...whose action is specified on variables. Take x and y to be two variables. A function f may map x to some expression in x. Assigning gives a relation between y and x. If there is some relation specifying y in terms of x, then y is known as a dependent variable (and x is an independent variable). Statistics In a statistics experiment, the dependent variable is the event studied and expected to change whenever the independent variable is altered.[1] Modelling In mathematical modelling, the dependent variable is studied to see if and how much it varies as the independent variables vary. In the simple stochastic linear model the term is the i th value of the dependent variable and is i th value of the independent variable. The term is known as the "error" and contains the variability of the dependent variable not explained by the independent variable. With multiple independent variables, the expression is: , where n is the number of independent variables. Simulation In simulation, the dependent variable is changed in response to changes in the independent variables. Statistics Synonyms Independent variable An independent variable is also known as a "predictor variable", "regressor", "controlled variable", "manipulated variable", "explanatory variable", "exposure variable" (see reliability theory), "risk factor" (see medical statistics), "feature" (in machine learning and pattern recognition) or an "input variable."[2][3] "Explanatory variable" is preferred by some authors...
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...VARIABLES Variables • anything that can take any value • conditions which you manipulate or vary Types of Variables A. Based on Cause and Effect 1. Independent/Manipulated • the “cause”; factor that is being tested or manipulated (can be controlled); the cause/condition that you provide for. 2. Dependent/Responding • the “effect” or “observed”; the response to the manipulated factor; factors that are there inherently and are not changed/manipulated. 3. Extraneous/Constant • all other variables other than the Independent Variable and the Dependent Variable that are kept constant in the experiment. example Problem: The Effect of Classical and Rock Music on the Growth of 45-Day Chicken IV: -Types of music, classical and rock music DV: -Growth in terms of mass of chicken EV: -age and mass of chicken at the start of the experiment -number of chicken per cage/treatment -environmental conditions -amount of feeds given -frequency of feeding -amount of water given, etc. B. Based on the value taken by the variable 1. Continuous Variable - with fractional values (as in ratio and interval); has values in between whole numbers - examples: mass of chicken, age of chickens, temperatures, pH, etc. 2. Discrete/Discontinuous Variable - assume exact values; fixed (as in nominal and ordinal) - examples: number of chickens, number of types of feeds used, number of cages, number...
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...A Handbook of Statistical Analyses using SAS SECOND EDITION Geoff Der Statistician MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit University of Glasgow Glasgow, Scotland and Brian S. Everitt Professor of Statistics in Behavioural Science Institute of Psychiatry University of London London, U.K. CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Catalog record is available from the Library of Congress This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice:...
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...Constantes figurativas: Una constante figurativa es una constante predefinida en COBOL que puede utilizarse en cualquier parte de la WORKING-STORAGE SECTION o PROCEDURE DIVISION para asignar su valor a un campo. Zero- Designa el valor 0 en el caso de datos numéricos. También puede ser referenciada por los nombres ZEROS o ZEROES. Space- Esta constante se utiliza para asignar a un campo no numérico uno o mas espacios en blanco. También puede ser referenciada por el nombre SPACES. High-value- Se utiliza para asignar a literales alfanuméricos el valor mas alto posible del código de caracteres que estemos utilizando (Valor FF en ASCII). También puede ser referenciada por el nombre de HIGH-VALUES. Low-Value- Se utiliza para asignar a literales alfanuméricos el valor mas bajo posible del código de caracteres que estemos utilizando (Valor 00 en ASCII). También puede ser referenciada por el nombre de LOW-VALUES. ALL “literal”- representa una repetición del literal especificado. Constantes identificadas por un nombre. Están formadas por un identificador al que asociamos un valor. Se describen en la DATA DIVISION con nivel 78. Una constante identificada por un nombre se utiliza en cualquier lugar donde un literal pueda aparecer en un formato. Identificadores. Los identificadores son nombres creados por el programador. Para formar un identificador hay que tener en cuenta las siguientes reglas: • Un identificador consta de un máximo de 30 caracteres. Estos caracteres pueden...
