...Int. J. of Human Resource Management 18:1 January 2007 147– 158 HRM practices in Egypt: the influence of national context? Mike Leat and Ghada El-Kot Abstract In this paper we present the findings of a study which collected data on a range of HRM practices normally used in 58 Egyptian organizations operating in Egypt. The range of practices is concerned with job descriptions, recruitment and selection, training and development, compensation, performance appraisal and employment security. We examine and discuss these practices in the Egyptian context. The dimensions of the Egyptian environment which we examine include: the socio-cultural context, Islam, the vocational education and training system and elements of the economic and legal environment. The practices and approaches being used by the sample organizations appear to be the product of both culture bound and culture free influences. The main contributions of the study are that it provides much needed information on the HRM practices and approaches being adopted by Egyptian-owned organizations in the early part of the 21st century and provides support for the influence of national context on the HRM practices pursued by indigenous organizations. Keywords Egypt; HRM practices; Islam; institutional context; culture. Introduction: HRM practices and national context Against a background of the increasing internationalization of business, globalization of markets and cross-national activity by multinational...
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...status. Data analyzed according to frequency types of refusal strategies and interlocutor's social status. I prefer this article because it is very useful for my topic. The author found that Iraqi EFL learners are apt to express refusals with care and/or caution represented by using more statements of reason/explanation, statements of regret, wish and refusal adjuncts in their refusals than Americans. Americans are more sensitive to their interlocutor's higher and equal status, whereas Iraqi EFL learners to lower status. The study is suitable for the topic I chose for its valuable information. 2. Article 2 Al-Khatani, S., A., W. (2005). Refusals Realizations in Three Different Cultures: A Speech Act Theoretically-based Cross-cultural Study, Journal King Saud University, 18, 35-57. In this paper, the researcher assumes differences in the ways people from different cultural backgrounds perform refusals even while using the same linguistic code (i.e. English). Three groups of subjects, Americans, Arabs and Japanese are compared in the ways they perform refusals...
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...Champollion (Champollion le jeune; 23 December 1790 – 4 March 1832) was a French scholar, philologist and orientalist, known primarily as the decipherer of Egyptian hieroglyphs and a founding figure in the field of Egyptology. A child prodigy in philology, he gave his first public paper on the decipherment of Demotic in 1806, and already as a young man held many posts of honor in scientific circles, and spoke Coptic and Arabic fluently. During the early 19th-century French culture experienced a period of 'Egyptomania', brought on by Napoleon's discoveries in Egypt during his campaign there (1798–1801) which also brought to light the trilingual Rosetta Stone. Scholars debated the age of Egyptian civilization and the function and nature of hieroglyphic script, which language if any it recorded, and the degree to which the signs were phonetic (representing speech sounds) or ideographic (recording semantic concepts directly). Many thought that the script was only used for sacred and ritual functions, and that as such it was unlikely to be decipherable since it was tied to esoteric and philosophical ideas, and did not record historical information. The significance of Champollion's decipherment was that he showed these assumptions to be wrong, and made it possible to begin to retrieve many kinds of information recorded by the ancient Egyptians....
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...influence trade between them. The approach used is one of situational analysis by looking at how the relationship has been over the past ten years, the current situation, and what is expected in the next one decade. Main problem were also analyzed in this report which includes cultural issues affecting trade, mutual interests, education and the fact that mutual respect plays a pivotal role in allowing the relationship to flourish. These changes are revised over time to enable the international relations not to be affected by adverse global developments. Ensuring a stable state of political affairs in Egypt shall be imperative in ensuring the relations do not deteriorate. The training that Canada appropriates for Egyptian diplomats should be given more emphasis. Egyptian borders should be rendered impervious to the ISIS onslaught. Table of Contents Introduction 4 Issues Affecting Business Relations between Canada and Egypt 4 Mutual Respect, Mutual Benefit 4 Common Interests 4 Changes over the Past Decade 5 Disarmament 5 La Francophonie 5 Other Areas of Cooperation 6 2025 Outlook 6 La Francophonie 6 Cultural Exchange 6 Recommendations 7 Political Stability 7 Middle East Tensions 7 Conclusion 7 References 8 Appendix 9 Introduction: How the Relationship between Canada and Egypt has developed, the Current Situation...
