...senseless because soon we will all be dead. You can’t take the money with you. He also felt that the government should increase spending during times of recessions. In contrast, Hayek believed that you must save money so that you could later invest the money wisely. He felt time would multiply your interest. He felt that time did not matter. He believed the same principles of the economy that applied in the 1920 still applied in 2005. The solution was not to print more money, but to invest the money the money saved. (3) During Great Depression, Keynes concluded in his General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money that government action was needed to stimulate aggregate demand to promote consumption so that the economy could achieve its potential and thereby reduce unemployment. Since 1930, there were two major successes based on Keynesian theory: massive government spending during World War II propelled the United States out of the Depression and the 1964 tax cut stimulated the economy during a period of slow growth. Both public spending and tax cuts promoted consumption and a multiplier effect meant that for every dollar of spending or tax cut, consumers spent even more. In 1971, Keynes’s economic theory was in full ascendency when President Nixon declared in The New York Times “I am now a Keynesian in economics”. Then the world changed and our political system proved incapable of the kind macroeconomic fine-tuning envisioned by Keynes and his followers. In fact, we experienced...
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...Alcoholism has nothing to do with irresistible impulses or uncontrollable urges. Alcoholism is a disease of volition in my opinion. In this paper I will discuss why some people feel this is a disease, and why some people feel this is not a disease, but the choice of the individual. Since the American Medical Association decided that alcoholism is a disease more than 30 years ago, and this issue is still debated. I have to ask the question what does support the concept of alcoholism as a disease. There is an abundance of information out there on this subject. The research I have done says that it is important to know that alcoholism is a illness, and no one asked to become chemically dependent, it is not your fault if you or your loved one is involved in alcoholism. And you should not feel guilty. You would not blame someone for having caner, or diabetes. Dorland’s Medical Dictionary defines disease as. “A definite morbid process having a characteristic train of symptoms; it may be the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, an prognosis may be known or unknown.” Alcoholism has strong genetic link there is no major psychiatric disease that does not have genetic links. We are all genetically predisposed to certain physical and mental illnesses. For example, cancer runs in families, depression and anxiety run in families, and also alcoholism runs in families. I think most American’s have...
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...12). This was one story told to go with his stereotype of being violent, which in fact he wasn’t. People made up stories about him because the town was so small and they wanted to gossip. He was not dangerous because in the end of the novel Arthur “Boo” Radley, saved Jem and Scout from Bob Ewell. Ewell tried to kill the children to get revenge on Atticus for making him look like a fool in court. Boo also left little trinkets for the children to find. “Tin-foil was sticking out of a knot-hole just above my eye level, winking at me in the afternoon sun. I stood on my tiptoe, hastily looked around once more, reached into the hole, and withdrew two pieces of chewing gum minus their outer wrappers" (Lee 33). Gum was very rare during the Great Depression, so when Scout saw them she put them right into her mouth. Later in the novel, is when the Jem and Scout realize that Arthur “Boo” Radley left the gifts for them. Boo is one of the “mockingbirds” in To Kill a Mockingbird. “Well, it'd be sort of like shootin' a mockingbird, wouldn't it?” (Lee 276). In this scene, Atticus and Scout were talking about Boo being on trial. Scout realized it would be like a sin to do that to Boo, put him in the limelight after so many years of...
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...North Korea Hermit Kingdom 27 FEB 2016 Life In North Korea One of a series of drawings of public executions created by North Korean refugee child showing the stages and manner of public execution in North Korea. Factual accuracy was later confirmed by news reports and a video taken and smuggled from North Korea to Japan. Picture credit: North Korea Genocide Exhibit As one of the only remaining closed societies in the world, North Korea has garnered global attention to what is sealed off within its borders. Despite the ongoing food crisis that has lasted for two decades and the whimsical leadership under the 'Kim' family, life manages to go on in Hermit Kingdom. A man gathering grass as a source of food from a park. Picture credit: Eric Lafforgue North Koreans are constantly under the scrutiny of the state. Neighbourhood watch groups know as the Inminban are deployed in all villages. A female junior official usually heads the group and her main tasks are to look out for any suspicious activities within her jurisdiction and ensure there are no 'contraband' items like DVDs of South Korea and tuneable radio sets. Instilling fear and propaganda are the two main tools the North Korean government use to ensure obedience of its citizens. People are often required to attend public execution where political dissidents and transgressors are shot to death on the spot. Statues and figures of the Kim family are ubiquitous. The government is...
