...“I am one or two days away from death; they will shoot me dead, thus if you give birth to a son please name him after me.” ----An Eritrean victim of human trafficking from The Sinai Desert INTRODUCTION This paper examines the issue of human trafficking as it relates to human security in the Horn of Africa. Trafficking takes place by criminal means through the threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of positions of power or abuse of positions of vulnerability. Further, it relates to all stages of the trafficking process: recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of person. An agreed definition of human trafficking exists under Article 3 of the “Palermo Protocol” on trafficking in persons which went into effect on 25 December 2003. This internationally agreed definition focuses on exploitation of human beings – be it for sexual exploitation, other forms of forced labor, slavery, servitude, or for the removal of human organs. Trafficking is not just a transnational crime across international borders; the definition applies to internal domestic trafficking of human beings. In the Horn of Africa (HOA), both cross border and internal trafficking of women and children is prevalent. For example, in Ethiopia, children are being trafficked into armed conflict where it is reported that over 20,000 of them have been victims. Almost all of the countries in the region have been identified as sources, transit points or destination...
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...Somalia state is geographically located in eastern Africa with Ethiopia located at the west of Somalia, Djibouti to the northwest, and Kenya to the southwest, Yemen to the north and the Indian Ocean to the east. Furthermore Somalia is strategically located in the Horn Africa with the largest coast line among all African countries (). According to the World Fact Book (2014) the Somali population estimated about 10 million and has been without an effective functioning government for more than two decades since the collapse of Mohamed Siyad Barre administration of the country in early 1991. After President Siyad Barre downfall, the state became a playground for the local warlords organized by clan cleavages. The country was heavily turned into...
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...of the Somali Conflict The colonial territories of Somalia and Somaliland joined to for m the Somali Republic under the East African nation’s first constitution in 1960, marking the first time that the territories enjoyed independence from foreign colonial rule since the 1880’s. Unfortunately, political strife and tension was present even at the time of the country’s formation. Prior to colonial rule, the two territories were governed by a highly decentralized form of pastoral rule, consisting of large clans of nomadic and agricultural familial units (Ahmed 1999, 114). It has been argued that the incompatibility of such a decentralized form of governance with a highly centralized Western-style governmental structure is the fundamental driving force behind the ongoing political conflicts, formations of factions, and civil war in Somalia (Ahmed 1999, 115). Indeed, centralized government was not successful in the fledgling African country. By 1969, less than a decade after its inception, the Somali government was taken over in a swift and virtually bloodless military coup led by the commander of the Somali Army, Major General Mohamed Siad Barre (Linke 2011, 47). Upon seizing power, Barre quickly dissolved the country’s parliament and court system, suspended the constitution, and constructed a military dictatorship based largely on Marxist principles (Linke 2011, 49). After enjoying some initial successes and public support, Barre’s government quickly began to deteriorate....
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...C200 Examination Name:_________________________________ Date:________ Purpose This assessment is used to gauge your understanding of the ideas introduced in the C200 lessons and using them to analyze strategic policy and plans. The exam is due at the end of C200. General Instructions * This examination is worth 35% of your C200 Theme grade. * You may use the C200 online lessons, readings, and references to complete the exam. * The DDE Support Team can only answer administrative questions. * All work must be your own. You are not to discuss this examination or your answers, in either draft or final form, with anyone else. * Answers must be typed, double-spaced, and no more than 2 pages in length per question. * Use Times New Roman size 12 pitch font. One inch margins. * Clearly identify the question you are answering. * Any quotations from the assigned student readings are to be parenthetical (Huntington, pg. 8). Quotations from sources outside assigned student readings are to have complete citation. * You are not authorized to copy, reproduce or share this examination. Answer These Questions 1. Based upon the attached Remarks by the President in Address to the Nation on the Way Forward in Afghanistan and Pakistan, what vital national interest does the President see at stake in Afghanistan and how does our involvement...