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...“The Facebook Revolution”: Social Networking Sites and the correlation with The January 25 Revolution. 1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Information and communication technology increasing with the growing variety of Internet based applications. This new media is not only "library information" to facilitate the dissemination of information to a universal audience, but even more than that. This media is also a powerful tool for communication activities. Furthermore, with Web 2.0 technology, design and use of the Internet has changed much work to do with this new media that Levinson (2009) call this "new new media"- more new than the new media- which shows variances against the classic new media such as e-mail and websites. This media is not merely a tool to facilitate distribution, archiving and text-based, but has become a tool for social media who have the capability delivering media content and providing interaction facilities between readers and writers. Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein (2010) define social media as "a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0 and that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content (photos, videos, links, etc.)." In addition, it is also one of the latest communication channels that enable dissemination and sharing of information can be done quickly and widely through the new media. Undeniably, the year 2008 is seen as...
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...What is the Racial Project in Egypt? Introduction: Our research paper will be based on the racial project in Egypt, and how people are acting upon this racial project without even realizing it. A lot of people don’t usually realize when and how they are being racist against an Egyptian person who is considered one of their own. Egyptians tend to think they are the nicest and least racists of all people around the world, but after conducting our research we will begin to discover whether or not this is the case. After conducting research and observations, we came across the fact that the Egyptian people differentiate each other under the categories of religion. There are only two types of religions identified by the Egyptian government and are written in ID cards, those two religions are Islam and Christianity. Even though, there are some Egyptians who believe in other types of religions, the government does not recognize these religions, so they cannot be identified with what they believe in. So, what happens is that they are forced to be identified as either a Muslim or a Christian in their ID’s whether they believe in either form of religion because the Egyptian government and its people base religion as one of the main pillars of society and life and refuse to accept other forms found in Egypt such as Judaism, Baha’i, Atheism and Agnosticism. The question here lies within the context of the people and the government. Why would the government and its people...
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...1)What does the study of humanities involve? What is the relevance of humanities in architecture? 1.The study of humanities involves academic disciplines that study human culture and history. The humanities include ancient and modern languages ,literature, philosophy, religion, and visual and performing arts such as music and theatre. We learn about distant cultures or past cultures. Through the exploration of humanities we learn how to think creatively and critically to reason and ask questions. These efforts preserve the great accomplishments of the past help us understand the world we live in and give us tools to imagine the future. 2.What are the broad divisions of human history? Write a brief on each. Prehistory (meaning "before history", or "before knowledge acquired by investigation", from the Latin word for "before," præ, and historia) is the span of time before recorded history or the invention of writing systems. Prehistory refers to the period of human existence before the availability of those written records with which recorded history begins. More broadly, it can refer to all the time preceding human existence and the invention. The term "prehistory" can refer to the vast span of time since the beginning of the Universe, but more often it refers to the period since life appeared on Earth, or even more specifically to the time since human-like beings appeared.[4][5] In dividing up human prehistory, prehistorians typically use the three-age system, whereas scholars...
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...Compare and contrast essay: Ancient Egypt and Greece The ancient Egyptian and ancient Greek civilizations are two of the oldest known civilizations in our history. The Egyptian civilization, based in the eastern part of North Africa, is believed to have started around 3150 BC and continued till the end of the Pharaoh rule in 31 BC. The ancient Greek civilization is believed to have been in effect from 1100 BC till about 146 BC. Many similarities and differences existed between these two civilizations, as even though they co-existed during a certain timeframe (1150 BC to 146 BC), they were located in different geographical areas. Because of these differences in geography, both these civilizations were subjected to different kinds of exposure, which included contact with other civilization and cultural inheritance. In the political sphere, we find that the Egyptian civilization had stronger emphasis on central authority, while the Greeks had a more decentralized structure, where powers were distributed over the cities and the states as well. As far as art is concerned, we find that the Egyptians were more involved in creating great monumental and gaudy structures, while the Greeks were more involved in creating smaller, more literary pieces of art. One of the biggest reasons why these two civilizations had these differences is due to their geography. The Egyptians had easy access to large stones that they could bring in to their country and use them to erect such monumental...