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...SPSS for Windows(Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ) วิธีที่ 1. คลิก ปุ่ม Start >> All Program >> Spss for Windows >> Spss 12.0 for Windows วิธีที่ 2. เข้าสู่โปรแกรมโดยคลิกชื่อโปรแกรมบน Start Menu หรือ บน Desktop หน้าจอแรกของโปรแกรม สอนการใช้งาน พิมพ์ข้อมูลใหม่ เปิดแฟ้มข้อมูลชนิด Database Query(*.spq) สร้าง query ใหม่โดยใช้ Database Wizard เปิดแฟ้มข้อมูลชนิด SPSS (*.sav) หรือเลือกที่ 3 เปิดแฟ้มข้อมอื่นๆ (*) หรือเลือกที่ 4 ไม่ต้องการปรากฏหน้าจอเริ่มต้นการทำงานนี้อีก โปรแกรม SPSS เป็นโปรแกรมที่สร้างขึ้นมาเพื่อวิเคราะห์ข้อมูลทางสถิติโดยตรง หน้าตาโปรแกรม SPSS ดังภาพข้างล่าง ชีต สำหรับการลงข้อมูลจากแบบสอบถาม โดยในแนวคอลัมน์คือ ตัวแปรหนึ่ง ๆ ชีต สำหรับกาสร้าง ตัวแปรจากแบบสอบถาม Variable View เป็นหน้าต่างข้อมูลสำหรับการสร้างและแก้ไขตัวแปรดังภาพข้างล่าง Name = ชื่อตัวแปร Type = ชนิดของตัวแปร * Numeric สำหรับข้อมูลตัวเลขบวกหรือลบก็ได้ * Comma สำหรับข้อมูลตัวเลข กรณีค่าเกินหลักพันจะมีเครื่องหมาย , คั่น * Dot สำหรับข้อมูลตัวเลข กรณีค่าเกินหลักพันจะมีเครื่องหมาย , คั่น และก่อนทศนิยมเป็นเครื่องหมาย , * Scientific notation สำหรับข้อมูลตัวเลข และมีการใช้สัญลักษณ์ทางคณิตศาสตร์ เช่น E ตัวอย่างเช่น 9.05E+01 -3E+10 4.3E+04 เป็นต้น * Data สำหรับข้อมูลที่เป็นวันที่ * Dollar สำหรับข้อมูลที่เนรูปตัวเงิน จะมีเครื่องหมาย $ นำหน้า * Custom currency สำหรับข้อมูลที่เป็นรูปตัวเงิน มีให้เลือก 5 รูปแบบ ได้แก่ CCA ...
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...Algebra 2 Honors Name ________________________________________ Test #1 1st 9-weeks September 2, 2011 SHOW ALL WORK to ensure maximum credit. Each question is worth 10 points for a total of 100 points possible. Extra credit is awarded for dressing up. 1. Write the solutions represented below in interval notation. A.) [pic] B.) [pic] 2. Use the tax formula [pic] A.) Solve for I. B.) What is the income, I, when the Tax value, T, is $184? 3. The M&M’s company makes individual bags of M&M’s for sale. In production, the company allows between 20 and 26 m&m’s, including 20 and 26. Write an absolute value inequality describing the acceptable number of m&m’s in each bag. EXPLAIN your reasoning. 4. Solve and graph the solution. [pic] 5. Solve and graph the solution. [pic] 6. Solve. [pic] 7. Solve. [pic] 8. True or False. If false, EXPLAIN why it is false. A.) An absolute value equation always has two solutions. B.) 3 is a solution to the absolute value inequality [pic] C.) 8 is a solution to the compound inequality x < 10 AND x > 0. 9. Solve for w. [pic] 10. You plant a 1.5 foot tall sawtooth oak that grows 3.5 feet per year. You want to know how many years it would take for the tree to outgrow your 20 foot roof. A.) Write an inequality that defines x as the number of years of growth. B.) Determine the number of years, to nearest hundredth, it...
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...LETRANUMERO y en la otra con (numero columna, Numero fila) Option Explicit: Puesto al principio de cualquier modulo obliga a declarar las variables que usemos InputBox(Mensaje, Título, Valor por defecto, Posición horizontal, Posición Vertical, Archivo ayuda, Número de contexto para la ayuda) Es para meter un valor por ventana y guardarlo en variable Val(String): Convierte un String en numero La siguiente tabla indica las funciones para transformar el input en lo que sea: Lista de Funciones de Comprobación. IsNuméric(Expresión). Comprueba si expresión tiene un valor que se puede interpretar como numérico. IsDate(Expresión). Comprueba si expresión tiene un valor que se puede interpretar como tipo fecha. IsEmpty(Expresión). Comprueba que expresión tenga algún valor, que se haya inicializado. IsError(Expresión). Comprueba si expresión devuelve algún valor de error. IsArray(Expresión). Comprueba si expresión (una variable) es un array o no. IsObject(Expresión). Comprueba si expresión (una variable) representa una variable tipo objeto. IsNull(Expresión). Comprueba si expresión contiene un valor nulo debido a datos no válidos. Nothing. No es propiamente una función, sirve para comprobar si una variable objeto esta asociada a un objeto antes de hacer cualquier operación con ella. Recuerde que para trabajar con una variable objeto antes debe asignarse a uno (mediante la instrucción Set), en caso contrario se producirá un error en el programa cuando utilice...