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...Somalia (/sɵˈmɑːliə/ so-mah-lee-ə; Somali: Soomaaliya; Arabic: الصومال aṣ-Ṣūmāl), officially the Federal Republic of Somalia[1] (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya, Arabic: جمهورية الصومال الفدراليةJumhūrīyat aṣ-Ṣūmāl al-Fidirālīyah), is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Kenya to the southwest. Somalia has the longest coastline on the continent's mainland,[6] and its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands.[3] Climatically, hot conditions prevail year-round, with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall.[7] Somalia has a population of around 10 million. Around 85% of residents are ethnic Somalis,[3] who have historically inhabited the northern part of the country. Ethnic minorities make up the remainder and are largely concentrated in the southern regions.[8] The official languages of Somalia are Somali and Arabic, both of which belong to the Afro-Asiatic family.[3] Most people in the country are Muslim,[9] with the majority beingSunni.[10] In antiquity, Somalia was an important commercial centre,[11][12] and is among the most probable locations of the fabled ancient Land of Punt.[13][14][15][16] During the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade, including the Ajuran Empire, the Adal Sultanate, the Warsangali Sultanate, and the Geledi Sultanate. In the late 19th century...
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...Africa. Somalia lies on the East African coast of the Indian Ocean bordering Ethiopia, Djibouti, and Kenya. Over 80% of the country’s population is ethnic Somalis of Afro-Asiatic descent. Somalia has a rich history of poetry and is believed to be the first region Camels were domesticated. It is also one of the first areas of Africa were Islam was adopted. A sea full of fish and land full of natural resources one would assume this coastal country would be one of the thriving African nation states in the 21st century; those assumptions were valid a few decades ago. With the push of democracy and the pressure of Western Powers to eliminate authoritarian leader Siad Barre, eventually caused a civil war beginning in the early 90’s. Mogadishu was named the most dangerous city in the world year after year. Many Somalis fled to neighboring Kenya or to North America and Europe. The other numerous millions were abandoned by the world having to deal with civil war, droughts, and famine. Numerous failed attempts of legitimate political leaders gaining power lead to a radical Islamic Militant group rise. Al-Shabaab has been reigning terror in Somalia and neighboring East African for near a decade. With the recent push for democracy in Somalia, a western backed election resulted in a victory for Hassan Sheikh Mohamud in 2012. President Mohamud became president backed up by the world powers and the African union. His main mission was vocalized from the day he stepped into office...
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...with both positive impacts on post-conflict reconciliation and negative impacts that contributed to an escalation in violence at different times. This study focuses on the dynamics of an evolving private sector and its interactions with violent conflict at different stages, in an environment bereft of regulation. It specifically focuses on southcentral Somalia. It is based on desk-based research into secondary sources; surveys undertaken by the Somali NGO Centre for Research and Dialogue (CRD); as well as personal interviews with businesspeople, elders, civil society representatives and grassroots actors. Access to these individuals was achieved through CRD’s network of contacts. Geo-political profile of Somalia Somalia is located in the Horn of Africa together with Ethiopia, Eritrea and Djibouti. During the colonial period, south-central and northeast Somalia was known as the Italian Trust Territory of Somalia, while northwest Somalia was the British Protectorate of Somaliland. Two all-season rivers, the Juba and the Shabelle, rise in Ethiopia and flow...
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...Dedication We dedicate this project to our parents, Teacher and all those whose prayers have always paved the way to success. Without their support and encouragement we may not be able to successively complete our project. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We first bow our heads before Allah Almighty who bestowed His countless blessings upon us, guided us towards the way of success, blessed us with courage of facing problems and obstacles; enable us to accomplish this project work. All thanks to Allah Almighty, the most Beneficent and Gracious who enabled us to complete this project. We found no words to say thanks to our families for their cooperation and support. We feel obliged to express our profound gratitude to our course teacher MR. Suleman Anwar, who has throughout our project work provided us with endless help, valuable guidance and encouragement. His expertise, experience and ability to open new vistas of knowledge have contributed much in meeting our educational quest. Beside we truly appreciate our friends and class fellows who have helped us immensely in making our project work achievable and complete. Their support and guidance made this project possible. Origin of the Electric Fan (Worldwide) The earliest electric fans appeared in the early 1880’s. The fan was basically a blade attached to an electric motor. The development of the fields of Electrical Engineering and Aeronautical Engineering paralleled each other in the industry of electric fans. ...
