...Man Without a Memory There is a relationship between learning something and remember it. Clive Wearing do not have this relationship because he suffered a serious infection called encephalitis causing him severe brain damage in several regions of his brain and totally destroyed the hippocampus, which important role is memory formation. In the video “A Man Without a Memory-Clive Wearing”, it talks about how his life and family was affected by him not remembering. This paper will let readers know what specific region of Clive’s brain was damaged which resulted in this memory loss and will also explain how his loss of memory for most things despite his lasting memory for the piano and his wife. This paper will also gives our personal opinion on if we were Clive, what memories would we miss the most and explain how emotions links to memories while given examples to support our answer. Relationship between Learning Something and Remembering It To define the relationship between learning something and remembering it, you must first determine what learning is. Learning is acquiring, constructing, or developing new knowledge or skills. In Bloom's taxonomy of learning, the cognitive domain consists of knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation (Terry, 2009). With this being said, knowledge (to know something) is to be able to recall the information. Comprehension is to understand the meaning of something. Application is being able to use a concept that...
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...Primary diagnosis: Organic mental disorders (chronic brain syndrome). Secondary diagnosis: None established (Medical Evidence in File, But Insufficient to Establish Diagnosis). The claimant was a 13 ½ -year-old boy. Alleged disability: major head trauma and speech issues. His mother indicated that the claimant had a learning disability, had a current individualized education program (IEP), and received speech therapy in school. He had been disabled since he was 16 months old. He attended 6th grade. Decision under Review: Per the Disability Determination (03/10/2016), the claimant’s disability began on 03/02/2015. The primary diagnosis was organic mental disorders (chronic brain syndrome). The secondary diagnosis was none established (medical evidence in file, but insufficient to establish diagnosis)....
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...Here is my evaluation of Melissa, a 25 year old woman who was brought into my care unconscious and unresponsive after an automobile accident. When she was given an EEG there was no evidence that the mammalian part of her brain had any action potentials. With further investigation, we have seen AP in her primitive or reptilian part of her brain and that is why Melissa is still breathing with help of respirator and her heart rate is within normal range. Her Cortex obtained major damage in her frontal, parietal,occipital and temporal lobes and shut down all neuron activity in Melissa’s brain. Meaning her brain is producing no electrical impulses, or impulses that indicate it can-support life. A person in this state has no thoughts, and no chance of ever having thoughts again, and can only be kept alive with constant care by medical staff and machinery. Melissa has brain death and will no longer be able to be herself ever again she is accentually dead, as the Melissa you know died the minute her Cortex was damaged and her neurons stopped producing electrical currents. This patient is only breathing and her heart beating because the reptilian part of the base of the brain is still sending out life supporting neurons to keep these basic functions going. This is not to be mistaken for a coma,if she was lucky enough to endure this kind of brain damage, she may be able to stay alive and regain some of her traits that make up who Melissa is. There are no guarantees that if Melissa did...
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...open a door full of opportunities to deaf children. Cochlear implants are designed for children and adults and provide a sense of sound with hearing loss. This type of hearing loss typically involves damage to tiny hair cells in the cochlea. It’s a device that is surgically implanted in the inner ear to stimulate the acoustic/auditory nerve. How does the implant work you may ask? According to Advanced Bionics, a worldwide manufacturer of CIs, a microphone picks up the sounds, and then goes through the transmitter located behind the ear. The transmitter sends the sound through the receiver to the cochlea, which is located in the inner...
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...by a gene defect passed down through various families. It consists of a classic form and several less common forms each varying in its strength and features. Although they differ, all forms of the disorder can be caused by mutations in any of the 6 genes used to build the branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDHA) of Chromosome 19. Babies with MSUD often appear normal at birth but within 3-4 days can display other symptoms such as food avoidance, vomiting and fussiness. If left untreated, seizures occur and the baby will naturally slip into a coma shortly ending in death. Treatment of this disorder is managed by a strict diet free of the three harmful amino acids discussed earlier and must be performed early enough to avoid brain damage. Baby formula with these restrictions are available but as the child grows into adolescence, they must always monitor their diets, especially paying attention to avoidance of high proteins such as eggs, nuts and meat. In the most acute mode, MSUD can induce mental retardation as a result of physical stress. Fever, infection or lacks of sustenance are examples of this. Only discovered less than 60 years ago, much more is to be learned about this disease. MSUD research helps to take the guessing out of medical care and proper treatment. The following three article summaries are examples...