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...addition, make sure your procedures use all the arguments passed to them. Group related procedures and the constants they use together in the same module, and where appropriate, consider grouping related procedures together in a class module with a clearly defined interface. Keep procedures in standard modules and not in modules behind forms or documents. The code in form modules should be only that code that is tied directly to the form itself and the code required for calling general procedures stored in standard modules. Communicate between procedures by passing data as arguments to the procedures. Persist data by writing it to disk or to the Windows registry. Avoid using a procedure to write to a global variable so another procedure can read data from that global variable. Avoid communicating with another procedure by passing data out of the application, for example, using one procedure to write data to a disk file, .ini file, or the registry so another procedure can read that data. The same considerations that go into writing reusable code...
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...Running head: STATISTICS. EXERCISE 16 1 STATISTICS. EXERCISE 16 SUMITHA THOMAS GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY STATISTICS. EXERCISE 16 STATISTICS. EXERCISE 16 Name: Sumitha K Thomas Date:3/3/13 Class : HLT -362V 2 1) The researchers analyzed the data they collected as though it were at what level of measurement? a) Nominal b) Ordinal c) Interval/ration d) Experimental The correct answer is: d)experimental. 2) What was the mean post test empowerment score for the control group? Answer: 97.12 3) Compare the mean baseline post test depression scores of the experimental group. Was this an expected findings? Provide a rational for your answer? Answer: The baseline score of the experimental group is 14.00. According to the data provided in exercises 16, the depression decreased to 13.36 after the empowerment program. This is a positive result, which shows slight improvement (0.64). 4) Compare the mean baseline and posttest depression scores of the control group. Do these scores strengthen or weaken validity of the research results? Provide a rationale for your answer? Answer: The mean baseline depression scores of control group is 10.40. The mean post test depression scores of control group 10.40. Because the scores remains same STATISTICS. EXERCISE 16 at the baseline level and post test level of depression rate of control group is neither weaken or strengthen with empowerment program, which shows no improvement with the program but also their depression score doesn’t increase...
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...and faculty were asked to complete a survey to help determine if there is enough demand and how cost points may affect that demand. The demand and forecast for pizza will determine if it is justified to move forward with the proposed joint venture. When completing a demand analysis it is important to test and review the proper demographic and independent variables. In the proposed University-Domino’s joint venture the surveys collected many data points. The demographic variables included students age, number of people in the household, and approximate household income. The independent variables included number of fast food restaurants passed, distance of commute, whether the student is coming to class straight from work, number of times fast food is eaten weekly, amount spent when eating fast food, and if a drink was purchased. The demand function, also known as the curve will specify the relationship between the various price points of pizza and quantity demanded. It is also important justify the reasons certain variables are chosen. The first demographic variable is student’s age. This is an important variable because it will...
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...Intro to programming final study guide 1. Name the components of a computer: CPU, RAM, Secondary storage devices, Input devices, Output devices 2. What does a disk drive do? A disk drive stores data by magnetically encoding it onto a circular disk. 3. What is the largest value that can be stored in a bit? 255 4. What is ASCII? ASCII is the American Standard Code for Information Interchange which is a set of 128 numeric codes that represent the English letters, various punctuation marks, and other characters 5. What is machine language? Machine language is written in 1s and 0s and known as binary. 6. How does a computer execute instructions? The computer uses the fetch-decode-execute cycle. 7. What is assembly language? Assembly language uses short words that are known as mnemonics instead of binary. 8. What is syntax? Syntax is a set of rules that must be strictly followed when writing a program. 9. What is an interpreter? An interpreter is a program that both translates and executes the instructions in a high level language program 10. What is a logic error? A logic error is a mistake that does not prevent the program from running, but causes it to produce incorrect results. 11. What is an algorithm? An algorithm is a set of well defined logical steps that must be taken to perform a task. 12. What is Pseudocode? Pseudocode is fake code. 13. What are the symbols used in a flowchart? The Ovals which are called terminal symbols that start and stop something, The...
