...The Age of Exploration During the fifteenth and the sixteenth century the states of Europe began their modern exploration of the world with a series of sea voyages. These explorations increased European knowledge of the wider world, particularly in-relation to sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas. These explorations were frequently connected to conquest and missionary work, as the states of Europe attempted to increase their influence, both in political and religious terms, throughout the world. Through their explorations the Europeans also gained control of the spice trade. This accomplishment reduced the price of spices tremendously for the Europeans.With the lands they "discovered" they found new resources and a new market to sell their goods as well. Europe's conquest and colonization of North and South America and the Caribbean islands from the fifteenth century onward created an insatiable demand for African laborers, who were deemed more fit to work in the tropical conditions of the New World. The numbers of slaves imported across the Atlantic Ocean steadily increased, from approximately 5,000 slaves a year in the sixteenth century to over 100,000 slaves a year by the end of the eighteenth century. Evolving political circumstances and trade alliances in Africa led to shifts in the geographic origins of slaves throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Slaves were generally the unfortunate victims of territorial expansion by imperialist African states or of...
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...bankers Prior to the fifteenth century, how did luxury and exotic goods travel to Europe? Overland from Persia, Asia Minor, India, and Africa Who were the mestizos? persons of mixed Spanish and Indian origin wrote the book utopia Thomas more Malinali proved invaluable to Cortés’s mission because of her knowledge of Multiple languages Where did the Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvars Cabral accidentally make landfall? Brazil Who organized the English colonization of Roanoke Island? Sir walter Raleigh Which of the following was not a significant motivation behind European colonization in the New World? the spread of democracy to the Americas What was the highest social class in New Spain? Peninsulares A significant outcome of the Portuguese arrival in West Africa was an expansion of Africa’s internal slave trade. Which of the following was expressed by Bartolomé de Las Casas in A Very Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indes in 1552? He believed that Indians ought to be allowed to continue to practice their native faiths as a true sign of Christian love and toleration. Which explorer sailed around the southern tip of Africa in 1488? Bartolomeu Dias What was the first permanent European settlement in the present day United States? St. Augustine Which of the following statements about Europeans' view of the New World is NOT accurate? America as a place of savagery, cannibalism, and death The chief goal of fifteenth-century Portuguese expansion was the establishment...
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...Muslim Ascendency After the tragic collapse of the Muslim world during the thirteenth and fourteenth century, the Muslim worlds history was reversed. It was during the thirteenth and fourteenth century that the Muslim world lost its long reigning dominance. It was regained after the death of Timur Lang. The Muslim world emerged into a period of ascendency. For the next few centuries, 14th-17th centuries, the Muslim world expanded dramatically. Islam became deeply rooted in the regions as diverse as West Africa, East Africa, Central Asian, South Asian, and Southeast Asia. It was due to the large expansion, strong economic and political power and influence, and remarkable intellectual culture that the Muslim world became hegemonic. One can see how the Muslim world had such a strong power by scrutinizing the Ottoman Empire and their dramatic expansion, strong economic and political power, and intellectual advances. The rebirth of the Ottoman Empire, after the death of Timur Lang, became the most powerful development in the Muslim world. In the sixteenth century, the Ottoman Empire was one of the two most powerful empires in the world, expanding the Empire severely. In 1517, the Ottoman Empire defeated the Mamlukes, during the battles in Syria and Egypt. The Mamlukes did not use gunpowder weapons because of the cavalrymen, consequences led to downfall. This victory for the Ottoman was massive; Selim now gained control over the holy sites, or hijaz, including Mecca and Medina...