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...World Economic and Financial Sur veys Regional Economic Outlook Middle East and Central Asia 09 I N T E R N A T I O N A L M O N E T A R Y M AY F U N D W o r l d E c o n o m i c a n d F in a n c i a l S u r v e y s Regional Economic Outlook Middle East and Central Asia •••••••••••••••••••••• 09 I N T E R N A T I O N A L M O N E T A R Y F MAY U N D ©2009 International Monetary Fund Cataloging-in-Publication Data Regional economic outlook : Middle East and Central Asia. – [Washington, D.C.] : International Monetary Fund, 2009. p. ; cm. – (World economic and financial surveys, 0258-7440) ISBN 978-1-58906-842-1 “MAY09.” Includes bibliographical references. 1. Economic forecasting – Middle East. 2. Economic forecasting – Asia, Central. 3. Middle East – Economic conditions. 4. Middle East – Economic conditions – Statistics. 5. Asia, Central – Economic conditions. 6. Asia, Central – Economic conditions – Statistics. I. International Monetary Fund. II. Series: World economic and financial surveys. HC415.15.R445 2009 Please send orders to: International Monetary Fund, Publication Services 700 19th St. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20431, U.S.A. Tel.: (202) 623-7430 Fax: (202) 623-7201 E-mail: publications@imf.org Internet: www.imfbookstore.org The views expressed in this publication are those of the contributors...
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...Adeola Adegbite March 21st 2013 African International Politics Professor Throup Failure of Organizations Throughout modern history, Western powers such as the United States and Europe have always assisted weaker nations in order for those countries to maintain internal stability and external relations with other nations. Most often, Western powers to aid states with failing democratic systems or nations that are strategic allies in certain regions of the world. For Western powers, it is important to promote the ideals of Democracy, and assist other nations deemed as crucial to Democracy’s development. Democracies and its expansion are vital for several reasons Democratic nations foster peace and stability. Following World War II, the United States believed it was imperative to sustain and support Western Europe. At the time Western Europe was facing the encroachment of the Soviet Union and its communist ideologies. The United States saw its support for Western Europe as essential in order to preserve their alliance, and most importantly to continue strengthening and expanding democratic ideals. However, as of the past twenty years, when it comes sub-Saharan Africa, Western nations are not nearly as concerned about a states internal or external stability. For example, countries such as Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, and many other sub-Saharan countries are in utter turmoil, but the West has turned a blind eye. The burden now falls on organizations like the United Nations, Organization...
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...Overview of the Implementation Status of the Five United Nations Treaties on Outer Space in African Countries J-A. van Wyk Department of Political Sciences, University of South Africa (UNISA), P O Box 392, Pretoria, 0003, South Africa e-mail: vwykjak@unisa.ac.za Abstract. This paper presents an overview of the five major UN Treaties on Outer Space. Each of these Treaties are briefly discussed and assessed with particular emphasis on aspects relevant to Africa. Very few African countries have ratified these Treaties, as well as enacted domestic space legislation. The paper concludes with an assessment of Africa’s involvement in multilateral space fora such as OOSA and UNCOPUOS. It also offers recommendations to improve African countries’ ratification and compliance with these Treaties. Sommaire. Cet article est une introduction aux cinq traités majeurs de l’ONU, en matière d’espace extra-atmosphérique. Chacun des traités est brièvement discuté et évalué en insistant sur les aspects importants pour l’Afrique. Tres peu d’Etats africains ont ratifié ces traités, ainsi que mis sur pied une législation en matière d’espace. L’article se termine par une évaluation de l’engagement de l’Afrique dans des forums multilatéraux voués à l’espace tels que l’ OOSA et l’ UNCOPUOS. Des recommendations sont également suggérées pour l’amélioration de la ratification et le respect par les Etats africains de ces traités. International Space Law: Context and Text fact that no state can claim...
