...REFERENCE, DENOTATION, AND CONNOTATION (A STUDY of SEMANTIC) This paper is arranged to fulfill the assignment of SEMANTIC Lecturer: Kurniawan, M.Hum Arranged by: Novi Dyah Ayu Sri M : 26.09.6.2.124 Rifqi Syafiatul Hidayah : 26.09.6.2.140 Sayekti Pujilestari : 26.09.6.2.147 ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTEMENT INSTITUTE OF ISLAMIC COLLEGE SURAKARTA 2012 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Introduction Arcnoff and Miller (2003:370) says that semantics focuses on theories of meaning which apply to sentences that make statements, and are taken to be either true are false. This assumption shows that there is relationship between linguistic expression and the world which is at the core of linguistic meaning. By contrast with most other work in semantics, the functional-systemic linguistics of Halliday (1967, 1977, and 1978) recognizes not only ideational and interpersonal meaning, but also textual meaning. It associates various sorts of meaning with choices made all along the way in the production of a sentence in a text. Geoffrey Leech in his ‘Semantic- A Study of meaning’ (1974) breaks down meaning into seven types or ingredients giving primacy to conceptual meaning. The Seven types of meaning according to Leech are as follows: Conceptual or Denotative Meaning, Connotative Meaning, Social Meaning, Affective or Emotive Meaning, Reflected Meaning, Thematic Meaning. Almost all of the words of a language have a conceptual meaning. There are words that have more than one...
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...is full of ugly unnecessary things like war. These words help me understand the theme because now I know the metaphor is saying why would god create such a fearful world and the theme is “everyone makes mistakes including god” so this metaphor helps you understand how the author is trying to say that the world has many mistakes made by god. Another Poetry device used in the poem is Abstract and Concrete language. In this poem it is very important to be able to determine what is an abstract word and what is a concrete word to be able to understand the theme of the poem. The author uses both abstract and concrete language in the same word, he uses this technique a lot in the poem since many object in the poem have a deeper meaning. First example is when he uses the word “Tiger,” the concrete definition is a carnivorous large...
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...TO DEFINE Allusion- An allusion is reference from one literary work to another. Most people use allusions in every day conversations, although they may not be aware of it. For example, Shakespeare’s famous line, “To be or not to be” has been used and reused in many different contexts. An example of an allusion from Week one’s reading assignments comes from The Hack Driver by Sinclair Lewis. During the story, the author makes reference the express man. He comments on how this man will probably get to Heaven’s gate and call St Peter “Pete” (LA Rocco & Coughlin, 1996, p. 59). Connotation- Connotation is the meaning or implication that the author gives, and the reader receives while reading a literary work. Connotations are not difficult to spot, because they are usually presented in the form of an opinion or assumption. For example, To Be of Use, by Marge Piercy, refers to workers becoming natives to the elements of their work environment (LA Rocco & Coughlin, 1996, p. 248). The entire poem places much emphasis on the positive aspects of good workers. As the author refers to these workers as natives, it implies that they perform their jobs easily and naturally, so the connotation is positive. Denotation- A denotation is the actual meaning of a word used in a literary work. Denotations provide contrast within literature; because they possess a literal meaning, while almost everything else is comprised of figurative meanings. For...
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...that we use it to represent ideas, objects, and feelings. Because language is only representative, you can interpret any given statement in more than one way. Sometimes the difference is simply literal versus figurative interpretation. Denotation and connotation are two more tools you can employ to discern the meaning of an unfamiliar term. For a writer to express herself precisely, she must understand both the denotations and connotations of words, and use that understanding to convey to the reader her exact intent. Every student learns about connotation and denotation in his or her English 101 and 102 classes. In those classes, you learn how to distinguish between the two as they appear in literature. You learn the concept or theory behind the terms. Learning to apply the concepts to your writing will quickly improve your writing style. You are the author of your essay, and the word author implies you are somewhat of an authority on your subject. With authority comes responsibility. One of your most important responsibilities as a writer is to be clear for your readers—your professors! For your paper to be successful, you want to be sure your reader understands exactly what you intended for your words to mean. That’s where connotation and denotation can help. The most noticeable feature that distinguishes human beings from animals is their (human beings) ability to communicate with each other in different contextual situations. Due to the flexibility and arbitrariness of language...
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...Thesis: In the poem “There is No Frigate like a Book” Emily Dickinson’s use of figurative language, sound devices and denotation and connotation show us how literature allows use of our imagination to go on a journey. At first glance it may seem that Emily Dickinson has written a simple poem in “There Is No Frigate like a Book”. However, further analysis reveals that she believes reading is a gift to all. Through observation of the poem we find her fascination with reading and the poem’s ability to take her reader on a journey; as well as reveal how reading can take us on any journey we wish to embark. The theme of the poem is that when we use our imagination while reading anything is possible, even travel to distant lands. The first clue that reveals this poem is about traveling through literature lies within its title. A frigate is a U.S. warship used mainly for escorting. The clever comparison of a frigate and a book set the tone and create excitement about where we will go. It is also this comparison that allows us to compare the necessary physical means required to take us on our adventure. The first thing that is noticed is the use of figurative language. The figurative language used in this writing is referred to as simile. A simile is a phrase that compares two different things. In lines 3 and 4 “nor any coursers like a page… of prancing poetry” we find the most obvious use of simile when comparing a horse to pages in a book. The other use of simile...