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...Blog | | ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Bottom of Form Linked From Here | | Wednesday, March 7, 2012 Research Paper on Ottoman Empire Research Paper on Ottoman Empire The Age of Reforms - Ottoman Empire The Ottomans first appeared on the historical arena at the end of the thirteenth century. According to the royal myth, the dynasty stretches much further back, certainly, but it was only under the leadership of Osman that this little group of warriors succeeded in moving out from its base in northwestern Anatolia and start conquering other territories. Their first important victories took place in the Balkans, and these conquests let them to return to western Anatolia flush with money and men. In the middle of the fifteenth century they had already got power over Byzantine capital Constantinople. This great city capture in 1453 laid the foundation for the imperial phase of Ottoman history. __________________________________________________________ We Can Write Custom Research Papers on Ottoman Empire for You! __________________________________________________________ During the next century they pushed confidently eastward and then southward. First they defeated Turkish principalities in Anatolia that remained and after that, in 1516 and 1517, they conquered the heart of the Islamic world--Syria, Egypt and Palestine. With these recent conquests they could responsibly claim the established leadership of the Islamic world....
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...The 1400s marked a time of exploration and expansion for Europe. Identify and explain three developments that stimulated this age of exploration. Your response should be at least 200 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations. Europe was a society based upon agriculture. “Farming and raising livestock had been practiced in Europe for thousands of years”, but during the late Middle Ages there were technological advances (Faragher, Buhle, Czitrom, & Armitage, 2009). The 1400s marked a time of exploration and expansion for Europe. The three developments that stimulated the age of exploration for Europe was the Merchant, the Renaissance, and the Portuguese Voyages. The Merchant was a factor that made Europeans want to explore. One reason why Europeans wanted to go exploring was economic. “The economic growth of the late Middle Ages was accompanied by the expansion of commerce” (Faragher, Buhle, Czitrom, & Armitage, 2009, p. 27). Commercial expansion stimulates the growth of markets and many European towns. Europeans had been in contact with Asia from the time of the Mongol conquests until the 14th century (Faragher, Buhle, Czitrom, & Armitage, 2009). They had heard about the East through things like accounts of Marco Polo’s journeys. They had become very aware of the silks and...
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...take place in eighteenth century Britain and not elsewhere in Europe or Asia? Answers to this question have ranged from religion and culture to politics and constitutions. In a just published book, The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective, I argue that the explanation of the Industrial Revolution was fundamentally economic. The Industrial Revolution was Britain’s creative response to the challenges and opportunities created by the global economy that emerged after 1500. This was a two step process. In the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries a European-wide market emerged. England took a commanding position in this new order as her wool textile industry out competed the established producers in Italy and the Low Countries. England extended her lead in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries by creating an intercontinental trading network including the Americas and India. Intercontinental trade expansion depended on the acquisition of colonies, mercantilist trade promotion, and naval power. The upshot of Britain’s success in the global economy was the expansion of rural manufacturing industries and rapid urbanisation. East Anglia was the centre of the woollen cloth industry, and its products were exported through London where a quarter of the jobs depended on the port. As a result, the population of London exploded from 50,000 in 1500 to 200,000 in 1600 and half a million in 1700. In the eighteenth century, the expansion of trade with the American...
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...the Muslim and Europe. Musa made Mali twice the size of Ghana. During this time it was unknown for anyone to have such wealth in Africa. Mansa Musa was a proud Muslim and is best known for his famous hajj to Mecca in 1324. Through his hajj Mansa Musa passed many cities including Cairo, Egypt. Musa borrowed all the gold he could carry from money-lenders in Cairo, at high interest. This is the only time recorded in history that one man directly controlled the price of gold in the Mediterranean. Rise of Mansa Musa to emperor. Mansa Musa was a devout Muslim. Islam forerunner in Mali Empire that gave thought to expansion through wiliness to develop within the Mali Empire and search for new resources outside of Africa. Tremendous impact Mansa Musa had on the development of African civilization. Mansa Musa’s achievements and power compelled European recognition and respect of Africa. Mansa Musa famous hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 and the hajj planted Mali in men's minds and its riches fired up the imagination. Mansa Musa brought back with him an Arabic library, and religious scholars. Mansa Musa brought stability and an established government to Mali, spreading its fame abroad and making it truly African political organization. Mansa Musa supported Islam and promoted education,...
