...Fa"Fad diet" is a term of popular media, not science. Some so-called fad diets may make pseudo-scientific claims. According to one definition, fad diets claim to be scientific but do not follow the scientific method in establishing their validity. What is a fad diet? There are many different definitions of what a fad diet consists of. One definition is any weight loss plan that quickly gains popularity and may become unpopular just as quick. A more specific definition is any weight loss program or aid that promises to produce dramatic weight loss in a very short amount of time. Each type of fad diet varies in the amount of food that is restricted and what types of foods may be restricted. Are fad diets healthy? The basis of these diets is usually a very restricted diet that may even eliminate certain food groups all together. Research has shown that in order to obtain the amount of nutrients our body needs on a daily basis we must consume a balanced and varied diet. Fad diets do not allow consumers to eat a well-balanced diet in most cases which causes the lack of nutrients to the body. In particular, the diets that eliminate certain foods from a person’s diet completely put the person at risk for nutrient deficiencies. Many of the diet authors will suggest that consumers take daily supplements to make up for the lost nutrients; however supplements do not provide all the plant chemicals and nutrients that our bodies need to function properly. Another risk of these diets...
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...(modern human) existence (Lee & DeVore 1968: 3). Prehistoric humans would have most likely lived in small-scale groups and any social stratification would have been unlikely. They controlled fire and their economy revolved around hunting and gathering (Kuper 1988: 6). Hence, these prehistoric societies have been named ‘hunter-gatherers’. It is unclear as to how prehistoric hunter-gatherer societies were structured (Kruper 1988: 6); there is a degree of uncertainty towards things such as the sexual division of labour or the cosmological ideas that were current at that time. In addition, the advent of pastoralism and agriculture, around 10,000 years ago (Diamond 1986: 116; Locay 1989: 737), resulted in the gradual end of the pure hunter-gatherer era as we know it. This has led anthropologists and archaeologists to turn to ethnology and analogy in order to grasp a better understanding of our past adaptive behaviours and social organisations. These ethnologies use certain modern societies (such as the San people) (Draper 1975: 77-79; Bettinger 1991: 1) as a ‘template’ or ‘preset’ (Kuper 1988: 7) to understand hunter-gatherers of the past. The ethnological findings have been heavily criticised by revisionists, (Wilmsen and Denbow 1990; Shott 1992) who in turn state that the modern societies used today are an anthropological construct (or a reinvention) of the primitive. The ethnological research has been accused of having bias elements (Stiles 1992:14) and has been said to be nothing more...
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...As an individual spawned out of Western Civilization, there are several things in my life that I take for granted. There is also a long list of values I believe in and model my goals after, such as environmentalism, scientific knowledge, family, and tradition. These are all things that I value deeply within my own life. They are precious seeds of hope and happiness for my past, present, and future. Similarly, the Yir Yoront, a forager group in Australia, as any group of civilization, has values worth protecting. Yet, upon reading “Steel Axes for Stone-Age Australians,” written by Lauriston Sharp, I was appalled to discover that the Yir Yoront’s values were not protected in any sort of way, but rather terribly misunderstood and bleached by the...
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...As farming became fundamental to ancient societies in Central America, it had a drastic impact on the population of these societies. Identify what you believe to be the three most important effects of farming, and explain your choices thoroughly. The discovery of farming by the people of the ancient societies of Central America was undoubtedly what ensured their survival. There are many ways that farming impacted these peoples, but three affects that are arguably (do not use I or me in your writing) the most prolific were the ability to produce more food in smaller areas, population growth, and the development of civilized societies (Faragher, Buhle, Czitrom, & Armitage, 2009). Farming in Central America was a process that was developed over thousands of years, with a certain amount of creativity and ingenuity. The people of this land discovered that by gathering and replanting seeds from wild food sources, they could control the growth of the food, produce larger quantities, and condense it into a smaller space. According to Faragher and associates (2009), “…a foraging society might require 100 square miles to support 100 people, a farming society required only a single square mile.” (p. 8). This led to a great increase in food supply with a reduction in the distance to travel to collect it. This allowed people to become more settled in one area and enabled them to have larger families. As farming developed, the need for more people to work in the fields as well as the ability...