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...years. There is no place in the world free with this type of products. The modernization and the globalization make the counterfeiting process more difficult to control, affecting not only the countries economy, but also its safety and the citizens’ general integrity. Knowing the importance of this problem, different organizations around the world are making a big effort trying to create a variety of countermeasures in order to stop the development of this sector and of course the negative consequences. In order to create effective measures, it is necessary to completely understand the counterfeiting process and the specific reasons why people acquire counterfeit products. The objective of this study is to describe what are the different variables, and their direct influence on the purchaser’s behavior at the moment of buying counterfeit merchandise. The data collection method is based on focus groups, interviews and questionnaires. The results obtained from this study can help to understand the complete counterfeit process and facilitate future studies in order to created adequate countermeasures against this global issue. Why do people buy counterfeit products? 3 PURPOSE STATEMENT Counterfeit is a serious issue that affects individuals, cities and countries. The world as a whole is being touched by this powerful industry. The free trading of these products is...
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...requiring English Test 6 Figure 8: Starting Salaries of Colleges not requiring English Tests 7 Figure 9: The variation between the Local Tuition & Foreign Tuition 7 Figure 10: The no. of Colleges preferring experience candidates 8 Figure 11: Coefficient of Variation between enrollment, local tuition fee, foreign tuition cost & Starting Salary 9 Analysis The project provides us details about the top 25 B-schools in Asia-Pacific region. Using different variables like Full-Time Enrollment, Students per Faculty, Local Tuition, Foreign Tuition, Age, Starting Salary, %Of Foreign, GMAT, English Test, & Work Experience various descriptive analysis has been done. The observations made are presented in the report in different formats using graphs. Figure 1: Showing the Students Enrollment Graph Since the values range from as low as 12 & as high as 463 hence this variable cannot be used as a reliable source for calculation the central tendency. The mean of the above enrollment variable is 165.16. µ = 165.16 Figure 2: Relationship between Full Enrollment &...
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... • Métodos para formar los segmentos de mercado: 1. A priori: definir los conglomerados a través de una variable objetivo. 2. Posteriori: los perfiles se conglomeran de acuerdo a sus proximidades en comportamiento de compra o actitudes. Ej: beneficios que busca el consumidor. ➢ Lo siguiente es determinar si los segmentos formados difieren respecto variables demográficas, uso productos, etc. Análisis por conglomerados • Propósitos del análisis por conglomerados: o Segmentar el mercado ( ej: segmentación por beneficios. o Comprender la conducta de los compradores: identificar grupos homogéneos. o Identificar oportunidades para productos nuevos: agrupar marcas y productos y así determinar conjuntos competitivos en el mercado. o Elegir mercados de prueba o Reducir datos • Objetivo: buscar agrupar a los individuos en base a un criterio que tengan en semejanza. • Objetivos específicos: i. Definir medida para evaluar qué tan semejantes o diferentes son los objetos conglomerados. ➢ Distancia: cuando las variables son de escala intervalo. La proximidad entre los objetos se mide por la cercanía de sus perfiles 8valores entre 0 e infinito) ➢ Coincidencia: cuando variables están en escala nominal. La proximidad se mide por el porcentaje de coincidencias que tienen los perfiles de...
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...Discriminant analysis The discriminant analysis model involves linear combinations of the following form D=b0+b1X1+b2X2+…………………+bkXk The weights b’s are estimated so that the groups differ as much as possible on the values of the discriminant function. Xi is the predictor or independent variable. The data we have used is bankloan.sav. Since the dependent variable is “previously defaulted” which has nominal values as 0 for ‘NO’ and 1 for ‘YES’, we need to use discriminant analysis. The independent variables or the predictors that is used are “Age in years”, “Level of education”, Years with current employees”, House hold incomes”, “Debt to income ratio”, “Credit card debt”, “Years at current address” and “other debts”. The total number of data available for us is 800. The tables shown below is the discriminant analysis that is done on this data Analysis Case Processing Summary | Unweighted Cases | N | Percent | Valid | 700 | 82.4 | Excluded | Missing or out-of-range group codes | 150 | 17.6 | | At least one missing discriminating variable | 0 | .0 | | Both missing or out-of-range group codes and at least one missing discriminating variable | 0 | .0 | | Total | 150 | 17.6 | Total | 850 | 100.0 | Group Statistics | Previously defaulted | Mean | Std. Deviation | Valid N (listwise) | | | | Unweighted | Weighted | No | Age in years | 35.5145 | 7.70774 | 517 | 517.000 | | Years with current employer | 9.5087 | 6.66374 | 517 | 517.000...
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