...POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER | | | What the causes and effects of this disorder. The treatments. There are two articles added after I wrote the paper. | | Sue Aman | | | Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) a delays stress reaction to a prior incident. This delayed reaction is often the result of one or more unsolved issues concerning the incident. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is something that I personally worry about because I am currently involved with the EMS (Emergency Medical System). Currently I volunteer through the ambulance core and going to school to get my EMT (Emergency Medical Technician) certification. They have taught us about Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Yes anyone can get and go thought Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. But it is found most common in the medical field and the military. As far as the EMS stand point. A stressful, events are sometimes psychologically overwhelming. Some symptoms will include depression, startling reactions, flashbacks, phenomena and dissociative. Episodes even can experience amnesia of the event. Critical incident stress management (CISM), this is a form of treatment that I would be provided by the base. It is developed to address acute stress. It’s a theoretically is used to confront the response to critical incident and defuse it. Critical incident stress management is basically refers to a debriefing for personal that was on the scene of the incident and will...
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...to use it. We hear it all the time in the media that police officers aren’t using the right amount of force. Not to mention, the issue of mental health disorders with police officers. In addition, everyone has a camera phone these days. People can manipulate a video to persuade you towards their own bias. However, if you put yourself in a police officers’ shoes, policing is like a roller coaster. Police officers have to deal with all sorts of issues, from all walks of life. The most well-known use of excessive force was Rodney King. This was an incident where a number of police officers repeatedly beat up Mr. King and a nearby civilian recorded the whole event. This lead to a major riot in Los Angeles California and this event shook American society. On another note, we can look at a more recent event such as the incident that happened to Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri. He was shot and killed by a white police officer by the name of Darren Wilson. However, the media didn’t inform...
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...and Creatively Active shooting and violence in the workplace can happen anywhere and anytime and the employer takes critical and sometimes creative action to resolve the situation. According to the FBI report entitled “Workplace Violence-Issues in Response” employers are legally obligated to provide a safe work environment that protects the safety and security of all employees whether civilian or military. This obligation is currently reinforced by both OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Act) and the Department of Civil Rights. Many active shooters have behavioral and mental health issues that remain undiagnosed and untreated. The compelling argument is whether violence in the workplace is preventable. Four people were killed and sixteen more were injured on April 2, 2014 when an active shooter opened fire at Fort Hood. The sprawling Army post in Texas was still on edge after a mass shooting there left 13 dead on November 5, 2009. Each time, the active shooters were diagnosed after the fact as having had prior mental conditions. A more proactive approach to recognizing and diagnosing PTSD could greatly minimize the number of active shootings on military installations. Early detection of PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) could dramatically minimize the number of active shooter incidents throughout military installations. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is defined as a diagnosis that is fully accepted by the U.S. Veterans Administration, psychiatrists, and the American...
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...Abstract There are a compilation of many years of empirical evidence that has sought to diagnosis and treat stress and the extreme forms it. The evidence which has, persistently, perplexed scientists are the common stress reactions that are experience by normal functioning people and by those who are, actually, diagnosed with stress disorders. This research will examine acute stress response as it relates to all people who experience trauma or emotional events. The evidence brought forth by this research will define acute stress reaction and acute stress disorder, list the symptoms, and describe the differences between the two. The diagnosing criteria as described by the DSM-IV will be described, as well the history of its inclusion. This study will, also, compare and contrast different available treatments for acute stress disorder and the prevention of the disorder. Finally, a look into the necessary components needed to help people cope with the effects of trauma, will be examined from a professional and spiritual perspective. Keywords: Stress, acute-stress reaction, acute-stress disorder, trauma, treatment, prevention. Acute Stress Response: The Reaction and Disorder When people experience traumatic or emotionally taxing events, there is much to be said concerning what happens when people aren’t treated for the short term and long term effects of these traumatic circumstances. However, in more recent years, evidence points to a series of normal effects...
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...of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) would be diagnosed by a clinician if the client is experiencing symptoms that continue to last longer than a month after a traumatic event, actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation has occurred. (APA, 2013) The major symptoms of PTSD are anxiety, depression, detachment, guilt, and anger (Comer, 2013) Acute Stress Disorder is has the same symptoms of PTSD, but a client’s onset and duration of symptoms last less than a month. Reference: American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Comer, R.J.(2014) Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, New York: Worth 2) Disorders develop in survivors of trauma due to the fact that they may be re-experiencing the traumatic events in reoccurring thoughts, memories, dreams or nightmares connected to the event. PTSD and ASD are known disorders associated with traumatic disorders. The most common traumatic events are combat, disasters, abuse and victimization. 3) PTSD treatments for combat veterans may vary according to their symptoms displayed. A therapist may choose or combine the following therapies: Drug therapy: an antianxiety drug may be given to control tension, reduce nightmares, panic attacks, flashbacks, and depression; Behavioral exposure techniques: helps veterans to reduce specific symptoms, and often leads to overall adjustment by exposing the veteran to recall a specific incident. The veteran holds...