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...100,000 BC. Indeed in 1800 the bulk of the world population was poorer than their remote ancestors. The lucky denizens of wealthy societies such as eighteenth-century England or the Netherlands managed a material lifestyle equivalent to that of the Stone Age. But the vast swath of humanity in East and South Asia, particularly in China and Japan, eked out a living under conditions probably significantly poorer than those of cavemen. The quality of life also failed to improve on any other observable dimension. Life expectancy was no higher in 1800 than for hunter-gatherers: thirty to thirty-five years. Stature, a measure both of the quality of diet and of children’s exposure to disease, was higher in the Stone Age than in 1800. And while foragers Figure 1.1 World Economic History in One Picture. After 1800 income in some societies rose sharply, while in others it declined. satisfy their material wants with small amounts of work, the modest comforts...
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...mediation, arbitration, collaborative law, and litigation. Settling disputes is the process of resolving a dispute or a conflict by meeting at least some of each side’s needs and addressing their interests. Conflict resolution is a community process involving the identification of the root cause of the problem, and bringing all parties involved to address the underlying issues. This usually ends with the guilty accepting wrong doing, leading to reconciliation which may include compensation or just forgiveness (Brock-Utne, 2001) Notable dispute resolved in Africa, was in Kenya. It was a forest conflict which was associated with the Njukiine forest which was managed by the Gichugu Gikuyu and Embu elders. Tension was present in the pre-colonial era for the regulated use of the forest. Colonialism perpetuates dramatic changes which erupted in the 1930. The Gikuyu immigrants, lineage elders, local authorities and colonial administrators all competed to control the use of the forest. A range of groups were involved as different disputes unfolded.Women the most numerous of the major forest users groups were absent in the disputing process. Several means were used to address the disputes which were the local moots, rituals, tribunals, chiefs, and administrative bodies. Negotiation was used in diverse settings villager against villager in local moots and African councillors against British administrators in the local council. Mediation, arbitration, and adjudication were also used at varying...
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...disturbance by our civilization. The Discovery of Shawnee-Minisink showed that it served as a base of operations during the Paleo-Indian period in the Upper Delaware Valley. Unearthing all the fossils provided enormous amounts of evidence of foods used during this early period. Researchers were able to gain a better understanding of the Paleo Indian’s foraging patterns and what species they targeted. During the later excavation in 2003-2006 they found many more plant artifacts in the hearths. The first hearth, produced seeds of hawthorn, and hickory nutshells. The other things in the first hearth were unidentifiable or not for consumption (Gingerich 2011: 128). This proved to the researchers that their prior knowledge of Paleo-Indian being foragers to be true. Humans now have fire at the turn of a nob on their stove, we take it for granted. However, the Paleo-Indians used fire to fulfill their primal instinct of survival. They used it to keep warm, fight off predators, as well as to cook meat or fish. This site is composed of two hearths—the floor of a fireplace—which the Paleo-Indians used to help them survive. Since they took the time to create these hearths here we know that they settled at Shawnee-Minisink for a few nights. They could have possibly settled here for a season following food or during a migration and built shelters, however these possible shelters were not preserved so we do not know definitively. The archaeologists found 11 fragments of calcined bone near the...
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...Wine - historical & Archaeological OVERVIEW INTRODUCTION: Archeological studies of alcohol can provide deep insight into societies past and present. Around the world and throughout time, humans demonstrate a nearly universal proclivity towards alcoholic beverages. As cultural anthropologist David Mandelbaum writes, cultural attitudes towards alcohol vary around the world from adoration to proscription of drink, but there are few cultures [1]that completely ignore alcohol (Mandelbaum 1965: 281). Distillation of hard spirits happened only in recent times and for much of human history, wine and beer[2] were the only alcoholic beverages available for common consumption (if a bar or tavern was present in a particular culture). Archeological evidence shows that while during the last 10,000 years alcohol consumption was common, it was also uniquely culturally contextual. Dutch archeologist Marijke Van der Veen claims that “[studying] the production, preparation, consumption, and disposal can help identify the social context of food” (Van der Veen 2006: 407). A more traditional archeological approach focuses less on the production of food due to its “transient nature”.[3] Ethnographic research can provide more information about consumption practices as can historic sources, but we need more information from actual artifacts found at sites around the world. With artifacts, we can provide a more conclusive picture of how different cultures produced, consumed, valued or...
