...The Effects of Peroxidase on Enzyme Activity Gianna Crowe Bio Lab 117 October 16th, 2014 Most enzymes are proteins that speed up reactions and are characterized as catalysts. Enzymes work in such a way that when the right chemicals of a molecule are present for the enzyme, it will fully fit the shape. The part of the particular shape is called the active site of the enzyme, since this is where the reaction occurs. The molecule that the enzyme works on is called the substrate. An enzyme reaction includes a substrate (substance) that is converted to another product. The unique shape of the active site of the enzyme allows it to bind with only certain kinds of molecules, which is the substrate of the enzyme (Strobl 2014). A substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme to form a enzyme-substrate complex for a very short time, this then becomes part of a new formation and a new product of a specific reaction is formed then released freeing the active site, allowing the enzyme to repeatedly bind another substrate. Enzymes are produced by all living things, and are a necessity to life. They are responsible for constructing, synthesizing, carrying, dispensing, delivering, and eliminating the many chemicals associated in living organisms (Colpa 2014). An example for how enzymes work in living organisms would be the process of food digestion, enzymes work to break down food and speed up the digestion process. Factors that affect enzyme activity deal with environmental conditions...
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...specific active site where the substrates attach. Many factors can affect enzyme activity such as temperature, pH, and the presence of inhibitors (John W. Kimball, 2014). The purpose of this lab was to examine factors affecting the enzyme function of peroxidase. In the 19th century French chemist Louis Jacques discovered catalysts. Catalysts are substances that enable a chemical reaction without participating in it, which led to specifically peroxidases. The structure of peroxidase is a very large enzymatic protein, and has complex molecules with complicated shapes involving multiple folding’s. The activity of peroxidase is dependent on pH. It exhibits maximum activity at a pH between 6.5 and 7.0. The activity of the enzyme is reduced when pH levels are increased. Peroxidase promotes the oxidation of various compounds naturally of peroxides, where hydrogen peroxide is reduced to form water (Wikimedia Foundation, 2015). Also peroxidases break compounds down into harmless substances by adding donor molecules. During this lab, the donor molecule used was guaiacol. Guaiacol was used because it changes color after hydrogens are lost. Peroxidase can use a wide variety of donor molecules, and reduce a wide range of peroxides. Peroxidase is found in plants to help minimize damage caused by stress factors. In the lab four stress factors are used, temperature, pH, boiling, and the inhibitor hydroxylamine. Stress factors...
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...Mascarano Biology Lab Fall 2014 Determining the properties of an enzyme Abstract: To determine the properties of an enzyme, a peroxidase, turnip extract is used in this experiment Enzymes are large proteins that are responsible for the speed at which chemical reactions they are involved in taking place. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy of a reaction, the amount of energy necessary to trigger a reaction .Using Peroxidase ,Turnip extract which is expermitnatal easy to prepare and examime that is This experiment determines the effects that concentration temperature, ph, boiling have on an enzymes ability to perform its work. It is hypothesized that none of these variables will have any effect on the activity of the enzyme. Introduction : This expermient with present various temperates and ph levels to be teste in order to determine the properties of an enzyme. An enzyme is a protein that acts as a catalyst, that changes the rate of a reaction with no help of energy. Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction the amount of energy necessary to trigger a reaction. Most enzymes are proteins that have a unique shapes which are determined by their amino acid sequences.The shape of the enzyme called the active site determines its catalytic effects. The active site of each type of a unique shape that allows the enzyme to bind with only certain kinds of enzymes called the substrate. Smaller molecules are...
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...Toxicology and Industrial Health http://tih.sagepub.com Mercury vapor inhalation and its effect on glutathione peroxidase in goldsmiths exposed occupationally K. Jayaprakash Toxicol Ind Health 2009; 25; 463 originally published online Jul 31, 2009; DOI: 10.1177/0748233709106769 The online version of this article can be found at: http://tih.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/25/7/463 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Toxicology and Industrial Health can be found at: Email Alerts: http://tih.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://tih.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav Citations http://tih.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/25/7/463 Downloaded from http://tih.sagepub.com at SAGE Publications on November 9, 2009 Mercury vapor inhalation and its effect on glutathione peroxidase in goldsmiths exposed occupationally K Jayaprakash Toxicology and Industrial Health 25(7) 463–465 ª The Author(s) 2009 Reprints and permission: http://www. sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermission.nav DOI: 10.1177/0748233709106769 tih.sagepub.com Abstract In the gold ornaments manufacturing cottage industries, the gold metal grain dust waste particles are recovered from mercury (Hg) amalgam. The results on air samples from these industries during the recovery process have shown a high prevalence of Hg vapor (42.7 mg/m3). The blood concentration...
