...American Historical Association, the Organization of American Historians, and the Society of American Historians. William devoted his career educating himself and other about the life of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The significance of Roosevelt’s policies sparked William Leuchtenburg’s desire to educate others about one of the United States of America’s greatest presidents and how they are influence today’s society. William Leuchtenburg’s Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal consists of a comprehensive history of events during Roosevelt’s first two presidential terms from 1932-1940. Franklin Roosevelt became the president at a time when the Great Depression began and the stock market had crashed, millions were out of work, and banks everywhere were failing. The Great Depression was a production consisting of humungous hardships, thus developed a national atmosphere of melancholy. The American people and government employees expected Roosevelt to establish contemporary economic dogma, which promoted balanced budgets and economy in the government. Upon taking office, Roosevelt moved quickly to cut $400,000,000 from veterans’ pensions and $100,000,000 from federal employees’ pay. Roosevelt introduced a host of new programs that had positive effects within the first 100 days of being in office. Franklin Roosevelt introduced The...
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...During the 1930s-1940s the great depression had a negative impact on the United States’ economy and affected everyone no matter their race or sex. At this time, it was America’s number one priority to try to pick the country back up from this unfortunate event. But, at the same time the women of this nation were continuing to struggle with daily life and the depression only made it worse for them. As president, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, along with his wife, Eleanor Roosevelt, set out to discuss and positively change major issues in America. They did what they could to try to correct both women’s equality and the effects of the depression on the country. This paper will show different perspectives on how women struggled and set out to make...
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...HIST 2005-2: Week (6) – World War II October 17, 2010 World War II had several prominent leaders throughout the world from President F. Roosevelt in the United States, Winston Churchill in Britain, Joseph Stalin in Russia and Adolf Hitler in Germany. These four men are the most well known in history and all made significant contributions to today’s world. Today, I will focus on the strong influences of President Roosevelt and Adolf Hitler. Both men were great leaders and great speakers in their own respect but I will identify Roosevelt’s effective leadership and Hitler’s ineffective leadership. President Franklin Roosevelt was elected to four terms of presidency for the Unites States. During his presidency, he faced tough decisions regarding the Great Depression and international conflicts that led to World War II. Some of Roosevelt’s policies included an all inclusive national defense, strengthen defense and security of country, demand and support complete action in recognition of obvious dangers and to produce armaments through American industry quicker (The Four Freedoms, n.d.). In 1932, Roosevelt proposed the “New Deal” which would give the people “a program to bring recovery to business and agriculture and relief to the unemployed and those in danger of losing their farms and homes (Presidents, n.d.). After three years, the economy was still struggling and Roosevelt started more reform programs. Social security program was introduced to provide compensation...
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...for more than 60 percent of the country’s gross domestic product. In March of 2009, the presidents of thirteen of these “Megabanks” met at the White House with the President, Obama that gave a message, “everybody has to pitch in. We’re all in this together” –President Obama (13 Bankers, page 4) this message giving a clear indicator the thirteen bankers needed the government and in turn, the government needed these 13 bankers to maintain stability of the economy. Thomas Jefferson was strongly suspicious of the financial industry and of banks and feel they are more dangerous than standing armies. Jefferson feared that the economic power held by banks have the possibility to grow out of government control. Jefferson’s vision for the United States was more of a farming and agricultural economy, in such had little political and economic power. The opposition to Jefferson, came from Alexander Hamilton;...