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...economies, is beginning its transition to a market economy. As a developing nation, Egypt has witnessed several changes in its accounting system during last two decades. This case provides an analysis of the Egyptian accounting system with emphasis on the development of the Egyptian Accounting Standards. In addition, this case makes recommendations for the reformation of the Egyptian accounting system. Keywords: Egypt, International accounting standards, Egyptian accounting standards, Egyptian accounting system, Privatization, Culture The state of accounting, Page 1 Journal of Business Cases and Applications 1. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this case is twofold. The first goal is to present an analysis of the development of the Egyptian accounting system. The second goal is to provide several recommendations to facilitate the Egyptian accounting reformation. Once accounting reformation occurs, Egyptian companies can prepare financial reports that will be of greater benefit than those at present. To Egyptian companies the result will be an increase in foreign investment and funds raised from external sources. With these goals as the objective, Egyptians need to comprehend successful accounting systems and extract that which may be applied to the Egyptian system. The process of accounting reformation in Egypt and the politics of setting standards are the main issues discussed within this case. This case may be used in international accounting courses at both...
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...Measuring customers’ satisfaction with E-government services in Egypt "A case study of E-Education Services" 1 Contents I.Introduction and research problem II.The E-government and customer satisfaction (Theoretical Framework) a- E-government services b- Customer satisfaction c-The relationship between the two concepts Page number 3 4-7 III.Measuring customers’ satisfaction with E-government services in Egypt (A case study on E-education services) a- The Egyptian experience in applying the E-government services. b- The satisfaction of the customers (students) with in E-education services. c- Evaluating of the E- services and addressing the challenges and the opportunities. IV.Conclusion V.References Annex 1- Egypt's short country fact sheets 7-12 13 14-16 17-21 2 I. Introduction E-government is one of the obvious manifestations of the adoption of information and communication technologies in the public work place. It implies the delivery of government services to customers, business partners, government employees, and other government agencies (Deloitte Research, 2000). Elmargamid and McIver (2001) classified E-government services into four levels; one-way information provision, bi-directional information on demand, complex transactional services to the creation of e-customer portals. Examples of these services are vast including; birth and death certificates, property taxes, vehicle taxes, income returns taxes, shop...
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...Reference journal for getting an Idea on how to write the term paper. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management is a semestral, open access scientific journal that publishes theoretical and empirical peer-reviewed articles, which contribute to advance the understanding of phenomena related with all aspects of industrial engineering and industrial management. JIEM includes contributions, but not limited to, in the following fields: (1) Production, Logistics, Quality, and Operational Research; (2) Information Systems, Technology and Communication; (3) Industrial Economics and Regional Development; (4) Management, Organizational Behaviour and Human Resources; (5) Finance, Accounting and Marketing; and (6) Education, Training and Professional Skills. Term Paper can focus on Mapping new frontiers in emerging and developing technology areas in research, industry and governance.. Some Abstracts which emphasis on the Technology and Marketing. These are abstracts of articles which are already published. These are for your reference and you can start working in the same way concentrating on Technology and Marketing. * Trial-and-Error Marketing: The Role of the Customer in Tech Start-ups by Fabian Eggers, Deborah Brown McCabe Abstract: This paper explores the role of a customer- or product-centric focus in young technology firms decision-making and whether the behaviors of these firms differ from textbook marketing. rnData from depth interviews with founders of growth-stage...
