...Edward Jenner was a country doctor who at the age of fourteen was apprenticed to a local surgeon (Edward Jenner). Edward Jenner was the first person to discover a vaccine that would cure smallpox, as well as be able to prove it more than once (Famous). Due to Edward Jenner’s discovery of a safer way to immunize patients, any other method of treating smallpox was banned (Trueman). Modern health care now uses vaccines to protect individuals from disease rather than any other method because it is now the safer and more effective way. Jenner laid the foundation of modern health care with his discovery in the curing of the epidemic disease known as smallpox. Jenner’s first patient was an eight year old boy named James Phipps (James Phipps). He...
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...On May 14, 1796 Edward Jenner tested his vaccine. Edward Jenner was known as the “Father of Immunology” due to his discovery of the smallpox vaccine. Edward Anthony Jenner was an english scientist(www.famousscientist.org). Jenner was able to use his observation skills, notice a small detail and create a vaccine for a disease that killed almost 300 million people. Therefore, Edward Jenner is remembered to save more lives than any other medical doctors. Edward Jenner was born to Stephen Jenner and Sarah Jenner on May 17, 1749. Jenner’s father was a preacher for the parish and he “passed away when Jenner was 5 years old” (www.famousscientist.org). Following his father's passing, Edward was taken care of by his mother and his brothers and sisters. As a young child, Edward would wander around and observe plants, animals, and collect fossils. Edward was able to go to school at the age of 8, as he was going to school he decided that he wanted to become a doctor. Edward received “training at Chipping Sodbury, he was an apprentice for Daniel Ludlow, a surgeon.(www.famousscientist.org). In 1770, after 7 years of studying under...
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...Modern immunology is so far advanced from what it used to be. As a result, people can live longer lives. When the Black Plague was around, it killed by the thousands. It is in human nature to want to live longer. By studying diseases and our bodies’ reactions to them, ways are created to battle them and in some cases eradicate them. With Smallpox, Edward Jenner pioneered the first vaccine using an active but less deadly disease. He discovered that people who had contracted cow pox at some point never contracted Smallpox. He then researched this theory and started injecting people with the cow pox virus. He faced many adversaries who claimed that he was wrong. They said they found cases where they had contracted Smallpox even after having cow...
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...chickens with an attenuated form of cholera and then demonstrated how the chickens were immune to the fully virulent strain of cholera. This allowed to Pasteur to realize that exposure to weakened strains of a disease could cause immunity against that disease. After recognizing this, Pasteur attempted to create a vaccine for anthrax. Pasteur obtained cultures of the anthrax bacterium and then conducted an experiment involving farm animals; the results of which was the immunization of 70 animals. The success of his experiment attested that exposure to a weakened strain of a disease could lead to immunity. During Pasteur’s life, he was able to expand on Jenner’s work and provide explanations for aspects of vaccination that Jenner was not able to. The impact of the vaccine has been unparalleled in history. In the past two hundred years, many vaccines have been created by applying Jenner and Pasteur’s work. Extraordinarily, atments before, now have vaccinations. The World Health Organization states that vaccinations save approximately 2.5 million lives every year from diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and measles. Every day, scientists make progress in improving vaccines and creating new ones. Vaccinations have changed medicine by providing cures for previously terminal diseases and by saving millions of...
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...Vaccines have double the human life expectancy for over 150 years and have eradicated diseases like smallpox and soon polio could be the next disease to be eradicated from the world. The concept of vaccines has existed around the world for hundreds of years. One of the first methods of vaccinations was known as, variolation (Nazarko, 2013). Variolation was popular in China as well as other countries in the Middle East during the 10th century. Asians and Middle Eastern people collected samples of dry tissues from the scabs of smallpox survivors and would put it into healthy people’s bodies. The process of variolation consisted of making a wound on a person’s arm and inserting the dry tissues scabs in the wound to contract the virus and obtain...
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...In 1840 the young Louis acquired his Bachelor of Arts degree and two years later in 1842, his bachelor’s in science, at the École Normale Supérieure. In 1848 he shortly worked as a professor of physics, and a year later became a professor of chemistry at the University of Strasbourg. At this university he met and later married Marie Laurent, whom he had 5 children with. Sadly of his five children only two of them lived all the way to adulthood, the others killed by a disease called typhoid. This is actually the reason that Pasteur decided to try to find cures for the multiple diseases that had killed his children. Pasteur has had many impacts on biology, such as pasteurization and certain cures for diseases and vaccines. Focusing on pasteurization, he was faced with a problem nobody could seem to answer. Why did some wine go bad and why didn’t some? He sought to find the answer to this question. Looking at the ‘bad’ wine through a microscope revealed many germs within the wine. In order to kill these germs within the ‘bad’ wine he attempted to boil the wine and then cool it down. This method was successful and like many other narcissistic scientists he named it after himself, Pasteurization. Furthermore he wanted to...