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...Part 01 Executive Summary M&S as an organization has faced a number of challenges in its 130 year existence, but has successfully weathered each challenge as it presents itself with relative aplomb. The foundation upon which the whole business has rested since its inception in 1884 was in its initial form, involved selling carefully chosen, good quality goods with low margins, and achieving volume sales (relatively speaking, at least) through Michael Marks' Penny Bazaars in the North West of England. This strategy was overwhelmingly successful, and continued to be the central tenet of M&S strategy for many years. M&S sailed through the depression and several recessions, but at the end of the 1990's something went severely wrong. Profits were falling year on year and the footfall in the stores was lower than it had been for several years. From the year of 1991 to 1998 it started to regain its profit again. But from 1999 the situation started to worsen again. This report sets out many of the reasons for that failure then concludes by suggesting and evaluating the strategic options open to the organization going forward. The report concludes that drawing on the substantial capital resources of M&S, brand and product development are the appropriate measures to take in order to put M&S back on the retail map. 1|Page Part 02 Strategic Profile and Case Analysis Purpose Strategic Profile The case study provided several descriptions on the basic elements of the company...
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...College students’ academic motivation, media engagement and fear of missing out Dorit Alt Show more doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.057 Highlights • Possible links between FoMO, social media engagement, and three motivational constructs were examined. • A new scale was designed to measure the extent to which students used social media tools in the classroom. • The links between social media engagement and motivational factors were mediated by FoMO. Abstract The concerns about the consequences of mental problems related to use of social media among university students have recently raised consciousness about a relatively new phenomenon termed Fear of Missing Out (FoMO). Drawing on the selfdetermination theory and on the assumption that low levels of basic need satisfaction may relate to FoMO and social media engagement, the aim of the present research was to examine for the first time possible links between FoMO, social media engagement, and three motivational constructs: Intrinsic, extrinsic and amotivation for learning. Data were gathered from 296 undergraduate students by using the following scales: Social Media Engagement (SME), Fear of Missing Out (FoMOs) and Academic Motivation. The SME is a new scale, specifically designed for this study to measure the extent to which students used social media in the classroom. This scale includes three categories: Social engagement, news information engagement and commercial information engagement. Path analysis results in...
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...PSYB4 Past Paper Questions Listed below are all of the available past paper questions for the Debates section of your PSYB4 examination. The specimen paper below is representative of what your actual paper will look like (2 x 4 mark questions and 1 x 12 mark essay question. Older papers (June 2006-June 2009) used to have Psychology and Science as a separate section so there are a lot of past paper questions on this particular debate. Now they are combined and you would be asked a mixture of questions from across different debates. Print off the copy of this document without the answers and use this to mark them and give yourselves targets for improvement. Specimen Paper Outline what is meant by hypothesis testing and explain the role of hypothesis testing in scientific research. (4 marks) [AO3 = 4] Up to 2 marks for definition/outline of what is meant by hypothesis testing, eg a hypothesis is a testable, predictive statement/proposition specifying the relationships between events or variables. Two further marks for explanation of the role of hypothesis testing in research, eg theories need to be tested by empirical studies, hypothesis testing allows researchers to refute or support a theory, the degree of support determines confidence in a theory. Credit references to the null hypothesis and falsification of a theory 0 8 Explain what is meant by the nature-nurture debate in psychology. (4 marks) [AOl = 2, AO2 = 2] AOl One mark for outlining the term nature;...