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...Dealing with PTSD Dealing with PTSD Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has been an everlasting mental battle due to the traumatic events that have occurred in a person's lifetime. Educating ourselves about this mental condition can be very beneficial to our loved ones or even ourselves. Military members have been dealing with this condition before it was labeled, and some are still dealing with the mental stress and painful memories of battle. Even though individuals dealing with PTSD have a difficult time dealing with mainstream society, understanding Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and the various types of symptoms associated with PTSD and Types of treatment options available for individuals. To better understand PTSD, it is good to know who and how PTSD impacts people. PTSD is an anxiety disorder that can affect anyone at any age that has been through a traumatic event (National Institute of Mental Health, 2015). "This includes war veterans and survivors of physical and sexual assault, abuse, accidents, disasters, and many other serious events" (National Institute of Mental Health, 2015). One of the populations groups that are widely affected by PTSD is the Nation's veterans. The Veteran population is widely affected because of the wars that the veterans have been battling across the world. Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms may cause problems in work or social relationships and situations. PTSD symptoms usually start within three months of a traumatic...
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...hours and dangerous situations we have to find a way to care for the ones protecting us at home. The follow study was done to help find predictors of depression symptoms in police service. By finding the outline problems maybe we can find solutions to avoiding the problems. Police work is often regarded as one of the most stressful jobs in our society. The purpose of this research study was to examine predictors of depression symptoms in police service. The study was done using a prospective longitudinal design. The hypothesis of the study was “that greater exposure to childhood trauma, higher neuroticism and lower appraisals of self-worth assessed during academy training, and higher levels of critical incident exposure, negative life events and routine work environment stress during the first year of police service would predict greater levels of depression symptoms after the first year of police service” (Wang, 2010). Participants of this study comprised on 119 healthy police recruits who were recruited during police academy training from four urban police departments (New York, Oakland, San Francisco, and San Jose). (Wang, 2010) The trainees were referred to the study by research team personnel during academy training classes. “Participants were evaluated at baseline, which occurred while they were in training at the police academy, and 12 months after the inception of police service. Study procedures were described in detail and written...
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... One of the problems women face and often seek services for is depression. Depression does not discriminate by culture, race, value, or economic status in women. Although depression can affect men as well, women are more prone to be depressed than men. Also, because of the difference in the physical and biological makeup of women, their signs and symptoms can sometimes be different from those of men. Some of the reasons women experience depression can result from hormonal changes in a woman such as, premenstrual problems, pregnancy and infertility issues, post partum depression, and menopause. When these changes in a woman have a negative impact, psychological problems will develop such as, continual focus on negative issues, stress, and body image issues. “Women are about twice as likely as men to suffer from depression. This two-to-one difference persists across racial, ethnic, and economic divides. In fact, this gender difference in rates of depression is found in most countries around the world” (Smith, M.A. &...
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...Fear: Do We Control It, Or Does It Control Us? TLJ Honors Psych Fear: Do We Control It, Or Does It Control Us? Abstract Fear is the mind's way of responding to both physical and emotional danger. It has vast effects on an individual's psychological state, and is directly controlled by the amygdala. Fear is a necessary defense, because without it we would not protect ourselves from legitimate threats. Traumas and bad experiences can trigger emotional fears. Though it seems nowadays, we play into these fears -- fears that are not at all life threatening-- all too often allowing them to become irrational fears. Since the beginning of time there has always been an instilment of fear in our minds, whether the fear was that of eating the 'Forbidden Fruit' , to local legends like Slenderman, and even the bizarre idea of a robotic coup de' etat. The only difference between these fears, is how strongly we let them affect us psychologically. Do we allow our fears to be spoon-fed to us by society and the media? Are we completely irrational when it comes to some of these fears? What is the correlation between our fears of the past and those of the present? Finally, what will the future of mankind hold? All of these factors play a major part in understanding the affects fear can have on society as a whole. Keywords: Fear, Irrational, Media, Past, Present, Future Fear: Do We Control It, Or Does It Control Us? Since the dawn of time...
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...ARNAUD NDIZIHIWE Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder on Soldiers, Communities, Societies From War Participation MARCH 2012 TABLE OF CONTENT PROLOGUE PART I POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER Part II: IMPACT ON THE INDIVIDUAL Part III: IMPACT ON FAMILY Part IV: IMPACT ON THE COMMUNITY PART V: OVERCOMING POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER PART VI: DISCUSSION BIBLIOGRAPHY Post-Traumatic stress Disorders on Soldiers, Communities, Societies from War Participation Prologue A few years back when I was in Rwanda, it was no longer surprising to a attend a memorial ceremony and each time, all of a sudden, some women would start screaming:"They are coming for me!" as if they were being chased to death or men losing control and start shouting at another group of people:"You murderers!". We were used to this phenomenon but a newcomer would certainly creep out. For me, their reaction is perfectly understandable and tough I view it from my country's perspective and experience, post traumatic stress disorder is a global sociological and psychological issue that needs to be addressed. Conflicts inciting violence are still going on, some have ended but a large number of war survivors and victims are still haunted by the memories, they have experienced the worst situations humanly possible and if the issue is not addressed properly, trauma can be perpetual...
