...Introduction Richard Delgado and Jean Stefanic in their book Critical Race Theory (CRT) address different issues but the main focus was the product of social thought and power in our society through the scope of race and racism Delgado, & Stefancic, 2001). Critical race theory is a movement that both scholars and activists from different countries like Australia, Canada, India, England and Spain are involved in an attempt to address what they feel is one of society problem not only in the United States but also other countries: Race and its implication on society. The book challenges a different range of racial thinking by drawing ideas from a wide scope of modern scholars thoughts on CRT and the prevalence of racial inequality in...
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...Racism: Concepts, Theories and Approaches Hollinsworth, D (1998) Racism: concepts, theories and approaches, Race and Racism in Australia, 2nd edition, Social Science Press, Katoomba, NSW. In this reading, Hollinsworth provides a very detailed analysis of the concept of racism. He explains how theorists have constructed different ideas about racism in relation to ethnicity, social history, class and gender. The theorists have made a very important point in that although social culture rejects the idea of racism, it does still exist, sometimes in very similar ways. An example is the similarity between ethnocentrism and ideological racism. Both of these believe that their ethnic culture is superior and other cultures are biologically, intellectually or culturally inferior. The two tie in together as the basis for prejudice. Institutional racism is also explained. This is a complex subject, but usually occurs within an institution setting such as government bodies and the private sector. Some ethnic groups have an advantage in this situation whereas others are disadvantaged and discriminated against. Hollinsworth also explores the Marxist and feminist perspectives on racism. In the Marxist approach, the main focus is on race in the context of class. The feminist view however concentrates on the impact that ethnic and racial discrimination have on gender. The concept of identity politics is then explored which is a theory that specific ethnic...
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...Committee Member Dr. Lorraine S. Gilpin, Committee Member Dr. Robert Yarbrough, Committee Member TENTATIVE CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter 1: Introduction * Background of the Problem * Statement of the Problem * Purpose of the Study * Research Questions * Importance of the Study * Scope of the Study * Definition of Terms * Limitations Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework Chapter 3: Review of the Literature Chapter 4: Research Methods * The Qualitative Paradigm * Qualitative Methods * The Researcher's Role * Data Sources * Data Collection * Data Analysis * Ethical Considerations Chapter 5: Research Findings Chapter 6: Conclusions, Discussion, and Suggestions for Future Research * Summary * Conclusions * Discussion * Suggestions for Future Research Towards A Phenomenology of Liberation From the very start, I am thus fully endorsing the premise that no account of race can be dissociated from a critique of power and a social historical ontology of ourselves (de Oliveira, 2010, 209). INTRODUCTION I grew up in rural North Carolina. When I was in the third grade, I watched as five of my white peers were pulled from class to attend gifted courses. I always wondered why, I, who had always worked hard, was never pulled for what I perceived as reward for hard work and good grades. During the first week of school of my fifth grade year, the same White gifted teacher pulled the same five White students to begin gifted courses. The buzz around...
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...Chapman, Committee Member Dr. Lorraine S. Gilpin, Committee Member Dr. Robert Yarbrough, Committee Member TENTATIVE CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter 1: Introduction • Background of the Problem • Statement of the Problem • Purpose of the Study • Research Questions • Importance of the Study • Scope of the Study • Definition of Terms • Limitations Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework Chapter 3: Review of the Literature Chapter 4: Research Methods • The Qualitative Paradigm • Qualitative Methods • The Researcher's Role • Data Sources • Data Collection • Data Analysis • Ethical Considerations Chapter 5: Research Findings Chapter 6: Conclusions, Discussion, and Suggestions for Future Research • Summary • Conclusions • Discussion • Suggestions for Future Research Towards A Phenomenology of Liberation From the very start, I am thus fully endorsing the premise that no account of race can be dissociated from a critique of power and a social historical ontology of ourselves (de Oliveira, 2010, 209). INTRODUCTION I grew up in rural North Carolina. When I was in the third grade, I watched as five of my white peers were pulled from class to attend gifted courses. I always wondered why, I, who had always worked hard, was never pulled for what I perceived as reward for hard work and good grades. During the first week of school of my fifth grade year, the same White gifted teacher pulled the same five White students to begin gifted courses. The buzz around...
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...intersections place specific groups of the population in a privileged position with respect to other groups and offer individuals unearned benefits based solely on group membership; historical and systemic patterns of disinvestment in non-privileged groups are major contributors to the low social and economic position of those groups; Intersectional analysis provides an important lens for reframing and creating new knowledge because it asserts new ways of studying power and inequality and challenges conventional understandings of oppressed and excluded groups and individuals. Collins (2000) in her discussion of Black feminist thought as critical social theory states: For African American women, the knowledge gained at intersecting oppressions of race, class and gender, provides the stimulus for crafting and passing on the subjugated knowledge of Black women's critical social theory. As a historically oppressed group, U.S. Black women have produced social thought designed to oppose oppression (215)....