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...The participation of England in the maritime expansion of Europe to new lands occurred subsequent to the works carried out by Portugal and Spain, which since the fifteenth century had launched expeditions to the Atlantic Ocean. Despite the time difference, the English colonization of North America was very important for the economic development of England and its colonies in the north of the American continent, known as the Thirteen Colonies. The first attempt at occupation of North America by the English happened to Walter Raleigh, who organized three expeditions to the region in the late sixteenth century. Raleigh did not get the expected success with the expeditions, because of the constant attacks of the indigenous people who lived there....
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...“What was the relationship between industrialisation and the expansion of the British Empire between 1750 and 1850?” Between 1750 and 1850 Britain had revolutionised internally as a dominant industrial figure in Europe. However, although it would be argued that most advances were constitutional, Britain’s foreign relations also enhanced to a certain extent during this period. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Britain had established itself as the first country to industrialise therefore instantly granting it a dominant position in the world economy, this would continue for a further century. During this time it was also advantaged in acquiring the largest empire seen of its time. This therefore suggests that the two developments had a relationship, as without one the other would have been inevitable. The Industrial Revolution and the British Empire are dependent on each other. There would not be an Empire without the Industrial Revolution and vice versa. Although the revolution that occurred was not political, it did however have a number of implications that followed, advantages included its geographical location and nature, expanding empire and worldwide trade network, growing transportation network, rich supply of natural resources, available labour supply and relatively high labour productivity, and expertise in developing technology. Together, these necessary factors set up a suitable foundation on which an industrial revolution could occur. This...
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...AP European History Review Test Units 1-10 1. . Salvation by faith alone, the ministry of all believers, and the authority of the Bible are principles basic to (A) the Christian humanism of Erasmus (B) the Church of England (C) Catholicism after the Council of Trent (D) Lutheranism in the early sixteenth century (E) the Society of Jesus (Jesuit order) 2. The term "humanism," when applied to Renaissance Italy, refers primarily to the: (A) renewed interest in the scientific method at many Italian universities (B) capitalist values advanced by leading Italian merchant bankers (C) anti-religious movement among leading Italian intellectuals (D) scholarly interest in the study of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome (E) non-Christian themes that became prominent in Italian art and literature 3. Which of the following beliefs was central to Martin Luther's religious philosophy? (A) Salvation by faith alone (B) Saints as intermediaries between the individual Christian and God (C) The sacrament of penance (D) The priesthood defined as distinct from the laity (E) The equality of men and women 4. During the Thirty Years' War, France pursued a policy of: (A) supporting the Hapsburgs against the Protestant princes and rulers (B) allowing French Protestants to fight for the Protestants even though the monarchy supported the Roman Catholics (C) supporting the Protestant princes and rulers against the Hapsburgs (D) remaining neutral...
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...Machiavelli and Power Politics Leonardo Da Vinci Global Travel and Trade The African Cultural Heritage West African Kingdoms The Europeans in Africa Native American Cultures Maya Civilization The Empires of the Incas and the Aztecs The Spanish in the Americas and the Aftermath of Their Conquest The Impact of Technology Christian Humanism and the Northern Renaissance Luther and the Protestant Reformation The Spread of Protestantism The Catholic Reformation 2 WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS The French Revolution Napoleon Bonaparte The Industrial Revolution Advancing Industrialism Colonialism China and the West Social and Economic Realities Nineteenth-Century Social Theory: conservatism, liberalism & socialism The Radical View of Marx and Engels Picasso and the Birth of Cubism Futurism, Fauvism and Non Objective Art The Birth of Motion Pictures Freud and the Psyche Total War and Totalitarianism The First World War The Russian Revolution Nazi Totalitarianism The Second World War Identity and Liberation: Gandhi, Martin Luther King and Malcolm X 3 WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS The Black Death The most devastating natural catastrophe of the early modern era was the bubonic plague, which hit Europe in 1347 and destroyed one third to one half of its population within less than a century. Originating in Asia and spread by the Mongol tribes that dominated that vast area, the disease devastated China and the Middle East, interrupting...