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...4 The Police Culture CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES O • Describe the various ways in which the police subculture conflicts with the official norms and values of policing. • Compare and contrast the various forms of an organization’s culture. • Identify and elaborate on variables that influence police officers’ acceptance of the subculture. • Describe the positive aspects of the police subculture. • Identify the sources of police stress. • Highlight the various strategies that both organizations and individual officers can implement to mitigate the negative effects of job-related stress. • Describe the ways that the police subculture and stress are related. • Identify and provide examples of the ways in which community policing can both increase and decrease stress levels among police officers. • Describe the characteristics associated with the phenomenon of police burnout. I n Chapter 4, we focus on organizational and administrative aspects of policing, on the formal structure and the impact of police leaders. While these formal considerations are crucial to an understanding of the police role, there are two other contributing factors that must be considered in our attempt to understand policing as an occupation: the police subculture and the pressures and stresses of police work. Police administrators and the law specify the broad parameters within which officers operate, 97 98 O INTRODUCTION TO POLICING O PHOTO 4.1 This patrol officer is attempting to explain to members...
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...monitoring or micro-managing • Being given work unrealistic deadline Justification for problem definition: Workplace bullies often operate within the established rules and policies of their organization and their society - Hence they follow the procedure. Bullying in the workplace is in the majority of cases reported as having been perpetrated by management - the impact is usually critical to both the individuals and the business. * Employees physical and mental health problems: * High stress; post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) * Financial problems due to absence * Reduced self-esteem * Sleep and digestive disturbances * Increased depression/self-blame * Family tension and stress * Impact on Organizations: Each of the individual consequences listed above can be very costly for the organization. Costs of bullying generally fall into three categories: * Replacing staff members that leave as a result of being bullied, cost of training new employees. * Work effort being displaced as staff cope with bullying incidents (i.e., effort being directed away from work productivity and towards coping) * Costs associated with investigations of ill treatment and potential legal action. List of...
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...Importance of self-care in law enforcement Some tips that could save your life while working in law enforcement. Taking care of one's self is important for anyone however it is crucial for anyone working in law enforcement. As a member of law enforcement we deal with crisis intervention and stressors everyday at work. Stressors can range from physical stress, emotional stress, psychological stress etc. In law enforcement, not only is it important to take care of yourself it is important to have strong leadership members that support you in work related matters as well as in your personal life. In addition to positive leadership influences a positive support group combined of coworkers, family as well as friends that understand what you go through on a daily basis while maintaining confidentiality is imperative to members of law enforcement. Most people that work in law enforcement have irregular work schedules. This can cause havoc on one's personal life if not managed properly. For someone that is not familiar with an irregular work schedule it is easy to say put in for a normal schedule. It is not that easy. I can't speak for all agencies but in my department our schedules are distributed by seniority. When seniority scheduling is done you might not get a desired schedule. You have to learn to work with what you are given. Most importantly you have to make the most of your days off. As a Probation Corrections Officer, we currently have schedules with two days off. In...
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...On Combat: Grossman and Christensen Self development is one of the critical variables in the four domains of Army Leadership Development. In an effort to help expand the contexts related to self development, Grossman and Christensen’s On Combat: The Psychology and Physiology of Deadly Conflict in War and Peace, add strong information to self development that would be useful to all military and police personnel. Picking up where his earlier work, On Killing, left off, Grossman and Christensen examine all facets of deadly combat including preparation/training, the actual moment of conflict and even debriefing at the conclusion of combat. The self development advocated by the authors establishes the true context of being a warrior, which they define as the 1% who protects the 98% from the remaining 1% who would do them harm (Grossman & Christensen 12). Though the work is not infallible, it examines subject matter that many psychologists have traditionally avoided. In addition, it combines psychology and physiology to extend beyond simply combat training and into the realms of healing after combat has occurred. The book is critically divided into four sections: The Physiology of Combat, Perceptual Distortion, Mental Attitude and Aftermath. Each of the four dimensions offer elements of self development that are useful to the reader. The first sections explains to the reader exactly what occurs physically during combat. As the author’s demonstrate, the will to kill another human...
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...that the murder incident and the Simpson estate were not divided when evidence was collected. The defense stated that the bloodstains were found in the Bronco and on OJ's socks. DNA can be beneficial when determining who the killer was and who was at a scene, but the collection has to be done according to standards. The Simpson case was a displayed wrong and the way forensic DNA works when crimes are solved. The OJ Simpson case demonstrates the most challenging evidence created by the forensics scientists. This evidence may not be enough to convince a jury beyond a realistic doubt that an accused individual is guilty. It is well-defined that with highly trained agents who work on a high profile cases or any other cases, it must be accompanied by well-trained crime scene investigators to collect evidences. Therefore, progress of accreditation programs that train police officers and crime scene technicians in the appropriate approaches to handle the evidence in a crime scene investigation should be on-going. The two main points to consider when examining the case study of OJ Simpson is first to provide an overview of selected case. The second step is to explain the emotional, biological, behavioral components, and cognitive disorders in the OJ Simpson Case. The first step is to provide an overview of the OJ Simpson Case. Maladaptive behaviors include behavioral and emotional deregulation (Linehan, 1993). Individuals with Bipolar Personality Disorder typically respond...
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