...Clinical Trials for New drugs. Therapies and Medical equipment The process for a new drug can take years and several stages to be approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Although most drugs are tested for specific kinds of diseases they might often have disappointing results for a specific disease but may have great results for another. The FDA has twelve stages of drug development and Review; these are important procedures before and after clinical trials. The twelve stages of drug development fall into the FDA’s four categories: pre-clinical, clinical, NDA (New Drug Application) review and post marketing. In the pre-clinical category there are two stages; animals tested and IND (Investigational New Drug) Application. The drug sponsor, companies/research institutions responsible for developing a drug, develops a new drug and seeks to have it approved by the FDA. Once the drug has been developed the sponsor has to test the new drug on animals for levels of toxicity, safety and efficacy of the drug. The sponsor then must submit an IND application and must include the results from animal testing. When the FDA approves of the new drug they make sure that it is completely safe to proceed and test on humans. In most cases drugs that have gone through the pre-clinical testing never actually make it to the human testing phase or are reviewed by the FDA. If the new drug is approved for human testing the research moves on to the clinical category, aka clinical...
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...and feeling worthless. Depression, among other psychological issues, can be treated with such orientations such as psychodynamic therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and biomedical therapies. Psychodynamic therapy suggests that one’s behavior and feelings are affected by their unconscious motives. It also suggests that one’s problems may be a result of unconscious conflicts leftover from childhood. The treatment corresponding with psychodynamic therapy includes the recovery of these unconscious conflicts through free association. This is where one will express thoughts exactly as they come without thinking. Another technique is dream analysis where a therapist can uncover the unconscious through interpreting the symbolic meaning of a client’s dreams. Transference is another technique used in which has proven to be successful because a client can reenact crucial relationships in a therapeutic environment which can bring out suppressed feelings of conflict so that they may be dealt with. Cognitive therapy’s suggests that a person can develop certain issues though how they perceive everything around them, especially if a person is habitually negative in their way of thinking. This form of treatment blends verbal and behavioral interventions. The main goal of cognitive therapy is to change negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs. Biomedical therapy suggests that one’s behavior can be caused by biological factors such as genes and hormones. The two main forms of treatment...
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...Protein therapeutics was once a seldom-used class of treatment. They have increased dramatically since the first protein therapeutic was introduced, insulin. Protein therapeutics are used across every field of medicine. Even with this much dominance, this class of medical treatment still has to be improved. Protein therapies have many advantages when compared to small molecule drugs. Proteins serve a highly specific and complex set of functions that cannot be reproduced by simple chemical compounds. Protein therapeutics can be broken down into groups based on what they can be used for. Group 1 are therapeutics with enzymatic or regulatory activity, Group II includes proteins therapies with special targeting activity, Group III includes protein vaccines, and Group IV includes protein diagnostics. Protein therapeutics are an integral part of medicine. Currently they have been displaying a decreased stability in storage, decreased efficacy and increased immunogenic side effects in patients. Through an enhanced understanding of proteins we can formulate a therapy that will supersede what is currently in use. A research study was done to evaluate the efficacy of a certain variety of protein therapeutics and the obstacles faced when choosing a delivery route. This study pertained specifically to proteins and their ability to treat central nervous system disorders. This article discussed different methods of delivery and each methods set backs. Parenteral delivery routes were...
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...to quit smoking. It should explain how the methods work and what former smokers that have used those techniques experienced with them. The classical means of smoking cessation are medical treatments. They vary from laser therapy to drugs that substitute Nicotine and other ingredients of cigarettes. The psychological approaches to quit smoking have gained more popularity in the last few years. Especially hypnosis is often considered as a very effective method to overcome smoking. Also acupuncture can be seen as a psychological approach since it affects the mind and not the body. In comparison to medical approaches, hypnosis and acupuncture cannot impact the body. It can also be cheaper than a laser therapy for example. However, not every individual is receptive for hypnosis and acupuncture. This makes the medical methods more reliable. The central issue is, that every smoker who wants to overcome his addiction should try different methods, both psychological and medical. My thesis is, that the most effective way for smoking cessation is a combined therapy of psychological and medical treatment. Further Examination & Discussion The main issue about smoking cessation aided by hypnosis is the fact that not every patient is receptive for this therapy. As H. Sutcher (2008) states, there are several stages of...
