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Fcfs

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FCFS
ALGORITMO
First-Come, First Served (FCFS) as siglas FCFS significan en inglés First Come First Served(Primero en llegar, Primero en ser Servido), dentro de los algoritmos de Planificación de la CPU, este es el más sencillo. La carga de trabajo se procesa simplemente en un orden de llegada. Por no tener en consideración el estado del sistema ni las necesidades de recursos de los procesos individuales, la planificación FCFS puede dar lugar a pobres rendimientos

La política más simple de planificación es la
FCFS A medida que un proceso pasa al estado listo, este es agregado a la cola de listos. Cuando el proceso que actualmente está ejecutando cesa su ejecución entonces el proceso más viejo en la cola es seleccionado para correr. La implementación de esta política es a través de colas
FIFO
(First-In, First-Out ). Cuando el CPU está libre, éste es asignado al proceso que está en la cabeza de la cola. FCFS es un algoritmo nonpreemptive , pues una vez que el CPU esasignado a un proceso, este lo mantiene hasta queespontáneamente lo suelta, ya sea porque el proceso finalizó opor algún requerimiento de E/S.El tiempo de espera bajo esta política tiende a ser alto. Además,tiende a favorecer aquellos procesos que requieren más tiempode CPU (
CPU-bound
).

El tiempo promedio de espera bajo una política FCFSgeneralmente no es mínimo y puede variar sustancialmente sihay mucha diferencia entre las duraciones de ciclo de losprocesos.

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Planificación de servicio por orden de llegada. Es el algoritmo más sencillo, el primer proceso que solicita la CPU es el primero en recibirla. Fácil de implementar con una política FIFO para la cola de preparados. Tiempo de espera promedio bastante largo.

* Las reglas de despacho permiten definir las prioridades entre los trabajos que se encuentran en un taller. Pueden ser sencillas, basadas en un dato del producto, como el tiempo de procesamiento o la fecha de entrega; también se pueden obtener a través de cálculos entre diferentes variables (como la holgura). 
Las principales reglas de despacho que se manejan en producción son: * FIFO (First In First Out) ó PEPA (Primero en Entrar, Primero en Atender): Se emplea a menudo y, especialmente, con productos perecederos, donde toma el nombre de FEFO (First Expiration First Out). * LIFO (Last In First Out) ó UEPA (Último en Entrar, Primero en Atender): No es muy común, pero en ocasiones, cuando el material ocupa grandes superficies y la rotación es elevada (planchas de acero de gran tamaño) suele ser útil esta regla. * SPT (Sort Process Time): Ordena los trabajos de menor a mayor tiempo de procesamiento. Es una de las más utilizadas. * LPT (Longest Process Time): Ordena los trabajos de mayor a menor tiempo de procesamiento. * EDD (Earliest Due Date): Ordena los trabajos en función de la fecha de entrega, de forma creciente, es decir, el primer trabajo de la lista es el que tiene menor fecha de entrega. * Holgura mínima: Considera el tiempo restante total hasta la finalización del trabajo. De esta forma se programan antes los trabajos con mayores posibilidades de retrasarse.

El tiempo de procesamiento (pi) es la duración de la operación. Incluye el tiempo de cambio (tc) que, en la mayoría de los casos, es independiente de la secuencia (salvo en el caso de empresas de envasado y fabricación, por ejemplo, de pinturas o helados) * El tiempo de espera (wi) es el tiempo que el trabajo está en cola esperando a ser procesado en una máquina. * La fecha de llegada (ai) es el instante en el que el trabajo llega al taller y a partir del cual puede ya procesarse. Es decir, no es el momento en el que el cliente hace el pedido, sino el momento en que el pedido llega a planificación. * La fecha de finalización (ci) corresponde al instante en el que se termina la última operación de un trabajo.

82 Organización de la Producción II. Planificación de procesos productivos
La fecha de entrega (di) es el instante en el que hay que entregar el trabajo. Generalmente viene fijada por el cliente.
Existen unos datos que se obtienen a partir de estos conceptos y que permiten comparar distintas planificaciones. Los tres más importantes son: * Elflujodetiempo(FI =ci –ai óFi =pi +wi)eseltiempotranscurrido desde la llegada del trabajo hasta la finalización de la última tarea. Se puede definir como la diferencia entre el tiempo de finalización y el de llegada (ci – ai); o bien, desde el punto de vista de su estancia en el taller, se puede calcular como la suma del tiempo de procesamiento y el tiempo de espera (pi + wi). * El retraso (Li = ci - di) cuantifica lo pronto (o tarde) que se ha terminado el trabajo y se calcula como la diferencia entre la fecha de finalización y la de entrega. Si es mayor que cero significa que el trabajo se ha terminado después de su fecha de entrega prevista y, entonces, se denomina tardanza (Ti). Si, por el contrario, es menor que cero, el trabajo se ha acabado antes de la fecha prevista, se denomina prontitud (Ei). * La holgura (HI = di – (ai + pi)) representa el margen de tiempo que existe para planificar un pedido, es decir, sabiendo el tiempo en el que llega y el tiempo de procesamiento, y conociendo la fecha en la que hay que entregar el artículo, es fácil calcular el margen del que se dispone para planificarlo. * El Intervalo de fabricación (M) es el intervalo necesario para planificar los n trabajos que componen la lista de planificación. * El flujo medio de tiempo (F) es el valor medio del flujo de tiempo para los n trabajos. Este término es importante, ya que el inventario en proceso es directamente proporcional al flujo medio de tiempo, es decir, cuanto mayor sea este valor, más inventario habrá en proceso. También puede verse en sentido contrario, es decir, en empresas en las que hay mucho inventario en proceso los plazos de entrega que se pueden prometer son más altos.

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