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...Inception of the Idea Even before we come into this world our partial identity is established, and right at the birth doctors announce, “It a boy/girl!” This announcement is based on our physical characteristic that is our genitals and reproductive system. On the basis of our (this) identity, we are raised and perceived in the society. But what happens when the biological sex does not match the brain sex (neurological sex)? It leads to an intense gender dysphoria . During my growing up years, I witnessed an incident that involved social discrimination; disgust and disrespect in Indian society towards the transgender community, and much to my dismay, even today the situation is not too different. In India outcasting a Kinner/Hijaras on the basis of their choice for their own gender identity (due to androgynous gender or neurological sex) is a tradition followed for many years. This complexity of society has inspired me to observe the behavioural nuances of the third sex and the society within which they live all around the world. However keeping accessibility in mind, I have decided to limit my current research within three countries: India (where the idea originated), Singapore (my current residence) and Thailand (where gender variant people are more visible than anywhere else in the world). I intend to be as objective as possible with my approach by first interviewing and then photographing the gender variant people. My main objective is to capture the process of transformation...
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...LECTURE 1 THE KHOISAN AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT Introduction: Khoisan are historically the earliest inhabitants of Southern Africa. They dominated Southern Africa for hundreds of years before the arrival of the Bantu groups. Archaeological evidence obtained from sites on the West Coast such as Kasteelberg show occupation by herders between 1600 and 1800 years ago, ie around 200-400AD They owed to a great extent their livelihood to the natural environment conditions which obtained. This is demonstrated by the fact that they derived the three basic fundamentals of life; food, shelter and clothing from the flora and fauna of the region. The San They were referred to as hunter-gatherers. [Bushmen by whites; Twa by Xhosa, Roa by Sotho and San by Khoikhoi] They occupied the mountainous, plateau and coastal areas of Southern Africa as evidenced by their paintings on rocks and cave walls throughout the sub-continent. They were neither herders nor agriculturalists, so they depended on hunting and gathering. [ie they survived on what the environment provided] Archaeological evidence has proven that the San might have made meat an important part of their diet before the invention of projectile weapons. How was this possible without weapons? The San killed newly born or sick animals Ran down animals Scavenging They drove large animals over cliffs or into swamps and then slaughtered them. Meat was thus an important part of their diet from time immemorial. As their Stone Age technology improved...
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...Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 1999. 28:i–xxiii Copyright © 1999 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGICAL ENLIGHTENMENT? Some Lessons of the Twentieth Century Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 1999.28:i-xxiii. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by 197.179.183.136 on 11/03/13. For personal use only. Marshall Sahlins Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; e-mail: m-sahlins@uchicago.edu Key Words: modernity, indigenization, translocality, culture, development n Abstract A broad reflection on some of the major surprises to anthropological theory occasioned by the history, and in a number of instances the tenacity, of indigenous cultures in the twentieth century. We are not leaving the century with the same ideas that got us there. Contrary to the inherited notions of progressive development, whether of the political left or right, the surviving victims of imperial capitalism neither became all alike nor just like us. Contrary to the “despondency theory” of mid-century, the logical and historical precursor of dependency theory, surviving indigenous peoples aim to take cultural responsibility for what has been done to them. Across large parts of northern North America, even hunters and gatherers live, largely by hunting and gathering. The Eskimo are still there, and they are still Eskimo. Around the world the peoples give the lie to received theoretical oppositions between tradition and change, indigenous culture and modernity,...
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...UNIT I DEFORESTATION CHAPTER 1 What is deforestation? Deforestation is the removal or damage of vegetation in a forest to the extent that it no longer supports its natural flora and fauna. In other words, deforestation can be defined as the transformation of forest land to non-forest uses where forest land includes lands under agro-forestry and shifting cultivation, and not simply closed canopy primary forests (FAO/UNEP, 1982). However, this definition does not include “logging”. More inclusive was Myers’s 1980 definition, where deforestation refers, “generally to the complete destruction of forest cover through clearing for agriculture … [so] … that not a tree remains, and the land is given over to non-forest purposes … [and where] very heavy and unduly negligent logging … [result in a] … decline of biomass and depletion of ecosystem services … . So severe that the residual forest can no longer qualify as forest in any practical sense of the world.” Alan Graigner (1980, AS quoted in Saxena and Nautiyal, 1997) asserts that selective logging does not “lead to forest clearance and does not constitute deforestation”, whereas Norman Myers (1980, 1993) thinks that logging is crucial because, although it may only affect a small proportion of trees per hectare, it damages wide areas and is the precursor of penetration by the forest farmers. For the purpose of this study, the FAO’s latest definitions (1993) will be used. The FAO defines forests as “ecosystems with a minimum...