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...Cerebral Palsy is caused by a neurological condition ( problems in the brain and the nervous system). Specifically, it is caused by a problem in the part that is responsible for controlling muscles in the brain (1). Early age diagnosing for Cerebral Palsy is necessary, and it can take several steps: developmental monitoring, developmental screening, and developmental and medical evaluations (2). The first step of diagnosing Cerebral Palsy is developmental monitoring ( surveillance) which means to track a child’s growth and development over time. The doctor monitors the child’s...
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...activity. It is a descriptive term for a collection of symptoms that can be caused by a number of disorders that affect the brain. They also lose their ability to solve problems and maintain emotional control, and they could experience personality changes and behavioral problems such as agitation, delusions, and hallucinations. While memory loss is a common symptom of dementia, memory loss by itself does not mean that a person has dementia. We all forget things as we get older. Many older people have a slight loss of memory that does not affect their daily lives so doctors diagnose dementia only if two or more brain functions - such as memory, language skills, perception, or cognitive skills including reasoning and judgment. All forms of dementia result from the death of nerve cells and/or the loss of communication among these cells. Things that may cause dementia are Strokes, tumors, or head injuries. Some diseases that cause Dementia are Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and frontotemporal dementia. In some cases dementia is caused by a problem that can be treated like underactive thyroid gland, not getting enough vitamin B12, and fluid buildup in the brain. Many types of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body dementia, Parkinson's dementia, and Pick's disease, are characterized by abnormal structures called inclusions in the brain. Because these inclusions, which contain abnormal proteins, are so common in people with dementia, researchers suspect that...
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...Traumatic Brain Injury WUT2 Task Western Governors University A. Investigated Disease Process The disease process I will be reviewing is traumatic brain injuries. A traumatic brain injury occurs when sudden trauma occurs to an individual’s brain. Traumatic brain injuries are considered closed or penetrating. Traumatic brain injuries are categorized as mild, moderate or severe based on the amount of damage that occurs to the brain. (ninds.nih.gov, 2015) A1. Pathophysiology To understand traumatic brain injuries, we must first discuss the numerous causes of brain injury. When injury occurs to the brain, the patient encounters the primary injury that is directly related and occurs at the time of the injury. Secondary injury occurs as a result of the primary injury but often leads to a more significant sequela based on the type of initial trauma. Non penetrating injuries to the cranium that lead to traumatic brain injuries are not always related to direct blows of the cranium. Rapid acceleration and deceleration injuries along with compression injuries may lead to traumatic brain injuries. This type of injuries can lead to injuries to the brain tissue that could include compression, stretching and shearing injuries to the brain tissue. These type of injuries are classified as “diffuse axonal injuries”. Diffuse axonal injuries are one of the most common and extensive types of traumatic brain injuries. These injuries often lead to death or severe irreversible...
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...Brain Death Scenario Andrea Farmer Grand Canyon University: HLT 520 July 8, 2015 As an administrator I would need to take into consideration the patient’s autonomy, autonomy is recognizing an individual’s right to make his/her own decisions about what is best for them regarding their health care (Pozgar, 2012). The patient’s rights always should be considered before any decisions are made by any other family members. In this scenario it is clear that the patient is unable to make any decisions, the patient has suffered a serious brain damage, and although it is not complete brain death, we must determine how to proceed. Unfortunately some of the family members have already began to express what the best course of action is for the patient. As an administrator, I must take into consideration what the ethical, legal, and medical issues are before we move forward. Once the patient is considered medically incompetent, the question is what is ethically correct in this case for one to declare the patient brain dead, or have brain damage. Thomas states, “If functions of the brain are irretrievably lost, the capacity of the human organism to remain integrated and self-sustaining in similarly lost, and at this point, according to the Commission, death has occurred” (P.102) This scenario does not meet the criteria for brain dead, so we cannot proceed with the term brain dead. The patient is determined to have brain damage, so I feel we must determine if there...
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...Dementia Dementia is the loss of cognitive functioning. This includes thinking, remembering and reasoning. Memory loss is usually accompanied by at least one of the following symptoms: impaired movement, difficulty with language and the inability to plan and initiate appropriate social behavior. Dementia ranges in severity from mild problems in functioning to the most severe stage of complete dependence. There are several types of dementia. The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive and irreversible brain disease. It slows and destroys memory and thinking functions as well as the ability to complete even the simplest everyday tasks. Age related Alzheimer’s is the most common cause of dementia in people over 60. The World Health Organization (2001) estimates that 5 percent of men and 6 percent of women suffer from Alzheimer’s disease worldwide (Whitbourne & Halgin, 2012). Throughout the coming decades the baby boom generation is expected to add 10 million Alzheimer’s cases to the U.S. population alone (Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 2013). Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia, which causes issues with the thinking process, memory, and behavior. Symptoms of Alzheimer’s develop slowly and gets worse as time goes on. In the early stages of Alzheimer’s memory loss is very mild but as it progresses it starts disrupting their daily lives. Some of...