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...Effects of Vitamin Water on Peroxidase Activity Levels in Radishes Abstract: In this experiment, two radishes were treated with almost all factors the same; they received the same amount of sunlight and were watered at the same time. However one radish, the control, was watered with regular water and the other radish with Vitamin Water. It was hypothesized that the radish that had been watered with Vitamin Water would have higher peroxidase activity levels because it was under more stress than the plant that was watered with water. Through the use of such techniques as tissue prints, dot-blot assays, electrophoretic analysis, and spectrophotometric assays, peroxidase activity levels were visualized and quantified. The results were as expected; the tissue from the plant that had been treated with Vitamin Water was more purple on the tissue prints and it was spectrophotometrically determined that the plant that had been treated with Vitamin water had a higher amount of peroxidase activity than the one that was treated with water. The results proved that the hypothesis was correct; stress on a plant, Vitamin Water in this case, causes higher levels of peroxidase activity. Introduction: Peroxidases are enzymes that use hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor to catalyze oxidative reactions. Peroxidase is believed to play a major role in synthesizing cell walls, preventing toxins and responding to stress. It is responsible for the purple color that is seen throughout the experiments...
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...other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons from a substance to an oxidizing agent. Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals, which start chain reactions that damage cells). Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation reactions by being oxidized themselves. As a result, antioxidants are often reducing agents such as thiols, ascorbic acid or polyphenols.[1] Although oxidation reactions are crucial for life, they can also be damaging; hence, plants and animals maintain complex systems of multiple types of antioxidants, such as glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E as well as enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase and various peroxidases. Low levels of antioxidants, or inhibition of the antioxidant enzymes, cause oxidative stress and may damage or kill cells. As oxidative stress might be an important part of many human diseases, the use of antioxidants in pharmacology is intensively studied, particularly as treatments for stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. However, it is unknown whether oxidative stress is the cause or the consequence of disease. Antioxidants are also widely used as ingredients in dietary supplements in the hope of maintaining health and preventing diseases such as cancer and coronary heart disease. Although initial studies suggested that antioxidant supplements might promote health, later large clinical trials did not detect any benefit and suggested...
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...of Helianthus annuus L. N. AKILA and T. JEYADOSS* Department of Chemistry and Biosciences, Srinivasa Ramanujan Centre, SASTRA University, Kumbakonam - 612 001 (India). (Received: September 03, 2010; Accepted: October 11, 2010) ABSTRACT A field experiment was carried out during the chithiraipattam (April-May) in India in 2010 to study the effects of foliar applications of different concentrations of seaweed liquid fertilizer (SLF) of Sargassum wightii on growth, biochemical constituents and antioxidant enzymes of Helianthus annuus L. to explore the possibilities of reducing or avoiding chemical fertilizers and to obtain the highest growth and productive parameters. The foliar spray was given twice in 15days interval at two concentrations (2.5%, 5.0%) of SLF. The aqueous extract of Sargassum wightii was found to promote almost all the parameters such as shoot length, root length, leaf length, leaf breadth, fresh weight, dry weight and number of leaves. The biochemical contents such as chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, carbohydrate, total phenols and antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were also found to be higher in the leaves. Among the two concentrations 2.5% was found to produce better results in almost all the parameters. The results revealed that foliar application of seaweed extract could be a promising option for pollution free non toxic growth enhancement of Helianthus annuus L. Key words: Sargassum wightii...