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...Health care has always been a growing industry from discovering new illnesses and new vaccines. I will create a Health Care Hall of Fame Museum. In this museum I will have five exhibits that have changed health care, which include: the discovery of germs, vaccines, surgery, childbirth, and Medicare. I will give a brief description of each exhibit and their role in health care. Germs Louis Pasteur, born in Dole, a small town in eastern France had an interest in scientific subjects. In 1847, he received his doctoral degree. Pasteur believed that if germs were the cause of fermentation they could also be the cause of contagious diseases. He began to develop the Germ Theory of Disease, and eventually, developed vaccinations. In 1881, Pasteur successfully developed and introduced to the public his anthrax vaccine. In 1855, He launched one of his most famous developments – a vaccine against rabies. Soon after the vaccines were tested and were successful, the Pasteur Institute was built in Paris to treat victims with rabies and other diseases. Vaccines Vaccines in the United States, Edward Jenner created the world’s first vaccine for smallpox. Edward Jenner, worked in a rural society most of his patients were farmers or worked on farms. In 1796 he created the world’s first vaccine for smallpox. In the 18th century smallpox as one of the most deadliest and persistent human diseases. The main treatment developed by Jan Ingenhaus, involved scratching the vein of a healthy person...
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...Despite evidence of vaccine research in ancient manuscripts, it has not been until the past few centuries that vaccines have truly flourished, undoubtedly revolutionizing health on a global scale. This glory, however was not an easy feat. Initially vaccines faced much criticism as people were clouded with fear of the unknown. Cartoonist James Gilray sketched a powerful cartoon in 1802 which portrayed this sentiment. His cartoon depicted a room full of mutilated people with snouts for noses, hooves instead of hands and their long and flaccid ears. In short, these people were turning into cows. Also illustrated in the center of Gilray’s cartoon was a doctor holding a syringe and gazing into the distance: Edward Jenner. People felt that vaccines were so absurd and dangerous that they were capable of transmute a human being. Jenner’s cowpox vaccine eventually permitted the elimination of smallpox off the face of the earth. In modern day, this ignorant fear seems rather amusing hence in most parts of the world, we have become accustomed to the method and reason of science. Although we do not possess the fear that a vaccine can turn people into cows, we do possess another fear: the fear of...
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...U.S. Government on Mandatory Vaccination What are vaccines? Vaccines contain a mixture of sugars, proteins, and certain chemicals that all serve a purpose in neutralizing the severely weakened or dead virus within. They are substances that are typically injected subcutaneously under the skin to trigger a bodily response. This response activates the creation of antibodies against the foreign compounds, which then leads to immunization from the desired disease. Although the modern story of vaccination began with Edward Jenner’s approach of introducing already infected material to a healthy subject to protect against smallpox, the idea dates as far back as 1000 B.C. in China. Before agreeing to the label of vaccination, it was generally termed inoculation. It was Jenner’s 1796 research that became the base for which smallpox ultimately became eradicated in the United States. Today we strive to advance our understanding of vaccinations to build a future free from diseases such as HIV, malaria, dengue, and RSV. Today, the government and its schools hold considerable responsibility in the control of preventable diseases. The initial mandatory vaccination laws were passed by Massachusetts in the early 1850’s. The vaccine law transpired because of the new mandatory school attendance law. It was passed in order to keep the growing number of school students safe from disease, and to halt the advancement of smallpox. Vaccines were never collectively respected though. The CDC (1)...
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...(“For Health Care Professionals” 2). It is completely unacceptable to have an outbreak of a disease that is almost completely preventable and was eliminated from the United States 15 years ago. In order to protect citizens against communicable diseases, it should be mandatory for almost everyone to receive vaccinations. There are two types of immunizations: active and passive. The more common of the two is the active immunization, which stimulates the body’s immune system to fabricate a defense against a disease-causing microorganism (“Immunization” 1). The first recorded active immunization was Edward Jenner’s use of the cowpox virus to produce immunity to smallpox in 1796 (Riedel 5). Currently, any formulation containing a microorganism for the purpose of immunization is referred to as a vaccine. A population is fully protected from a disease when herd immunity has been reached ("Herd Immunity — History of Vaccines." 1). Herd immunity is when those who cannot become vaccinated are indirectly protected by the large, vaccinated percentage...