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...I am discussing are the physical, social, and medical treatments for this disorder. The physical treatments that are around to support children with Autism are therapy. There are different types of therapy they can get support with such as occupational, sensory, and craniosacral therapy. These therapies can significantly help these children’s motor skills. In the Article “Traditional occupational Therapy Services for Youth with Neurologic and developmental disabilities, by Windy Chou and Minerva Duong they stated that “Occupational therapists aim to improve client factors and skills that will enable re-engagement or new engagement in valued activities. Valued activities can include work, and community integration, which is one of the instrumental activities of daily living. Typically developing youth and young adults have many life skills to learn to prepare them for post-secondary schooling, or independent living, such as money and health management, that are addressed by their families” ”however, youth with disabilities such as Autism Spectrum Disorder require additional help from therapist to learn such skills due to 1) altered abilities to learn and 2) uncertainty of their caregivers on the available options for their loved ones.”(179). In the journal “Effectiveness of combined approach of Craniosacral Therapy (CST)and Sensory-...
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...is depressed, and spends her time crying, sleeping, has lost her appetite, and feels fatigued. She feels guilty that she is not supportive toward her husband (Walden University, 2012). Abby has always believed to be hopeless throughout her life. She has low self-esteem, and believes that everyone around her has a better life than she does, though she has lived comfortably. Abby has expressed that she suffered from migraine headaches in her twenties, which has become worse over the years (Walden University, 2012). Doctors have prescribed medications for the migraines, which has not been effective. Abbey claims that she drinks alcohol two to three times a week, which consist of one or two drinks. She is not a smoker, or uses illegal drugs. Abby’s family history consists of six children, three brothers, and two sisters. Abby is the third child. Her father is deceased, and her mother is still living. Abby did not have a close relationship with her father, though she maintains a close relationship with her mother. She does not...
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...Outline and evaluate psychological therapies of depression (24) A01 This method of treatment is based on the idea that how we think (cognition), how we feel (emotion) and how we act (behaviour) all interact together, with our thoughts determining our feelings and behaviour. Negative thought then cause us distress and result in problems. The aim of CBT is to help people become aware of when they make negative interpretations and of behavioural patterns which reinforce the distorted thinking. Thought catching is the stage in CBT in which fault cognitions are identified and influence is made to correct them. Behavioural activation involved completing physical activities, something which depressed people do not involve themselves in but can be used as an antidote. Psychodynamic interpersonal therapy emphasises the importance of therapeutic conversation in which past problems are talked about and relived, ensuring a stable relationship between therapist and client. There are many components to PIT. Exploratory rationale identifies difficult relationships and a rationale is developed linking this to current symptoms. Shared understanding involves the therapist truly understanding the client’s experiences. A third part of the therapy is recreating the different feelings within a therapeutic environment. Through this the therapist tries to modify the disturbances which ultimately causes depression A02 There is empirical support for the use of CBT in the treatment of depression....
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...horizons of comprehension and reach out into the mystic of the unknown. The mind possesses powers unrivalled by anything else - powers which extend to the self-healing of the human body with no aid other than faith - alias `the power of thought!' The use of the Placebo in medicine and pharmacy harnesses this incredible power and instigates the phenomenal self-healing process. The `Placebo Effect' has been used extensively throughout the history of medicine. Physicians have discovered the power of the human mind in healing and have tried to utilise this to it's full potential in all applicable aspects of therapeutic intervention. This report aims to discuss the Placebo Effect, it's power and history in relation to other forms of therapy, Case studies, the Ethical issues involved and whether they should be used or not. The `Placebo Effect' was defined by Wolf as "any effect attributable to a pill, potion or procedure but not to it's pharmacodynamic or specific properties" (Wolf, 1959. Cited by H.Brody, 1980). To date, the placebo has played a dynamic role throughout the history and development of medicine. Substances with no perceivable pharmacological benefit such as spiders, crocodile dung and human excrement have been prescribed up until the beginning of modern scientific medicine to treat various maladies. Obviously each of these substances induced a `Placebo Effect' in order to achieve the desired result as the treatment itself had no real medical value....