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...Cleopatra, the final ruler of Egypt, was an immoral temptress that would let nothing and no one stand in her way of power. Although some believe her to be an intelligent role model in history for women’s rights she was absolutely nothing of the sort. Of course, she was intelligently educated, but she mainly seduced world leaders in order to acclaim the power she thirsted. So basically she was a prostitute that was being paid in power for her services. Not exactly the ideal role model. Cleopatra had an interesting early life. First off, she was born in Egypt in 69 BC. One important fact to note is that she was not even of Egyptian descent; in fact, she was of the Greek lineage. Her ancestor, Ptolemy 1 Soter, happened to be one of Alexander...
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...the Nile River. The land surrounding Egypt is rocky and approximately 4% can be cultivated. (British Broadcasting Corporation, 2010) The Nile River remains gentle bringing fertilized silts to be deposited along the banks of Egypt. Seasonal flood season is July through August and by the end of October the outer banks of the Nile is water soaked. Egyptians tapped into the Nile River resources by building irrigation. Channels, dikes and basins were created in Egypt’s rocky topography to provide needed water for crops. (Orlin, 2010). The Nile’s water allowed barley, wheat and other chosen crops to flourish in the spring. The Nile River’s abundance of water attracted the Egyptians to settle and create an early society. The Nile River is clearly the reason Egyptians were able to flourish. B. The process of diffusion of the chariot. The first chariot is synonymously dated with the origin of the wheel. 2000 BCE the chariot was created as a hunting vessel around the East Ural Mountains. (Plubin, 2013). Transmission of the chariot was driven by fighting and war. In 1800 BCE Syria used chariots as a weapon. Civilizations and cultures followed using chariots as weapons. In 1700 Hittites used the chariot as weapons in their kingdom and in 1650 BCE Egypt lost to the Hyksos army of chariots. Over the years the Middle East, China and Europe proclaimed the chariot as the main weapon of choice. Horses were bred to drive the chariots. The decline in chariots occurred around 500BC. The...
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...Terrorism by the Egyptian Islamic Jihad Brandin P. Lea SCTY 488 – Terrorism and Homeland Security December 26, 2010 Professor Eric Witcher Abstract It has been the case that over the duration that mankind has graced the planet there has been group’s hell bent on enacting their beliefs and values upon the rest of the world. As time has passed there have been many times that these groups have changed the face of the planet permanently. You can look at any organized religious group and see just how they pushed the belief system onto others to spread their ideology. Now, taking into consideration that fundamentalism and militant groups are nothing new, you can see that it still affects society greatly even today. Let us look at the main group I am focusing on in this paper. The Egyptian Islamic Jihad is one of the most influential fundamentalists groups in the Middle East. Similar to other terrorist groups, the religious intensity factor of a particularly violent kind is pointing solely to Islam, even when religious frenzies are spreading remarkably everywhere. A retreat into religion became the way most Islamic communities could be explained, from Saudi Arabia which, with what was supposed to be a peculiarly Islamic logic, refused to ratify the Camp David Accords, all the way to Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Egypt. In this way, researchers underline that the Islamic world is differentiated, in the Western mind generally, in the United States in particular, from regions...
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...Cairo University Faculty of Economics & Political Science Post graduate studies Economic Department Finance for Growth and Role of SMEs An Application to Egyptian Case Prepared by: 1- Amr Hassan Elkady 2- Nashwa Mohamed Hussein Presented to: Prof. Hala El-Saied 2010 In September 2004, the Financial Sector Reform Program was launched and endorsed by the Government of Egypt at the highest political level. The five pillars of the program are reforming the banking sector, restructuring the insurance sector, deepening the capital markets, developing a well functioning mortgage market, and activating other non-bank financial institutions and services. The program aims at improving the soundness of the financial sector and promoting an enabling environment for an efficient, competitive and agile financial system that serves Egypt’s development and growth objectives. The progress and pace of the Egyptian Financial Sector Reform Program have been commended at home and abroad. However, we still have some way to go to fully reform the sector and address its main challenges; one of which is ensuring better access to financial services which is imperative to economic growth and development. Improving access to finance allows businesses, especially small and medium...
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