-dwelling ancestors; in fact, it is instinctive in many lower animals. It gradually grew up as a sort of folklore from a slow process ‘Public lectures delivered a t the Rice Institute on Sunday afternoons in the spring of 1943. 163 164 Science and Human Welfare of trial and error, added t o the...
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...ingredients of which arose first in Eurasia. The book’s premise is that those ingredients required the development of agriculture. Agriculture also arose first in Eurasia, not because Eurasians were superior in any way to people of other continents, but because of a unique combination of naturally occurring advantages, including more and more suitable wild crops and animals to domesticate, a larger land mass with fewer barriers to the spread of people, crops, and technology, and an east-west axis which meant that climate was similar across the region. The book is well written and contains not only information about the history of cultures around the world, but excellent descriptions of the scientific methodologies used to study them, from how archeologists study the origin of agriculture to how writing evolved to how linguistics can trace the movements of peoples across huge geographic areas. There are useful examples, maps and charts throughout, which make principles discussed in the body easy to visualize and compare. The appendix includes a chapter by chapter list of further readings on topics discussed. By the time of the beginning of Europe’s worldwide expansion (1500 AD), cultures on different continents showed huge differences in political and technological...
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...How to go to your page This eBook set contains two volumes. The main content pages are contiguously numbered: use the Table of Contents to find those page numbers. The front matter pages and indices are labeled with the Volume number and page separated by a colon. For example, to go to page vi of Volume 1, type Vol1:vi in the “page #” box at the top of the screen and click “Go”. To go to page vi of Volume 2, type Vol2:vi in the "page #" box… and so forth. Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems This page intentionally left blank Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems VOLUME 1 Julie McDowell, Editor Copyright 2010 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McDowell, Julie. Encyclopedia of human body systems / Julie McDowell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–313–39175–0 (hard copy : alk. paper) 1. Human physiology—Encyclopedias. I. Title. QP11.M33 2011 612.003—dc22 2010021682 ISBN: 978–0–313–39175–0 EISBN: 978–0–313–39176–7 14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. Greenwood An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC...
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