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...they have historically received are solely due to their race and/or gender. The purpose of this review is to analyze the social construction of whiteness from a theoretical perspective, whites understanding themselves and their social status, in addition to the evolution of whiteness. Many studies have been undertaken on the social construction of whiteness. These studies shed a lot of light on the different perceptions on whiteness, gaps in research, areas of highest research interest, strengths and weaknesses of the various methodologies, and direction for future studies. In the study done by Hartmann, Gerteis, and Croll, the focus was on the theoretical aspects of whiteness studies. The findings led the researchers to estimate that in the United States, 15% of the population exhibit what may be called ‘categorical whiteness’ (404). The study by Hartmann, et.al, was carried out using data obtained during a recent national survey, which helped provide an empirical assessment of the theoretical underpinnings of whiteness studies (Hartmann, et.al 404). Three propositions regarding the awareness and conception of whites about their own racial status were analyzed. The propositions included: the understanding of racial privileges, the invisibility of the white identity, and adherence to individualistic and color-blind ideals. The findings turned out to be consistent with those previously spelled out in whiteness theories. Hartmann, et.al, discovered that white Americans are much...
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...Case 1: Road to Hell Description The “Road to Hell” case is about two professional engineers that came from different backgrounds, have different personalities, but with similar educational background as far as their work goes. Based on the description of the two professionals, John Baker comes across as a white man from either Europe or the Americas and Matthew Rennalls is a minority, presumably black, from a developing country. Diagnosis The problem is that there are apparent cultural differences between the two professionals. This cultural difference can be perceived as racism based on the way these two professionals interact with each other. Europeans and Americans tend to have a lot of pride and can make themselves seem superior to others. This superiority that is portrayed can be looked at as racial. First, John Baker initial approach when he called Matthew Rennalls into his office for a meeting was not welcoming. After offering Matt a cigarette, which is a tactic to bring down his guard, he started off by saying he’s older and more experienced which came across as if he’s looking down on Matthew. Secondly, his choice of words, like when he compared the longevity of his ancestors in the industry to that of Matthew Rennalls’s was very insulting. Again, he came across like he was better and more superior to Matthew because his ancestors have been in the industry for some 200 to 300 years compared to 50 to 60 years that Matthew’s ancestors have been in the industry...
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...Intersectionality was a concept introduced by Kimberlé Crenshaw an American civil rights advocate, professor and leading scholar of Critical Race Theory. The concept of “intersectionality” came from a metaphor coined by Crenshaw to explain how race oppression and gender oppression operate in the lives of black women. Crenshaw’s concept of intersectionality is the theory of how different types of discrimination interact. “The theory seeks to examine how social and cultural categories such as gender, race, class, sexual orientation, religion, and other axioms of identity interact on multiple levels.” In her widely read essay, Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color, Crenshaw highlights...
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...Destiny J. Green SOC 501 Critical Reaction: Critical Race Theory “Waiting to Exhale…” While delving into the assigned literature for this week, I noticed that it controlled me—my soul sometimes evoked a sense of pride, waves of applause, but most of all, anger. I immediately became aware of the forced sense of solidarity that I am assigned, the voice that always whispers to me when one of “us” appears intelligent: “Yes, these authors made us look like we had some sense! Look how analytical they sounded!” But why on earth do I have to feel like that in this marvelous, post racial society? After reading, I noticed that despite the year tacked on to the assigned readings, the content barely changed. From Dubois (1903) to Wingfield and Feagin (2012), we are still acknowledging the same woes that a society assigns particular groups of people. We are still attempting to come up with dire solutions in hopes that everyone will begin to “get along” with one another. But most of all, because of this…People of color are still waiting to exhale. In this essay, there will be two parts: Firstly, a general analysis of the assigned literature for this week. In this compartment of my paper, I will analyze extracted points from the readings thematically as it directly relates to certain points in the “Critical Race: An Introduction” excerpt. Here, I will also be giving a respectful critique of Dubois’ postulations in the “Souls of Black Folk.” Secondly I will critique Allport’s (1954)...
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...Critical Theory concerns conflicting logics- a social concern versus a language one. In the pathways of developments in theory, there are two diverging points- one, the obsession with language, communication systems and, two the focus on social construction. On one hand, Critical Theory of society emerged to deal with those aspects of social reality which Marx and his followers downplayed and neglected. It takes a specialized sense, describing the work of the Frankfurt School. On the other hand, it is concerned with the dominance of language to explain all phenomena. The term ‘Critical Theory’ was coined in 1930s. The concept of language and culture being linked has been discussed for a long period. However, in the twentieth century, Critical theory marks a linguistic turn; a whole new approach to language, literature and interpretation. During this period one witnessed the rise of an astonishing number of theories that used language as a basis for thinking about every kind of human experience. There were ‘new’ ways of looking at psychology, sexuality, philosophy, politics, technology— and, of course, literature. The major theories that spawned in critical theory ranged from formalism, structuralism, semiotics, psychoanalysis, and deconstruction, to the responses and critiques posed by race and gender theory, cultural studies, post colonialism, and new media. At the very crux of literary theory is language. Books are made of language; the question 20th century critical theory...