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...Psychological Bulletin 2007, Vol. 133, No. 1, 65–94 Copyright 2007 by the American Psychological Association 0033-2909/07/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 The Nature of Procrastination: A Meta-Analytic and Theoretical Review of Quintessential Self-Regulatory Failure Piers Steel University of Calgary Procrastination is a prevalent and pernicious form of self-regulatory failure that is not entirely understood. Hence, the relevant conceptual, theoretical, and empirical work is reviewed, drawing upon correlational, experimental, and qualitative findings. A meta-analysis of procrastination’s possible causes and effects, based on 691 correlations, reveals that neuroticism, rebelliousness, and sensation seeking show only a weak connection. Strong and consistent predictors of procrastination were task aversiveness, task delay, selfefficacy, and impulsiveness, as well as conscientiousness and its facets of self-control, distractibility, organization, and achievement motivation. These effects prove consistent with temporal motivation theory, an integrative hybrid of expectancy theory and hyperbolic discounting. Continued research into procrastination should not be delayed, especially because its prevalence appears to be growing. Keywords: procrastination, irrational delay, pathological decision making, meta-analysis Procrastination is extremely prevalent. Although virtually all of us have at least dallied with dallying, some have made it a way of life. Estimates indicate...
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...Review Article Violence against Women in Pakistan: A Framework for Analysis Parveen Azam Ali1, Maria Irma Bustamante Gavino2 University of Sheffield1, United Kingdom, Aga Khan University School of Nursing2, Karachi, Pakistan Abstract Understanding violence against women is as complex as its process. As a perusal of literature shows that most of the explanations were contextually and culturally based, this review attempts to analyze the issue of violence against women using theories applicable within the Pakistani context. Literature examining the issue of violence against women and its various theories was reviewed. A framework using the determinants of violence against women as proposed, include intrinsic and extrinsic factors within the people, the socio-economic- political and cultural system of Pakistan and the influences of surrounding countries. The Pakistani scenario has been described and the theoretical bases were presented. Each determinant has been discussed with supporting literature. Further studies are needed to strengthen the framework; however, it provided a modest view of violence against women in Pakistan. The framework would help the policy and decision makers to understand the dynamics of violence against women and may move them to action to bring about improvements in women's' lives. Introduction Understanding violence against women is a complex issue. Several explanations coming from various theories have been offered to understand...
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...Garrett Kelly Dr. Tushup 7/17/13 Nancy C. Andreasen is an expert on psychiatric disorders and most importantly an expert on schizophrenia. In earlier years the symptoms of schizophrenia were thought to be in a single brain region. However, with more experts and more studies taking place on schizophrenia we are finding out that there are many areas in the brain that are affected by schizophrenia. Based on empirical data derived from both magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography, we have developed a model that implicates connectivity among nodes located in prefrontal regions, the thalamic nuclei, and the cerebellum(Andreasen, 1998). If there is a disruption in this circuitry it will produce cognitive dysmetria, which will lead to difficulty in prioritizing, processing, coordinating and responding to information. The study of neural mechanisms of schizophrenia has passed through three phases during the past several decades. The first phase was used to demonstrate that schizophrenia was a brain disease. This phase was supported primarily through the use of neuro-imaging techniques such as computerized tomography, which consistently showed that patients had diffuse nonspecific abnormalities such as prominent sulci or ventricular enlargement(Andreasen 1982,1990). The second phase drew on traditions of neurology and neuropsychology, it attempted to localize the anatomic abnormalities and relate specific manifestations of the illness to specific brain regions (Andreasen...
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...GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY (SOC SCI 101) 5 JOURNALS OF PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY | > the science seeking to describe, understand, and predict the behavior and mental processes of organisms. > the goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior. ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY * Abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behavior, emotion and thought, which may or may not be understood as precipitating a mental disorder. * Although many behaviors could be considered as abnormal, this branch of psychology generally deals with behavior in a clinical context. * There is a long history of attempts to understand and control behavior deemed to be aberrant or deviant (statistically, morally or in some other sense), and there is often cultural variation in the approach taken. * The field of abnormal psychology identifies multiple causes for different conditions, employing diverse theories from the general field of psychology and elsewhere, and much still hinges on what exactly is meant by "abnormal". * There has traditionally been a divide between psychological and biological explanations, reflecting a philosophical dualism in regards to the mind body problem. * There have also been different approaches in trying to classify mental disorders. * Abnormal includes three different categories, they are: * subnormal * supernormal * paranormal * The science...