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...Contributions to Society For each of the 5 approaches from AS you must know 2 ways in which it has contributed (been useful) to society. For Child, Criminology and Clinical you must know one contribution from each. For many of the approaches this can be therapies that are used for treating different behaviours. Social 1. Understanding Prejudice · Social approach helps us to understand why prejudice occurs. · SIT explains that prejudice occurs by simply belonging to a group– we belong to an in group and those not part of this are considered the out group. We categorise into these groups and identify with in group members by the beliefs we have and what we wear. In order to make our in group look good we display in group favouritism and show a preference for our in group and seeing their behaviours in a positive light. The behaviour of the out group we put down, and this boosts the in group self-esteem. · Realistic conflict theory suggests prejudice between groups occurs when there is competition for resources, and that it is not simply belonging to a group. This can explain why many groups can live alongside each other in harmony, which SIT cannot explain. · An example of SIT in action is football fans as they categorise themselves into teams e.g. either Man U or Chelsea and wear team colours e.g. red or blue. When these teams play they will call the fans of the rival team names to raise their own teams self-esteem. · Prejudice can account for a...
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...Outline the primary skills used in counselling relationships This essay intends to introduce the reader to the most important skills involved within developing and maintaining a therapeutic relationship between a client and the therapist or counsellor. The onus will be on Humanistic counselling but many of these skills are central to all counselling types. Humanistic counselling is a process whereby the eventual goal is to facilitate the client in developing a personal understanding of self, and form a realisation of their own psychological needs and desires. It is, in essence, a route to empowerment for the client. Carl Rogers, father of client-centred therapy, described the client as an ‘organism’ whose natural tendency is a need to grow and develop: "The organism has one basic tendency and striving - to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing organism” (Rogers, 1951, p. 487). This ‘actualisation tendency’ can only happen with the help of the therapist and their establishment of the perfect growing conditions. It is these that help launch the therapeutic relationship between the counsellor and client: “If I can provide a certain type of relationship, the other person will discover within himself the capacity to use the relationship for growth and change, and personal development will occur” (Rogers, 2004, p. 33). There are six conditions involved in a therapist-client relationship. The first involves the client and therapist entering into a psychological contract...
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...stress in that it can take longer with severe or devastating effects if left unchecked (In Healey, 2015). Depression is a mental disorder like any other and should be no cause for alarm. What is important is that necessary and timely action is taken before the condition reaches unprecedented scales. Doctors and therapists advise that should any of the symptoms as mentioned earlier be observed, relatives and colleagues of the depression person should act promptly address the causative agents or seek therapy and treatment before the situation aggravates (In Healey, 2015). Summary of the Brochure The brochure offers insightful information regarding depression, the telltale signs and questions caretakers should ask the therapist or the doctor. It advises that after seeing symptoms such as irritability, feeling of worthlessness, guilt, loss of appetite and disinterest in activities once enjoyed, poor sleep, among other unusual signs, the caretaker should consider treatment of therapy for the patient (Amazon.com (Firm), 2012). It explains that depression can affect people of all ages, irrespective of class, sex, or religion. It also offers self-help information for people thinking about death or those who have become suicidal. For instance, the brochure advises that they could call 800-273, or visit www.suicideprevention.org (In Healey, 2015). They...