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...and the word are two separate forms of communication. If there is no caption on a photograph, the viewer would inject their own wording based upon on their own life experiences. “A photo is invaded by language the moment it is looked at and becomes an almost relic of the event it portrays.”(Mitchell) A viewer looking at a photo will immediately have thoughts come to mind, and those thoughts become the words of the photo. Roland Barth believes that a photograph has its own language that coexists within it, and he calls this a “photographic paradox” (Mitchell 512). He is saying that there are two messages in every photo: the denotation and the connotation. The denotation is the actual photo in literal form, and the connotation is what is implied or suggested by what is in the images. A photographer could change the message by changing the connotation of the photo. This could be done in many ways, such as...
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...well structured, organized and logical; and with the absence of decoration and unnecessary elements and rational thinking the “lion” image closely associates with modernism that we define today. Interestingly, in- class, we argued the exact opposite, “the great sea” looked more modern with its loose text and playfulness and the white space, than the “lion” image that used an old-fashioned font and illustration. This shows how all our verbal associations with visual imagery are constantly changing with our culture and provide them with context by referring them with our history. Nothing about these images have changed, just the system around it. In the other counter-example, we studied two ads (fig. 3, 4) that appeared to have a very different denotation because of their stunningly contrasting approach in design styles. In design terms, where one’s (fig. 3) very rigid, clear, structured and logical other (fig. 4) appeared extremely abstract with its wild and crazy churning forms created using algorithm. These ads were in fact intending to...
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...Gaining the audience’s attention is essential for achieving a strong essay. A successful essay stimulates the reader’s emotions through methods that influence him or her. Therefore, “Being a Chink,” written by Christine Leong, is an influential text that uses three different methods to effect the emotions of a reader. For instance, the use of cause and effect, in the essay, influences its reader through descriptive examples and demonstrations. In addition, “Being a Chink” uses comparison and contrast to affect the reader’s emotions by presenting different perspectives with which to view a situation. Furthermore, it contains definitions that give understanding to a word or phrase within a text. These methods allow the reader to become swayed...
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...Poet devices help the writer to set the mood and convey the message and emotions to the reader while reading. Examples of poetic devices would include: assonance, repetition, connotation/denotation etc. When it comes to poetic sense, the six senses, using these in a poem helps to create a stronger image in the mind of the reader. The reason I chose Touchscreen by Marshall D. Jones as the best poem in the world, is because the poet uses a range of different poetic devices to project his emotion into the poem. To begin with, Jones uses repetition from start to finish. “doesn’t it feel good to touch? doesn’t it feel good to touch? doesn’t it feel good to touch?” (line 3-5). By repeating this phrase 3 times, Jones puts emphasis on the fact that,...
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...connotation Connotation refers to the emotional associations and overtones related to a word. For example, a person who is underweight might be described as slight, or scrawny. "Slight" has a fairly positive emotional connotation, while "scrawny" has a negative connotation. paradox A paradox is a statement that first appears to be contradictory but actually states a truth. "History teaches us that we learn nothing from history informational text Informational text is non-fiction text that conveys or explains information. The text can appear in a wide variety of forms, such as a non-fiction narrative, charts or graphs, articles, or reports. propaganda Propaganda refers to a message designed to promote an institution, a cause, or a person through persuasive techniques. Advertisement strategies are called "commercial propaganda." denotation "Denotation" refers to the literal dictionary definition of a word. expert testimony Expert testimony is information about a particular issue, product, or idea given by people qualified to comment based on their authority on the subject statistical evidence Statistical evidence refers to statistics or numerical data that support an observation. persuasive technique Persuasive techniques refer to a variety of emotional appeals, or a sequence of logical reasoning that is used to influence an audience analogy Analogy is the relationship between certain aspects of one thing that are comparable to something else, even though there...
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...co.uk is a top UK website for women it is typically aimed at a target audience of ‘today’s busy women as they search the site for lifestyle information’ (http://www.sofeminine.co.uk/). My analysis of this advertisement will look at the key signifiers and what they are signifying, the denotation and connation’s in the advertisement and the technical codes – photographic imagery, in the visual image and how they represent and reinforce gender stereotypes. In the advertisement one female stands between two males. One of the males is fully clothed and stares into the camera the other male is semi nude. The Female in the picture stands with her back to the clothed male. Her arm is around the shoulder of the semi nude male, the other arm loops on top of the semi nude models arm that is reaching down her thigh. This denotative analysis is based on what is actually in the picture, “'denotation' tends to be described as the definitional, 'literal', 'obvious' or 'commonsense' meaning of a sign” (Chandler, Daniel (1994)). Given this is, it is important to know that denotative analysis is like all semiotic analysis is subjective to contextual and cultural knowledge of the viewer. Connotations will also be drawn by the viewer depending on their contextual and cultural knowledge. The female in the advertisement is given sexual power in the advertisement through her seductive stare. She is also depicted as having power over the man in her...