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...Psychotraumatology Institute Introduction to the Theoretical Model The Psych traumatology Evaluation approach to this client’s evaluation and therapy has been successfully used to treat Anxiety Disorders. 2 In this case study, the client has Post Traumatic Stress Disorder [PTSD]; which is one of the most complex mental health diagnosis on the IC10 scale in the Anxiety Disorder category. This case study presents the lead clinicians application of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) and (CBT) methodology. The application of the CBT model called Rational Emotional Behavioural Therapy (REBT) will be applied. 3 The client’ has a history of substance misuse disorder, separate but included with his post traumatic stress disorder the acronym (PTSD) will be used thereafter, this is the second component of his “dual diagnosis disorder”. REBT is an effective behavioural therapy model for addressing the developmental history model of addictions (drug and alcohol) treatment; and Psychodynamic Therapy aspect of counselling theory and practical application. In REBT, the application of the Psychoanalytic method, the client’s historical awareness of his potentially progressive disease and its distortions in thinking [denial] is addressed through the application of ABC’s of irrational thinking. 4 The lead clinician will assist the client with an REBT problem self-assessment; and application of the Model mental health chemical dependency treatment. 5 In this case...
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...Contemporary Educational Psychology 25, 54–67 (2000) doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1020, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions Richard M. Ryan and Edward L. Deci University of Rochester Intrinsic and extrinsic types of motivation have been widely studied, and the distinction between them has shed important light on both developmental and educational practices. In this review we revisit the classic definitions of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in light of contemporary research and theory. Intrinsic motivation remains an important construct, reflecting the natural human propensity to learn and assimilate. However, extrinsic motivation is argued to vary considerably in its relative autonomy and thus can either reflect external control or true self-regulation. The relations of both classes of motives to basic human needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness are discussed. © 2000 Academic Press To be motivated means to be moved to do something. A person who feels no impetus or inspiration to act is thus characterized as unmotivated, whereas someone who is energized or activated toward an end is considered motivated. Most everyone who works or plays with others is, accordingly, concerned with motivation, facing the question of how much motivation those others, or oneself, has for a task, and practitioners of all types face the perennial task of fostering more versus less motivation in those around...
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...CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The issue of teachers’ motivation and the standard of education has become a matter of debate and concern in educational systems and standards. In most developing countries of the world including Ghana, there has been a growing awareness about teacher motivation which is a key to quality assurance, quality outcomes/delivery and high standards in the educational system. It is acknowledged that any nation that is aspiring to maintain high and quality standards or achieve quality assurance in its educational system must take teachers and their motivational needs with utmost high level of seriousness. Teachers are important instrument in education. They are also the pivot on which the educational process hang. Teachers play a major role in the whims and caprices of the educational system. They can influence the teaching – learning outcomes either positively or negatively because they determine the quality of instructional delivery and also influence quality education when it comes to implementation of the curriculum and educational policies. They are to be considered when addressing issues such as: quality assurance; quality delivery (teaching), quality context and quality learning outcomes (Onucha, 2002). However, they are the custodians of the educational and school systems. Since teaching can be regarded as a systematic, rational and organized process of transmitting knowledge, skills, attitudes, values and what is worthwhile...
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...STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS COUNSELLING: A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY by KATLEGO FANDIE This thesis is submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree Philosophiae Doctor in the FACULTY OF THE HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE BLOEMFONTEIN January 2015 Promoter: Prof. L. Naudé DECLARATION I declare that the thesis hereby submitted by Katlego Fandie for the degree Philosophiae Doctor at the University of the Free State is my own independent work and has not previously been submitted by me at another University/Faculty. I further more cede copyright of the thesis in favour of the University of the Free State. SIGNATURE: _____________________________ DATE:____________________________ i DECLARATION OF SUPERVISOR ii PROOF OF LANGUAGE EDITOR 083 2877088 +27 51 4367975 corrieg@mweb.co.za CORRIE GELDENHUYS POSBUS 28537 DANHOF 9310 3 January 2015 TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN Herewith I, Cornelia Geldenhuys (ID 521114 0083 088) declare that I am a qualified, accredited language practitioner and that I have edited the following PhD thesis by Katlego Fandie: STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS COUNSELLING: A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY All changes were indicated by track changes and comments, to be addressed by the researcher. ............................................................ C GELDENHUYS MA (LIN – cum laude), MA (Mus), HED, HDLB, UTLM ACCREDITED MEMBER OF SATI –...
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