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...The Renaissance brought about major change in Europe, and subsequently the rest of the world as well. Merriam-Webster defines the Renaissance as, “the period of European history between the 14th and 17th centuries when there was a new interest in science and in ancient art and literature especially in Italy.” Much of the change in music can be attributed to the changes in mindsets brought about by the Enlightenment and the Reformation. Music became less sacred, and more secular--although certain composers stuck with religious texts. However, some composers such as Francesco Landini in Italy, wrote no sacred works; whereas Machaut wrote fewer sacred works than composers in the past. The importance and influence of religion slowly declined in this period. Motets in the fifteenth century and early sixteenth century differed vastly from the ones preceding them in the late middle ages: “The years [circa] 1480-1520 witnessed an explosion in quantity and stylistic variety in motet production. Motets from this time period may have three to six voices; texts can be from the Old Testament, New Testament, liturgical rites, books of hours,...
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...From the earliest of times, many countries explored lands that could help them develop and expand over time. Members from the countries in the fifteenth through the eighteenth centuries had traveled to the extent that trade routes were established and it opened up the eyes of each country and their opportunities. European nations would travel to the Americas and Africa hoping to gain land and other resources, while the Americas and Africa hoped to gain resources they could use for their own gain. Resources such as plants, foods, and animals are native to different lands around the world; over time, as cultures came into contact, it was inevitable for global interactions between Europe, the Americas, and Africa to arise. Without these cultures coming into contact, the expansion of each of these countries developments would not have happened. Between the 1400’s and 1800’s, European mariners had a series of expensive voyages that took them to all the earth’s waters. These voyages helped them discover the world’s geography, but helped them gain something much more. European merchants established a network of communication, transportation, and interaction. The reason behind establishing these networks was to search for basic resources and lands to grow cash crops, establish trade routes, and to expand the influence of Christianity. One European voyage that took place was by Amerigo Vespucci. He traveled to the coast of Brazil and sailed as far south as the Rio de la Plata. Vespucci...
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...learned so much information in the class titled “Renaissance to Modern Art” and I want to start off with my new found knowledge of Art History. According to Wikipedia, the history of art is “the history of any activity or product made by humans in a visual form for aesthetical or communicative purposes, expressing ideas, emotions or, in general, a worldview.” This field of "art history" was developed in the Western world, and originally was focused solely on European art history. Gradually, over the course of the 20th century, a wider vision of art history has developed. Thus, art history is now viewed to encompass all visual art, from the sculptures in Western Europe to the paintings in China. Also according to this source, the history of art is often told as a chronology of masterpieces created in each civilization. It is said that the Wonders of the World are the epitome of high culture through the stories that are conveyed. Art history spans the entire history of humankind, from prehistoric times to the twenty-first century. No matter what you choose to observe, you can find visual arts that challenge someone’s creative side and inspire them to find beauty in the things manmade. In modern times, art history has emerged as a discipline that specializes in teaching people how to evaluate and interpret works of art based on their own perspective. Art history has frequently been criticized for its subjectivity because the definition of what is beautiful varies from individual...
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...Black Death The Black Death was a devastation full of effects that led to a new revolution all around Europe. The major impact of Black Death was on the economy of the continent. Due to the shortages of labor, the wages increased to a high level. The population loss in Black Death also led to the prices of common commodities like wheat to decrease as well. With the shortage of labor and limited resources, the industry owners had to enhance their working methods. Therefore, an impact of the Black Death was the emergence of inventions that improved the way of life. Some would argue that this pandemic also lead to unequal distribution of wealth as to those who could grab opportunities went to be richer. Thus another impression of the plague was an increased gap between the rich and the poor. The way of life was enhanced for people around Europe and the women in Europe also went on join the working force. It is no surprise that Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in history. The plague burst out and started off the in winter of 1347-1348. The source of Black Death was traced back to the wild rodents of the steppes of central Asia even as far as Asia or China. Apart from China, some trace its origin back to Kurdistan and Iraq.1 The main concern wasn’t where it started but how it actually spread through the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. The plague first appeared in China and reached Crimea in 1346; from there it travelled to Constantinople and Sicily in...
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