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...“Instead of being on the defensive, I would be on the offensive”: General Sherman’s March through Georgia 1 The United States Civil War was the bloodiest and most trying conflict in American history. Hundreds of thousands of American lives were lost on both sides of the war. General William Tecumseh Sherman’s march through Georgia to the sea was a brilliant strategic victory for the North that helped to end the war more quickly, all while preserving the lives of soldiers on both the North and South. All though his march was outside the general practice of warfare it is clear that the General’s movement through Georgia was the best course he could have taken given his circumstances. His capture of Atlanta and his subsequent march to follow is one of the most controversial issues of the war. At the time of the war it was commonplace for the military leaders to embed their troops in entrenchments that were nearly impossible to infiltrate. They would then rush their men towards each other in a bloody battle. General Sherman realized that attacking the entrenchments of the enemy was fruitless and killed too many soldiers. He went on a path of flanking maneuvers that helped get around these entrenched soldiers. He followed up this plan by attacking the economy of the South and breaking their resolve. The importance of his new plan can be seen on how his tactics of attacking the land and economy, instead of other human beings, and avoiding head-on confrontation actually...
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...Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU Family, Consumer, and Human Development Faculty Publications 12-1-1995 Family, Consumer, and Human Development, Department of Sexual Selection, Physical Attractiveness, and Facial Neoteny: Cross-cultural Evidence and Implications [and Comments and Reply] Doug Jones C. Loring Brace William Jankowiak Kevin N. Laland Lisa E. Musselman See next page for additional authors Recommended Citation Musselman, L. E., Langlois, J. H., & Roggman, L. A. (1996). Comment on: Sexual selection, physical attractiveness, and facial neoteny: Cross-cultural evidence and implications, by Doug Jones. Current Anthropology, 37, 739-740. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Family, Consumer, and Human Development, Department of at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Family, Consumer, and Human Development Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@usu.edu. Authors Doug Jones, C. Loring Brace, William Jankowiak, Kevin N. Laland, Lisa E. Musselman, Judith H. Langlois, Lori A. Roggman, Daniel Pérusse, Barbara Schweder, and Donald Symons This article is available at DigitalCommons@USU: http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/fchd_facpub/602 Sexual Selection, Physical Attractiveness, and Facial Neoteny: Cross-cultural Evidence and Implications [and Comments and Reply] Author(s): Doug Jones, C. Loring Brace, William Jankowiak...
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...Provided by The Internet Classics Archive. See bottom for copyright. Available online at http://classics.mit.edu//Caesar/gallic.html The Gallic Wars By Julius Caesar Translated by W. A. McDevitte and W. S. Bohn ---------------------------------------------------------------------- BOOK 1 Chapter 1 All Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which the Belgae inhabit, the Aquitani another, those who in their own language are called Celts, in our Gauls, the third. All these differ from each other in language, customs and laws. The river Garonne separates the Gauls from the Aquitani; the Marne and the Seine separate them from the Belgae. Of all these, the Belgae are the bravest, because they are furthest from the civilization and refinement of [our] Province, and merchants least frequently resort to them, and import those things which tend to effeminate the mind; and they are the nearest to the Germans, who dwell beyond the Rhine, with whom they are continually waging war; for which reason the Helvetii also surpass the rest of the Gauls in valor, as they contend with the Germans in almost daily battles, when they either repel them from their own territories, or themselves wage war on their frontiers. One part of these, which it has been said that the Gauls occupy, takes its beginning at the river Rhone; it is bounded by the river Garonne, the ocean, and the territories of the Belgae; it borders, too, on the side of the Sequani and the Helvetii...
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