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...PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY Most important person and what they believed: Carl Rogers created Person-Centered Therapy in the 1940’s. Rogers humanistic approach was revolutionary in shifting the mainstream ideology of psychoanalytic and behavior counseling modalities to a client-based approach. Although this counseling modality was initially called nondirective counseling and underwent four main development/evolutionary stages, Rogers maintained his belief that it is ultimately up to the client, not the therapist, to become the agent needed for self-change. Rogers was a humanist who believed that people are ultimately trustworthy, they have the potential to understand themselves and resolve their own problems, and much of the clients’ ability to change lies in the relationship found between they client and the counselor. Philosophy: The main philosophy behind Person-Centered Therapy is that the client is capable of becoming fully functioning individual, whom is responsible for creating change to help resolve issues they face in their lives; people can worked toward self-awareness and self-healing, without the direct influence and techniques used by a therapist. Person-Centered Therapy treats every client as a unique individual and has respect for the client’s subjective world. This approach also believes if a person enters into a positive, genuine relationship with a counselor, every person attains a natural potential to actualize and finding meaning in their life. The client-therapist...
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...Hypokalemia Interventions Medical therapies: Diet therapy: 1) Increase potassium in the diet. Used only in mild deficits or prevention of deficits. (Twenty inches of bananas yields 20 mEqs of potassium.) 2) Give salt substitute that contains potassium for prevention Drug therapy: 1) IV fluids with KCl · Should be on a pump · Will cause vein irritation and phlebitis · Never given IV push · No more than 20 mEqs/hr 2) Oral KCl Other nursing interventions 1) Monitor manifestations 2) Assess for complications 1. Assess for and report signs and symptoms of third-spacing: A. ascites B. dyspnea and diminished or absent breath sounds C. evidence of vascular depletion (e.g. postural hypotension; weak, rapid pulse; decreased urine output) D. chest x-ray results showing pleural effusion. 2. Monitor serum albumin levels. Report below-normal levels (low serum albumin levels result in fluid shifting out of vascular space because albumin normally maintains plasma colloid osmotic pressure). 3. Implement measures to prevent further third-spacing and/or promote mobilization of fluid back into vascular space: A. encourage client to rest periodically in a recumbent position if tolerated (lying flat promotes venous return and results in lower venous hydrostatic pressure with subsequent reshifting of fluid back into vascular space) B. administer albumin infusions if ordered to increase colloid osmotic pressure C. perform actions to decrease pancreatic stimulation...
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...There are several advantages of group therapy which includes, socialization, validation, and normalization of group member’s problems and concerns, along with receiving help from the therapist and other group members. The group approach in the treatment setting is a powerful vehicle that provides helper-therapy, group members see that they share similar experiences and feelings as others, and that they are not alone. Group therapy is extremely therapeutic in the treatment of those with substance dependence when group members gain mutual aid from the group process by successfully supporting each other in the healing process, it also helps individuals in the group find freedom through the benefits of sharing similarities of the difficulties each group member faces. Through...
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...HERBAL THERAPY Introduction Herbs are plants that have acquired some inherent value to humans. There is a certain power with the use of herbs because it is primarily intended to alleviate and provide quality of health. Three values that I found relevant with this book that I believe will also be beneficial for others to read is its medicinal property and edibility. All plants have the potential to fall into the one or all of these categories. Contrary to popular belief, the study of plants is not a pseudo-science. This belief perpetuates the idea that herbs need not be taken seriously. However, the study of herbs as a science, along with mushrooms and algae can safeguard human wellbeing when utilizing these plants. It is not my intent to promote DXN membership and business opportunities but to share the wealth of knowledge derived from the therapeutic health supplements for human wellness. Defining Herbotherapy Herbotherapy is a broad term used to refer to any type of healthcare treatment using fresh or dried herbs that also includes mushrooms or fungi such as the Ganoderma and the algae Spirulina. It is also known as a "natural" drug because they are derived from nature. This is unlike pharmaceutical drugs, which are synthesized from chemicals. The combination of all these elements from nature provides medicinal value in treating illnesses and diseases. Herbal medicine dates back more than 4,000 years ago from the healing traditions of the Chinese...
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