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...UNITED STATES HISTORY HIS 2223 INTRODUCTION The Ordeal of Reconstruction (1865-1877) 1. The student will be able to define the major problems facing the South and the nation after the Civil War. 2. The Student will be able to distinguish the differences between the Presidential and Congressional approaches to Reconstruction. 3. The student will be able to explain how the blunders of President Andrew Johnson and the South led to radical congressional reconstruction. Politics in the Gilded Age (1869-1889) 4. The student will be able to describe the political corruptions of the Grant Administration. 5. The student will be able to analyze the disputed Hayes-Tilden election of 1876 and indicate how the Compromise of 1877 averted possible bloodshed. 6. The student will be able to explain why the politics of the Gilded Age was generally so low. The Westward Movement (1865-1890) 7. The student will be able to describe the final phase of frontier settlement in the “Great West”. 8. The student will be able to discuss the final removal of the Indians to the West. Industry Comes of Age (1865-1900) 9. The student will be able to describe how the economy came to be dominated by giant “trusts,” headed by Carnegie and Rockefeller. 10. The student will be able to analyze the social changes brought by industrialization, especially upon the working men and women?. ...
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...The Progressive Era marked a time of new reforms throughout our nation and these changes have shaped the country we live in today. This era was the nation’s response to the Industrial Revolution. It affected all Americans and transformed the role of government in American society. Most racial issues and women's rights, were ignored during the progressive era, but the groundwork was laid for future reforms in those areas. Many events occurred during the time of the Progressive Era and Great Depression that made a big contribution to today’s society. One of the first turning points of this era was the founding of the Anti-Saloon League. It was a non-partisan political pressure group established in 1893 with Protestant churches as its primary support in rural areas and the South. In the words of leader Ernest Cherrington, it was "the united church militant engaged in the overthrow of the liquor traffic.” The League also used churches more directly to achieve its objectives. For example, it arranged for pastors in over 2,000 churches in Illinois to discuss a pending temperance measure and urge congregations to ask their representatives to support it. The Anti-Saloon stressed its religious character and since it acted as an agent of the churches and therefore was working for God, anything it did was seen as moral and justified because it was working to bring about the Lord's will. This became the first modern, single-issuing lobbying group in the America and opened the doors for...
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...Members stand firm behind them citing their positive contributions to the higher pay, improved working conditions, better benefits, and overall greater standards achieved through collective bargaining. Solidarity, a motto of unions, keeps members bonded to each other and the union through shared problems and experiences. Some corporations and economists believe that labor unions are cartels that create monopolies and regard them as a detriment to the capitalist vision. Antiunion opinions stem from the seemingly untouchable status of labor unions and the favor and protections given to them by the federal government. Labor unions are nearly as old as America herself. Although primitive unions of carpenters and other tradespeople made an appearance in various cities in colonial America, the first national labor unions didn’t gain strength until the 1820s. During this time, workers banded together to reduce the working day from a grueling 12 hours to a more manageable 10 hours. In 1866, the Nation Labor Union persuaded Congress to cut the workday down to today’s eight hour standard. As early as 1909 eastern European immigrant steel workers attempted demonstrations of solidarity for humane working conditions. However, due to language barriers they were exploited and easily divided (Brody 153). These early efforts, along with those of washwomen, factory, mill, and postal workers paved the road for labor unions in the United States. According to Merriam Webster’s definition, a labor...
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...FINAL ESSAY - US HISTORY COURSE (2013) Topic: Write an essay discussing the problems created by the Great Depression and actions taken by the federal government to solve these problems The Great Depression was the period of worldwide economic depression which happened from 1929 to about 1941. Although it was a global event, the United States was the country attracting the most attention of people all around the world, which resulted in its great influence to the global economy. Some people said that the Great Depression created problems which weakened the U.S, while others argued that thanks to it, the nation had opportunity to fix itself and experienced a following long prosperous period. My essay will discuss the problems caused by the Great Depression and actions taken by the Federal government and the President to solve these problems. After years by years of optimism, development and prosperity, it was on Tuesday, October 29th,1929 , called “Black Tuesday” when the U.S officially faced the despair of the Great Depression with the Crash of the Stock Market. Though the Falling of the Stock Market was not the only cause of the Great Depression, it was the starting point of a decade of high unemployment, poverty, low profits, deflation, plunging farm incomes, and lost opportunities for economic growth and personal advancement. The main effect was a sudden and loss of confidence in the economic future. What were the problems created by...