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...7/18/2014 7/18/2014 Course: GBMP 528 Prof: Cesar Polvorosa Akshita Solanki 823-977-798 Armanpal Kaur 825-084-346 Gagan Verma 825-058-316 Kashish 825-107-238 Navrubal Kaur 825-091-481 Nikhil Pankantiwar 824-063-440 Rahul Teckchandani 824-521-108 Rajwinder Kaur Sidhu 825-002-736 Course: GBMP 528 Prof: Cesar Polvorosa Akshita Solanki 823-977-798 Armanpal Kaur 825-084-346 Gagan Verma 825-058-316 Kashish 825-107-238 Navrubal Kaur 825-091-481 Nikhil Pankantiwar 824-063-440 Rahul Teckchandani 824-521-108 Rajwinder Kaur Sidhu 825-002-736 World Geographies & Cultures: Saudi Aramco World Geographies & Cultures: Saudi Aramco Country Profile Name of Country: Saudi Arabia Source: CIA Factbook (Factbook) Demographics: Population: 27,345,986 * note: immigrants make up more than 30% of the total population, according to UN data (2013) (July 2014 est.) Population Growth Rate: 1.49% (2014 est.) Major languages: Arabic (official) Major religions: Muslim (official) 100% Life expectancy: (at birth) male: 72.79 years ; female: 76.94 years (2014 est.) Literacy Rates: total population: 87.2% ; male: 90.8% ; female: 82.2% (2011 est.) Government: Type of Government: Monarchy Head of Government: King of Saudi : King and Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 1 August 2005) Geography: General features : Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen Climate : harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes Surface area:...
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...Interview and Analysis of Ethiopia Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa and is a landlocked country. The countries that border Ethiopia are Kenya to the south, Djibouti and Eritrea to the northeast, Somalia to the east, and Sudan to the west. Addis Ababa is the capital of Ethiopia and is located in the heart of the country. The population of Ethiopia is approximately 32.2 million people. The population growth continues to remain high at 2.76 percent and it’s estimated that that the population could reach 90.0 million people by 2015. Ethiopia has over 83 different languages with about 200 different dialects. The largest and most common are Oromos, Amharas, and Tigrayans. The ancient language of Ge’ez was first introduced as the official written language when the Sabeans sought refuge in Aksum. The official national language of Ethiopia is Amharic. Large widely spoken languages include; English, Arabic, French, and Italian. The languages of Ethiopia are broken down into four major language groups; Semitic, Omotic, Nilo-Saharan, and Cushitic. In Ethiopia there are two main religions, Orthodox Christianity and Islam. These religions have coexisted since Mohammed’s time. If you were to visit a church the priests are always happy to have guests. Every church has three or four entrances. The east entrance is only for the priest, the south is for women, and the north is for men. The last entrance, the western one can be used by men or women. Once inside women sit on the right...
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...Pharmaceutical Industry 39 Shipping Industry 46 Agriculture Industry 52 Insurance Industry 60 Leather Industry 64 Telecommunication Industry 68 Ceramic Industry 75 2 Part-1: Overview of Ethiopia Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa. It‘s proximity to the Middle East and Europe, together with its easy access to the major ports of the region, enhances its international trade. Ethiopia is boarded by the Sudan on the west, Somalia and Djibouti on the east, Eritrea on the north and Kenya on the South. The diverse topography of the country generally features rugged mountains, flat-topped plateaus, deep river canyons, rolling plains and lowlands. Ethiopia adopted a new constitution that established the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) in 1995. The federal government is responsible for national defense, foreign relations and general policy of common interest and benefits. The federal state comprises nine autonomous states vested with power for self-determination. The federal state is headed by a constitution president and the federal government by an executive prime minister who is accountable to the council of peoples‘ Representative. Each autonomous state is headed by a state president elected by the state council. The judiciary is constitutionally independent. Ethiopia is home to more than 80 ethnic group and similar number of languages, the dominant religions being Christian and Islam. Ethiopia‘s uniqueness...
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...World Trade Organisation History At the United Nations conference held at Geneva in 1947, twenty three countries including United States of America signed General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). During the same year, a charter was put on the table for setting up, within the United Nations Organisation, of a new agency to be called International Trade Organisation (ITO). Fifty nations signed the charter in Havana the following year, but it was never subsequently ratified by the required number of countries. The purpose of the agreement was to promote international trade free of barriers in the aftermath of World War II, and to draw up proposals for the implementation of policies based on those principles set in the agreement. It covered all the issues like tariffs, quotas, taxes, international commodity agreements and whatever was considered to have a bearing on the development of international trade, and was based on policies of non-discrimination and tariff reductions. GATT has been expanded and updated through a series of multi-year conferences. The most famous have been the Kennedy Round (1963-1967), the Tokyo Round (1973-1979), and the Uruguay Round (1986-1994). The Uruguay Round ended with the decision to dissolve GATT and establish the more powerful and more institutionalised World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. The WTO replaced GATT as an international organization, but the General Agreement still exists as the WTO’s umbrella treaty for trade in goods. Trade...
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