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...What Is Selenium? Selenium (Se) is a trace mineral that is required by the human body and is of fundamental importance in ensuring good health. Selenium was discovered in 1817 by Jons Berzelius and takes its name from the Greek word Selene (the goddess of the moon). Until recently, selenium was a little-known trace mineral. International research on Selenium has established that it is an essential component of the human diet in the sustaining of good health and general well-being because of its protective and preservative characteristics. It has also been found that selenium deficiency may lead to increased susceptibility to disease and ill health. Organic And Inorganic Selenium Explained Selenium exists in two chemical forms in nature, Organic Selenium and Inorganic Selenium. Inorganic Selenium can be found in different minerals in the form of selenite, selenate and selenide as well as in metallic form. In contrast, in vegetable feed Organic Selenium is an integral part of amino acids. Therefore, in nature animals receive selenium mainly in the organic form. Research had shown that Organic Selenium is far more beneficial for us as our body absorbs and retain Organic Selenium at a better rate. Organic Selenium vs Inorganic Selenium Organic Selenium Inorganic Selenium • Exists in the form of seleno-amino acids, i.e. selenomethionine. • Exists in the form of mineral salt. • Is actively absorbed by amino acid routes. • Is passively absorbed from the small intestine. • More...
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...activity of enzymes is affected by the concentration of enzymes current and the concentration of substrate current. As the amount of enzyme present increases, the rate of reaction increases. Most enzymes need specific environmental conditions to be met in order for them to function properly and efficiently. These conditions include the pH level, temperature, and the inhibitor. If the ideal conditions for an enzyme are altered, the enzyme may denature, or change its shape, resulting in deactivation. As a result, the enzyme activity would be that it would no longer be able to catalyze the reaction, and the reaction rate would significantly decrease. Methods and Materials: * Temperature effects: The materials that were used to determine the effects of temperature on peroxidase activity were 9 test tubes labeled 1-9, a spectrophotometer, and four different water bath at four different temperatures which were approximately 4 degrees C, at room temp (23 degrees C), at 32 degrees C, and at 48 degrees C. The...
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...PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE FRUITS OF THE PINEAPPLE [ANANAS COMOSUS (L.) MERR.] WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PHYSIOLOGICAL BREAKDOWN ERSTON V. MILLER Received July 17, 1950 Introduction Physiological breakdown of the fruits of the pineapple [Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.] is characterized by a darkening of the flesh of the fruitlets, beginning near their attachment to the core in a region an inch or two above the base of the fruit. The-disorder progresses upward and outward, subsequently involving all of the fruitlet except the ovary and a layer approximately one quarter inch deep below the skin. Only in advanced stages do the surface of the fruit and the core become involved. Hence in most fruits there may be no external symptoms of the disorder. Severe cases of physiological breakdown are frequently discovered in pineapples that appear normal and attractive from the exterior. The disorder is not a form of over-ripeness as is true of "internal breakdown" of apples. One of the commonest causes of physiological breakdown is exposure of the fruits to relatively low temperatures. The disorder has been observed in Florida in the fruits that were induced to ripen during the winter months by forcing the bloom with acetylene gas during "off season." Physiological breakdown has been reported to occur under similar conditions in Australia (3). Also pineapples harvested during the summer months may develop breakdown during storage or transit if holding temperatures are...
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...Research Proposal MSc Part 2 Sem 3 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. Akshay L. Shettigar has satisfactorily completed his proposal entitled “Biodegradation study of Triphenylmethane dye Crystal Violet by bacterium isolated from textile effluent.” for the year 2014-2015. Signature of the Project guide Signature of the Examiner (Prof. Mrs Radhika Birmole) Date and college Stamp Signature of the H.O.D. Proposal (i) Project Title: Biodegradation study of Triphenylmethane dye Crystal Violet by bacterium isolated from textile effluent. (ii) Introduction: Synthetic dyes are extensively used in textile dyeing, paper printing, colour photography, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and other industries [1]. Over ten thousand different dyes with an annual production of over 7x105 metric tons worldwide are commercially available [2]. 2% of dyes that are produced are discharged directly in aqueous effluent and 10% are subsequently lost during the textile coloration process [3]. Major classes of synthetic dyes include azo, triphenylmethane and anthraquinone dyes, some of them are known to be very toxic and mutagenic to living organism. With the increasing use of wide variety of dyes pollution by dye-waste water is becoming increasingly alarming. Colour removal, in particular, has recently become a major scientific interest. Although several...