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...parish overseers, who provided relief for the aged, sick, and infant poor, as well as work for the able-bodied in workhouses. However, the modern welfare state was started by Otto von Bismarck, the first Chancellor of Germany, created the modern welfare state by building on a tradition of welfare programs in Prussia and Saxony that began as early as in the 1840s. Bismarck introduced old age pensions, accident insurance and medical care that formed the basis of the modern European welfare state. The United Kingdom, as a modern welfare state, started to emerge with the Liberal welfare reforms of 1906–1914 under Liberal Prime Minister Herbert Asquith. The passing of the Old-Age Pensions Act in 1908, the introduction of free school meals in 1909, the 1909 Labour Exchanges Act, the Development Act 1909, which heralded greater Government intervention in economic development, and the enacting of the National Insurance Act 1911 setting up a national insurance contribution for unemployment and health benefits from work. The welfare system in the United States began in the 1930s, during the Great Depression. President Lyndon Johnson announced his Great Society program during his State of the Union address in 1964. He outlined a series of domestic programs that he promised would eliminate poverty and inequality in the United States. By the end of Johnson’s term, Congress had implemented 226 of 252 his legislative...
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...Louis D. Brandeis was a United State Supreme Court Justice that fought against monopolies and big business and was a tireless advocate for free speech. Brandeis was best known for publishing his famous article in the Harvard Law Journal, for publishing his book about the banking industry, for upholding laws that protect the publics’ privacy and the freedom of expression and as the first Jewish Supreme Court Justice. Louis Brandeis was born in Kentucky on November 13, 1856 to Adolph Brandeis and Frederika Dembitz. His parents were Bohemian Jews that had a strong belief in culture and encouraged Brandeis’ education. Consequently, Brandeis graduated high school at the young age of 14. He first attended college in Kentucky but later transferred to Germany when his father had to relocate. He went on to study at Harvard Law School and graduated in 1875 as valedictorian at the age of 20. Brandeis started practicing law in St. Louis, Missouri and after a short time, he moved back to Boston to start a law firm with former Harvard classmate, Samuel Warren. The firm of “Warren and Brandeis” spent much of their time arguing against monopolies and large corporations and advocating for free speech. Together Brandeis and Warren published a famous article in The Harvard Law Review, “The Right to Privacy.” This article argued that private citizens should have the right to be left alone and the press should not be permitted to publish their photos or the details of their lives without...
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...Andrew Mondrus Professor Montague Radio Documentary 12 December 2015 1. There are many different developments in society, technology and media that helped bring about the birth of the documentary form. Marconi’s morse code message across the Atlantic Ocean was the first notable achievement in long distance radio transmission. Marconi sent his message from Cornwall, England to Newfoundland, Canada disproving allegations that radio transmission was limited to two hundred miles because of the earth’s circular shape. Marconi proved that development of radio was possible on a worldwide scale. The audion by Lee De Forest was an invention that strengthened the performance of the radio. De Forest's’ creation was a vacuum tube device that could amplify weak radio reception into a strong signal. In 1912, De Forest developed a regenerative circuit that could heighten the output levels of radios. However, De Forest did not realize the potential of his invention and was forced to file legal action to patent his invention. Despite, winning rights De Forest was never acknowledged by the radio industry for his invention. De Forest also developed phonofilm, being able to record sound while taking film. This invention resulted in the ability to watch movies with sound. The invention of AM and FM radio by Edwin Armstrong increased the efficiency of radios. Despite controversy regarding the sole inventor of the regenerative circuit, Armstrong invent...