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...Towards Freedom” Martin Luther King Jr. discusses oppression, specifically in regards to race and how it’s applicable to Negros in conjunction to the Montgomery bus boycott. In this article Martin Luther King Jr. asserts there are three ways to deal with oppression: the first being acquiescence, the second is through physical violence and corroding hatred, and the third is through non-violent resistance. Further he proffers that the first two options keep the oppressed as “oppressed” while the third option of non-violent resistance is the best option as “ the nonviolent resister agrees with the person who acquiesces that one should not be physically aggressive toward his opponent; but he balances the equation by agreeing with the person of violence that evil must be resisted… with non-violent resistance, no individual or group need to submit to any wrong, nor need anyone resort to violence in order to right a wrong.” (pg 145) Martin Luther King Jr.’s non-violent resistance is a building block of which to create current social action and social policy, however if it were combined with a liberal feminist approach, he would be able to create more change so social and public policy. Using a liberal feminist approach, feminist theory offers several ways to deconstruct and reconstruct this system which is similar to Martin Luther King Jr. non-violent resistance. Further, this critical analysis will explore the goals of a feminist approach and how a liberal feminist approach offers...
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...Critical Analysis of Article Education and Urban Society, Vol. 35 No. 2 (February 3003) The Achievement Gap: Issues of Competition, Class, and Race Retrieved from http://eus.sagepub.com/content/35/2/151.full.pdf+html One of the key arguments in the Education and Urban Society, Vol. 35 No. 2 article is that closing the achievement gap between racial minorities and the racial majority does not merely require more competition and choice, but requires more objectives for educational attainment that are clearly defined, practices that are adequately implemented, and evaluations that are based on long-term effectiveness instead of short-term gains. An example given was the fact that public schools face critical challenges when defining equitable access and equality of opportunity for racial minorities in today’s standardized system of education. Due to the fact that Neither African Americans nor Hispanics have been able to receive adequate and equal opportunities to excel, their performance on standardize testing has paled in comparison to the rest of the population in the United States (Heubert & Hauser, 1999; Irvine, 1990; Jencks & Phillips, 1998; McNeil, 2000; Miller, 1995; Viadero, 2000). However, ironically enough, standardize testing is what is being used to measure the level of proficiency of students- even though these students are not being given sufficient tools to be able to learn the material given. Because of this many have scrutinized this system and have...
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...The Marxist model of class structure and conflict with reference to the Caribbean. Class refers to one’s position in the socialhierarchy based on accessibility to wealth, power, privilege and ownership of the means of production. Sociology has a number of sociological theories that attempt to explain how society works. A sociological theory is a set of ideas that attempt to explain a particular problem. One of these sociological theories is called Maxism. This was developed by Karl Marx and is considered to be a macro theory. This theory seeks to explain society as a whole and to find general laws about human behaviour. In Marx’s explanation of society, he came up with the explanation of class structure and class conflict. According to the Marxist model of class structure society is divided into two major classes. Firstly, there is the bourgeoisie (ruling class) who owns the means of production. However, there was another class called the proletariat (working class) who worked for the bourgeoisie. Marx was of the view that class is related to the ownership of the means of production. Hence, he believed that those who owned the businesses were of the ruling class while those who worked and produced belonged to the working class. Marx viewed society as being structured in such a manner where there will be a ruling class (bourgeoisie) who would from the labours of the working class (proletariat). In this way, the power of the ruling class to exploit and take advantage...
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...Critical Theory Case Study Analysis As introduced in the original case study, “Admissions Professionals in Academic Units”, the admissions office and the College of Sciences at Flagship University remain deadlocked. As an organization, the admissions office exists to recruit, admit, and enroll diverse, high ability students. The College of Sciences exists to educate and serve enrolled students in specific fields through diverse learning experiences and student life resources that ensure persistence through graduation. Jamie’s role has been to work with and for admissions on behalf of the college to address concerns of recruitment, admissions, and enrollment. In addition, Jamie works with the college to ensure prospective students are aware...
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...Composition Pedagogy, Race, and the African American Student: An Annotated Bibliography Bernstein, Susan Naomi. “Writing and White Privilege: Beyond Basic Skills.” Pedagogy: Critical Approaches to Teaching Literature, Language, Composition, and Culture 4.1 (2004): 128-31. Evaluating the relationship between white, middle-class privilege and both standardized testing and standard conventions of writing, Bernstein offers a classroom strategy for underprivileged students (either from racial or class position or both) to counter the negative effects of academic standards in relegating them to remedial positions in order to acquire basic writing skills before being granted access to the university at large. Encouraging her students to explore their previous educational experiences related to both testing and writing through a workshop format, as well as to evaluate their own imaginative writing and the reading of creative texts, Bernstein found that these can be used as means of critical resistance to their remedial designations. Ultimately, though, she concludes that it is not the student’s responsibility alone to resist relegation but also educators as well, who need to address and seek to resolve the conditions that produce “basic writers” even before their arrival at the university, and this, according to the author, will produce an awareness and restructuring of white privilege in determining academic success. Campbell, Kermit E. “ ‘Real Niggaz’s Don’t Die’: African...
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