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...sugar sucrose, a polysaccharide. Taking advantage of the bimolecular interactions that sugars have with particular enzymes, these substances can be oxidized and converted into other useful byproducts. In this experiment, the concentration of glucose will be determined in solutions containing diluted Gatorade and enzyme mix, among other contributing reagents. The role of the enzyme mix is to provide a way to accurately measure the glucose. The enzymes used, glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase, are ideal for this experiment due to their selective nature of binding to particular molecules that fit them. The byproducts produced from the enzymatic reactions provide a component (ferricyanide), who’s absorbance is then measurable through spectrophotometry. Spectrophotometry involves the passing of light through a substance to measure the resulted intensity that passed completely through. Changes in temperature, reaction time, and volume of enzyme mix will also be examined to observe the effect of each on the resulting glucose...
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...Beijing, China; the Division of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and the Department of Animal Science and Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA Radiation hazards in outer space present an enormous challenge for the biological safety of astronauts. A deleterious effect of radiation is the production of reactive oxygen species, which result in damage to biomolecules (e.g., lipid, protein, amino acids, and DNA). Understanding free radical biology is necessary for designing an optimal nutritional countermeasure against space radiation–induced cytotoxicity. Free radicals (e.g., superoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radicals) and other reactive species (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, and hypochlorous acid) are produced in the body, primarily as a result of aerobic metabolism. Antioxidants (e.g., glutathione, arginine, citrulline, taurine, creatine, selenium, zinc, vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin A, and tea polyphenols) and antioxidant enzymes (e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidases) exert synergistic actions in scavenging free radicals. There has been growing evidence over the past three decades showing that malnutrition (e.g., dietary deficiencies of protein, selenium, and zinc) or excess of certain nutrients (e.g., iron and vitamin C) gives rise to the oxidation of biomolecules and cell injury. A large body of the literature supports...
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...Summer Project Report Study of MDA (malondialdehyde) as abiotic stress marker in CSV-17 variety of Sorghum bicolor. Submitted in partial fullfilement of the requirement for B.Tech. Biotechnology Semester VII AMITY INSTITUTE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AMITY UNIVERSITY RAJASTHAN JAIPUR 2011 Supervised by: Dr Ajit Kumar Sr. Research Officer S.P. Institute of Biotechnology, Jaipur Submitted by: Ravi Pareek DECLARATION I hereby declare that the project report entitled “Study of MDA (malondialdehyde) as abiotic stress marker in CSV-17 variety of Sorghum bicolor” is a record of the work compiled by me under the supervision and guidance of Dr. Ajit Kumar, S.P. Institute of Biotechnology, Jaipur as a part of my 45 days summer training. Ravi Pareek (B.TECH-BIOTECHNOLOGY) (AUR0821094) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all with due regard to my respective god with whose kindness and blessing we could be able to accomplish the task of training. Mr. Sourabh Pareek, for his kind permission to allow me to undergo my major project at S. P. Institute of Biotechnology, Jaipur. I am overwhelmed with rejoice to take this opportunity to evince my profound sense of reverence and gratitude to my esteemed supervisor respective Dr. Ajit Kumar, for giving his regular advice and excellent suggestion which have helped us for completing the study. His regular assistance and guidance really helped me to bring formidable task in successful manner. Sincere thanks to Dr. Sonali Jana and Dr. Neha Upreti for their cooperation...
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...decades so that urea is one of the most important industrial nitrogen fertilizers and new urea–ammonia fertilizer plants have been built recently, for instance in India. Human urine is a natural resource, which is available in all human societies even in the poorest ones which can be used as a natural fertilizer. Urine contain rich plant nutrients, since the human kidney is the main excretory organ and thus urine contains most of the nutrients present in human food which have not been utilized for new cell growth or energy consumption. In the present study two plant materials were selected- Solanum lycopersicum and Capsicum sp. In this study, soil analysis as well as estimation of protein, ascorbic acid, proline and Ascorbate Peroxidase enzyme (APX) for the two study materials grown with different concentrations of human urine fertilizer was done. Plant growth and morphological studies of the plants under investigation were observed. The soil analysis for Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium, Electrical Conductivity and pH were also carried out before and after the fertilizer treatment. After the fertilizer treatment...
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