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...risks for traumatic brain injury (TBI) age groups are ages 0-4 and 15-19, which the leading cause of disability and death in young children in the United States. 62,000 children endure brain damages demanding hospitalization as a consequence of motor vehicle smashes, falls, sports injuries, physical abuse and other causes and there are 564,000 children in hospital emergency departments for TBI and released. According to 2004 report to Congress, traumatic brain injury in the United States, there are some factors to lead cause of TBI within the age between 0-4 such as emergency room visits, hospitalizations and deaths. About 1,300 US children experience severe or fatal head trauma of child abuse each year. Very young children (i.e., infants, toddlers and preschool children) often directly affected, such as crash on the head from a host of mechanisms (including being hit), car crashes, tricycle / bicycle accident, or as child abuse. Sometimes these events can be significant enough to cause a concussion. Determine what to hit a child who may be difficult to immediately assess concussions his head. It may have concussion-like symptoms, but young children do not express in the same way. For example, a child may describe the feeling of nausea and memory loss, or even they cannot explain the wound site. Parents and doctors when considering the presence...
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...Stimulus from environment will pass into sensory register Main stores are iconic memory ( visual memory ) ( coded visually ) Echoic memory ( sound memory ) ( coded acoustically ) Memory lasts only briefly duration is less than half a second High capacity Key processes is paying attention Short term memory limited capacity capacity is between 5 and 9 items info is coded acoustically lasts about 30 secs unless rehearsed maintenance rehearsal – occurs when we repeat material if rehearsed long enough it will go into the LTM Long Term Memory capacity is unlimited memory can last many years When we want to recall memory it has to be transferred back into STM by retrieval. Evaluation + Baddeley research shows STM and LTM are stored are different. He found we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we our using our STMs. But we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs. + The strength of the study is that it clearly shows coding in STM is acoustic and in LTM is semantic. There is more than one type of STM MSM says there is...
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...The lecture explained the acute processes of Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury, with their cellular and vascular vulnerability and finally brain remodeling after stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury. Traumatic Brain Injury is found 1.5 million annually, while stroke figures show 600,000 new or recurrent strokes annually. Strokes are more common in men than women but women have high mortality following a stroke. TBI is usually found in adolescent, young adults, and people over the age of 75. Stroke is defined as a condition wherein the blood flow to the brain is hampered. This leads to the decimation of cells within the brain. It can be of two types ischemic and hemorrhagic. 80% strokes are ischemic while only 20% are hemorrhagic. TBI termed as...
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...Encoding= raw from the senses • Capacity= 4 items • Duration= around 2 seconds SHORT TERM MEMORY- • Encoding (Conrad)= acoustic • Capacity (Miller)= 7 +/ 2 items • Duration (Peterson and Peterson)= less than 30 seconds LONG TERM MEMORY- • Encoding (Baddelely)= semantic • Capacity= unlimited • Duration (Bahrik)= up to a lifetime EVALUATION OF MULTI STORE MODEL: STRENGTHS- • Glanzer and Cunitz read out a list of words to prticipants and asked them to recall as many as possible. They found participants recalled more words from the start (primacy) and the end (recency) of the list. This supports the idea of LTM and STM being two unitary stores as first words were in the LTM at time of recall and the last words were in the STM. • Case study evidence- cases of patients who have suffered brain damage to either their hippocampus and have memory deficits. The victim lost the ability to form new long term memories, but he had normal functioning STM but anything after 30 seconds was completely forgotten. He could remember memories prior to brain damage, • Brain scanning research-MRI scans show different parts of the brain being used when certain tasks were carried out. WEAKNESSES- • It does not take into account the nature of the material, as more important pieces of information will more likely to be remembered, whereas less important pieces of information may be quickly forgotten. • KF shows that visual and auditory information is processed differently as he...
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...Concussions are the most common type of brain injury and the least serious type of injury to the brain. Concussions are caused by a blow to the head that causes damage to the soft tissue to the brain. The brain is surrounded by a layer of spinal fluid inside the skull that acts like a cushion during normal movement. When you receive a hard hit, it causes the brain to move around inside the skull. The result is bruising to the brain and damage to the blood vessels and nerves inside the brain. This causes the brain to not be able to function normally. It can disturb the vision, resulting in sensitivity to light or blurred vision, and may cause the injured person to lose their balance. In short, the brain becomes confused and cannot function...
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