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...Vaccinations: A Practice of Public Safety Vaccinations: A Practice of Public Safety Since their first introduction in the late 1700s, vaccinations have been a controversial topic of discussion. Vaccines are a safe and effective way to prevent the spread of disease. Although we can attribute the eradication and control of many diseases to vaccinations, there are still many Americans who are refusing to vaccinate their children based on their belief in a few unfounded fears. Most of these fears that the anti vaccine community believes are centered around the health risks involved with the practice of vaccinating. The majority of these fears have been disproven through extensive research. With the continued research and innovations of the leading scientists in vaccines, vaccines will become safer and more readily available to people around the world. Vaccinating is the most effective way to keep the public healthy by preventing and eliminating diseases and by preventing future outbreaks. Before the Scientist Edward Jenner introduced vaccines, it was a common to hear about deaths from diseases such as Smallpox, Rubella, Polio, Measles, Tetanus, and Diphtheria. Once these diseases were introduced into a community, they seemed to spread quickly, taking many victims with them. Today, because of the implementation of vaccines, this is a very uncommon occurrence. Hearing about someone being infected with these diseases is rare, and hearing about a death due to these diseases is even...
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...helminths) and the viruses, which are microscopic but not cellular. While bacteria and archaea are classed as prokaryotes (Gr. pro-before+ karyon-nucleus) the fungi, algae, protozoa and helminths are eukaryotes (Gr. eu-true or good+ karyon-nucleus). Microorganisms are present everywhere on earth, which includes humans, animals, plants and other living creatures, soil,water and atmosphere. Microorganisms are relevant to all of our lives in a multitude of ways. Sometimes, the influence of microorganisms on human life is beneficial, whereas at other times, it is detrimental. For example, microorganisms are required for the production of bread, cheese, yogurt, alcohol, wine, beer, antibiotics (e.g., penicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol), vaccines, vitamins, enzymes and many more important products as shown in the Tables 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3. Many products of microbes contribute to public health as aids to nutrition, other products are used to interrupt the spread of...
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...Epidemiology Paper Epidemiology has become the method of choice for public health research. The patterns and trends and cause and effects of health affecting phenomena identified by epidemiology are instrumental in predicting risk factors e.g.; development of treatment strategies to prevent or contain diseases. Epidemiology estimates have changed over time related to changes in the definition and diagnosis of diseases. Epidemiology is practiced as a broad scientific discipline that addresses occurrences of diseases and distribution of health status of populations. Integration of casual concepts at the clinical, social and environmental levels will allow faculty to work to maintain an intellectual environment that will facilitate the integration of biological, social and, analytical approaches of epidemiology. This type of environment allows faculty and students to develop the knowledge to fully appreciate the complexities of biosocial system to understand, modify, and use this information to maximum potential. The focus of this paper will be on immigrant/migrants as a vulnerable population with emphasis on infectious disease a major health concern. The paper will define epidemiology and identify steps and methods of the type of epidemiology and examines relationships of illnesses and education related to infectious diseases. Epidemiology defined Stanhope & Lancaster (2008) defines epidemiology as “the study of the distribution and determination of health- related states...
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...Question 1 How do you choose a good research topic? Answer to Q.1 HOW TO CHOOSE A GOOD RESEARCH TOPIC There is a plethora of research topics a researcher could choose from. It is however very imperative to understand that not all research topics are necessarily good and “researchable”. Some research topics may be very interesting and researchable for one researcher but it may not be advisable for another researcher to undertake studies on a related topic. A researcher must make a lot of considerations and should be guided by certain factors in order to arrive at a good researchable topic. The researcher can be guided by the following criteria in trying to choose a good research topic. Interest in a particular topic or “problem area” Soliciting ideas from other people (brainstorming) Relevance of the study Review of work done already on the topic (to avoid duplication of research) Political acceptability of the study Urgency of data required Feasibility of the study Ethical or moral issues Interest in a Particular Topic or “Problem Area” The topic a researcher chooses to study must be one he has a good deal of interest in. There is more motivation to conduct research in an area where there is genuine interest than in one where there is none. It is difficult to sustain consistent progress in that topic where the researcher has little or no interest at all. Thus, without a topic of interest the researcher will have difficulties completing the study in a good...
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