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...__________________________________________________________________________ SONNET 130 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun; Coral is far more red than her lips’ red; If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun; If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head. I have seen roses damask’d, red and white, But no such roses see I in her cheeks; And in some perfumes is there more delight Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks. I love to hear her speak, yet well I know That music hath a far more pleasing sound; I grant I never saw a goddess go; My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground: And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare As any she belied with false compare. ANALYSIS The renaissance poet worries about finding new ways for expressing the beauty, but also to renew the themes of his works. In this period the poet wants to create a new world of beauty throughout a simple world. An important style of Renaissance Poetry was epic style, and sonnets (Shakespeare). Characteristics include: Rhyme, intensity in feelings, repetition, meter, iambic pentameter. The Renaissance poems came in many languages, commonly Latin, Italian and Greek. Some are translated and being used today as a historical and religious sources. The topics of the poems varied from religion to heroes. Most of the Christian poems talk about how they survived the fall of the Holy Roman Empire. Poems about heroes-heroines were very...
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...on a much more deep and thorough goal. An extended definition intends to ‘extend’ your knowledge or understanding of a term. The use of examples, stories, anecdotes and experiences is usually used to accomplish this, as well as giving comprehensive information about the term such as its noun, verb, adjective, and adverb meanings, and the origin of the word. Needless to say, much research goes into writing this type of essay. Methods of definition include Distinction, Examining, Analysis, and Etymology. • Distinction: This method explains not only what the term or phrase is, but compares it to other related terms and clearly explains what it is not. Bringing out the definition in this manner helps the reader to more clearly understand exactly the point being made. An example of the distinction method would be a coupon. A coupon is a paper or an online code that offers the consumer a discount if they purchase a particular item. In contrast, a sales premium is a bonus item given to the consumer when they purchase something else, such as a free trial bottle of shampoo when a large bottle of conditioner is purchased. • Examining denotation and connotation: Denotation is the actual meaning of a word or term, and connotation is a suggestive meaning of the same term. When using this method, the writer compares both definitions of a word. An example of this method would be the word dog. The literal meaning of dog is a domesticated canid, Canis familiaris, bred in many varieties....
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...poems include Impossible Flying, Rituals Before the Poem and so on. In 1994,He won the Forward Poetry Prize, Best First Collection for Progeny of Air. Besides, Kwame Dawes also acts as an actor, editor, critic, musician, playwright and even a social activist. In 2009, Dawes won an Emmy Award in the category of New Approaches to News & Documentary Programming: Arts, Lifestyle & Culture. I. Chosen Language with Precision As different content of poems calls for different words and expressions, the skill of choosing the right words to express one’s feeling is important and necessary for poets. “Poets choose a particular word because it suggests what they want to suggest. Its appropriateness is a function of both its denotation and its connotation.” (Robert, 26) Kwame Dawes does a good job in choosing words to achieve powerful influence. As he says in his blog that “It is true that language alone...But language can be deciphered, unfolded, to reveal something close to meaning. It is the language that keeps me going, but mostly, it is the “true” of the emotion-that is clear,even when other things are not.” From his words, we can find that Dawes values the true emotion and the language which can express it very much. Many of...
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...A Glossary of Literary Devices Allegory A symbolic narrative in which the surface details imply a secondary meaning. Allegory often takes the form of a story in which the characters represent moral qualities. The most famous example in English is John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, in which the name of the central character, Pilgrim, epitomizes the book's allegorical nature. Kay Boyle's story "Astronomer's Wife" and Christina Rossetti's poem "Up-Hill" both contain allegorical elements. Alliteration The repetition of consonant sounds, especially at the beginning of words. Example: "Fetched fresh, as I suppose, off some sweet wood." Hopkins, "In the Valley of the Elwy." Antagonist A character or force against which another character struggles. Creon is Antigone's antagonist in Sophocles' play Antigone; Teiresias is the antagonist of Oedipus in Sophocles' Oedipus the King. Assonance The repetition of similar vowel sounds in a sentence or a line of poetry or prose, as in "I rose and told him of my woe." Whitman's "When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer" contains assonantal "I's" in the following lines: "How soon unaccountable I became tired and sick, / Till rising and gliding out I wander'd off by myself." Character An imaginary person that inhabits a literary work. Literary characters may be major or minor, static (unchanging) or dynamic (capable of change). In Shakespeare's Othello, Desdemona is a major character, but one who is static, like the minor character Bianca. Othello...
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