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...What was the short term significance of the New Deal? To discuss the short term significance of the New Deal, it is imperative to define significance. Significance is defined by the number of people’s lives affected by an event; therefore the most significant of the short term effects of the New Deal was FDR’s implementation of radical legislative reforms. It led to a number of positive economic and social changes in a very short space of time, which contrasted greatly with the inaction of the previous Hoover regime. This opinion is supported by well-known New Deal historian Anthony Badger, who stated that "When Roosevelt took power on March 4, 1933; many influential Americans doubted the capacity of a democratic government to act decisively enough to save the country".The creation of public work schemes and relief programmes provided Americans with improved social stability giving them the confidence to support their government’s initiatives, thus enabling Roosevelt to restore elements of the pre-depression economy. Agriculture was also supported to create more jobs and allow business to grow again as opposed to declining as it had during the depression. These changes were all reinforced by the modernisation policies brought in by Roosevelt in the ‘100 days’. Page 1 Word Count: 291 Page 1 Word Count: 291 This cartoon was published in 1933 by the Pittsburgh Press by Harold Talburt. The use of this cartoon of Uncle Sam ‘holding all the Aces’ shows how the new policies of...
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...The United States Social Security System is often considered a political football, frequently debated on whether the government should continue to manage it or should it be privatized. Either way, in today’s economy, it’s vital to the welfare of many. The main purpose of the system is to provide benefits to America’s workers and their families for retirement, disability, and early death. (Unknown Social Security ProCon) According to the data collected in the 2000 census, “Social Security is the main source of income for men and women 65 and older.” (Hartmann, Lee Highbeam) This finding proves people have become to depend on the government for this benefit, and for a multitude of reasons are not saving enough money to live on once they retire. This increases the need to fund the system in a sustainable fashion. As a country, we must find a solution that meets the needs of its retired citizens and provides benefits for them. While the media depicts privatization or government run as the only viable options, a blend of the two is what will best sustain the system going forward. In 1935, the United States passed the Social Security Act. This act was part of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s New Deal program. The New Deal program enabled two types of social insurance tracks to be created. The first piece at the federal and state level was created to provide unemployment benefits and the second to provide monetary benefits for retired people sixty-five and older. Additional...
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...Bibliographic Essay on African American History Introduction In the essay “On the Evolution of Scholarship in Afro- American History” the eminent historian John Hope Franklin declared “Every generation has the opportunity to write its own history, and indeed it is obliged to do so.”1 The social and political revolutions of 1960s have made fulfilling such a responsibility less daunting than ever. Invaluable references, including Darlene Clark Hine, ed. Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004); Evelyn Brooks Higgingbotham, ed., Harvard Guide to African American History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001); Arvarh E. Strickland and Robert E. Weems, Jr., eds., The African American Experience: An Historiographical and Bibliographical Guide (Westport: Greenwood Press, 2001); and Randall M. Miller and John David Smith, eds., Dictionary of Afro- American Slavery (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1988), provide informative narratives along with expansive bibliographies. General texts covering major historical events with attention to chronology include John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss, Jr., From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans (Boston: McGraw Hill, 2000), considered a classic; along with Joe William Trotter, Jr., The African American 1  Experience (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001); and, Darlene Clark Hine, William C. Hine, and Stanley Harrold, The...
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...archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . Council on Foreign Relations is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Foreign Affairs. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 27.254.22.254 on Wed, 21 Aug 2013 03:57:18 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION?FIFTY YEARS AFTER ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR By Arthur THE Cold War Schlesinger, Jr. in its original form was a presumably mortal antagonism, arising in the wake of the Second World War, between two rigidly hostile blocs, one led by the Soviet the other by the United States. For nearly two somber Union, and dangerous decades this antagonism the fears of dominated itmay even, on occasion, have come close to blowing up mankind; the planet. In recent years, however, the once implacable struggle has lost its familiar clarity of outline. With the passing of old is sues and the emergence of new conflicts and contestants, there is a natural tendency, especially on the part of the generation which grew up during the Cold War, to take a fresh look at the causes of the great contention between Russia and America. Some exercises in reappraisal...
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